67 Cheney & Semple, Selected Letters, pp.125-27; Powicke, Stephen Langton, op. cit. pp.86-87; Painter, King John, pp.186-87.
68 Cheney & Semple, Selected Letters, pp.130-36.
69 Cheney, ‘The Alleged Deposition of King John’, in Studies Presented to F.M. Powicke (Oxford, 1948), pp.100-16.
70 Cheney & Semple, Selected Letters, p.164.
71 Ibid., pp.141-42.
72 Cole, Documents Illustrative, pp.260, 263.
73 Walter of Coventry, ii. p.210.
74 Rymer, Foedera, i. pp.111-12; Rotuli Chartarum, i. p.195.
75 Rotuli Chartarum, i. 191-92; Rotuli Litterarum Patentium, i. 140-41; Rymer, Foedera, i. p.122; Annales monastici, ii. p.268; Coggleshall, p.165.
76 Semple & Cheney, Selected Letters, pp.149-51.
77 Ibid., p.150.
78 Letters of Innocent, p.157 (No.947); Rotuli Chartarum, i. 208-09; Roger of Wendover, ii. pp.100-03; Cheney, ‘King John’s Reaction to the Interdict’, loc. cit. p.129.
79 Matthew Paris, Historia Anglorum, op. cit. ii. pp.135, 146-48.
80 Powicke, Stephen Langton, pp.98, 104, 130, 134.
81 Roger of Wendover, ii. p.81.
82 Walter of Coventry, ii. p.210; Roger of Wendover, ii. pp.97-98.
83 Walter of Coventry, ii. pp.213-14; Coggleshall, p.170; Harper-Bill, ‘John and the Church of Rome’, loc. cit. pp.309-10.
84 Letters of Innocent, pp.162, 167. (Nos 976, 1004)
85 Natalie Fryde, ‘King John and the Empire’, in Church, King John, pp.335-46.
86 Ralph of Diceto, i. p.371.
87 H. Hall, ed., Red Book of the Exchequer, 3 vols (1896), i. pp.11-12.
88 Dialogus de Scaccario, p.96.
89 Warren, King John, p.183.
90 Pipe Roll 6 John, p.30; Rotuli Chartarum, i. 201.
91 S. Painter, Studies in the History of the English Feudal Barony (Baltimore, 1943), pp.185-87; J.E.A. Jolliffe, Angevin Kingship (1955), pp.79-84.
92 H.G. Richardson, The English Jewry under the Angevin Kings, op. cit.; Norgate, John Lackland, p.137.
93 Rotuli Clausarum, i. 84; Pipe Roll 12 John, p.139.
94 Pipe Roll 5 John, p.197; Rotuli de Oblatis et Finibus, 102, 520, 530.
95 Rotuli Clausarum, i. 87.
96 Curia Regis Rolls, iii. pp.27-28, 57, 215.
97 Ralph V. Turner, ‘John and Justice’, in Church, King John, pp.317-33 (esp. pp.320-25).
98 S.D. Church, The Household Knights of King John (Cambridge, 1999), pp.74-99.
99 Walter of Coventry, ii. p.232.
100 F.W. Maitland, Pleas of the Crown for the County of Gloucester in 1221 (1884), p.xiii.
101 Roger of Wendover, iii. p.241.
102 Ibid., pp.238-40; Coggleshall, p.165; Walter of Coventry, ii. p.207; Annales monastici, ii. p.268; iii. pp.33-34.
103 Cheney & Semple, Selected Letters, iii. p.213.
104 Cheney, ‘King John’s Reaction’, loc. cit. pp.142-45.
105 Norgate, John Lackland, pp.287-88.
106 Cheney & Semple, Selected Letters, p.213.
CHAPTER 17
1 Ralph of Diceto, ii. p.163; Howden, Chronica, iv. pp.37-39.
2 Fritz Tautz, Die Koenige von England und das Reich, (Heidelberg, 1961) pp.81-101.
3 Georges Duby, The Legend of Bouvines, trans. C. Tihanyi (1990), p.27; Jane Sayers, Innocent III (Harlow, 1994), p.52; W. Ullmann, A Short History of the Papacy in the Middle Ages (1972), p.212.
4 Annales monastici, i. p.201; ii. p.73; Howden, Chronica, iv. pp.83, 116; Alexander Cartellieri, Philip II August König von Frankreich, 4 vols (Leipzig, 1922), iv. p.38.
5 Natalie Fryde, ‘King John and the Empire’, in Church, King John, pp.335-46.
6 Rotuli Chartarum, 133; Rotuli Litterarum Patentium, i. 11b, 40, 44, 48.
7 Rotuli Chartarum, 133b.
8 Cartellieri, Philip II, p.103.
9 Walter Kienast, Die deutschen Fürsten im Dienste der Westmächte bis zum Tode Philipps des Schönen von Frankreich (Utrecht, 1924), i. p.173.
10 Rotuli Litterarum Clausarum, i. 826; Rymer, Foedera, i. p.99; Luard, ed., Flores Historiarum, RS 95 (1890), ii. pp.133-34.
11 Rotuli Litterarum Patentium, 89; Walter of Coventry, ii. p.200.
12 Annales monastici, ii. p.261; Rymer, Foedera, op. cit. p.103; Cole, ed., Documents, p.238.
13 Rymer, Foedera, i. pp.103-08; Rotuli Litterarum Patentium, 91-92.
14 Roger of Wendover, iii. p.227; Rotuli de liberate ac de misis, 138-42.
15 Walter of Coventry, ii. p.202; Roger of Wendover, iii. pp.232-33.
16 Malcolm Barber, The Cathars: Dualist Heretics in Languedoc in the High Middle Ages (2000).
17 H. Malo, Un grand feudataire, Renaud de Dammartin et la coalition de Bouvines (Paris, 1937).
18 Rymer, Foedera, i. p.104; Rotuli Litterarum Clausarum, i. 116-17; Rotuli Chartarum, 18b; Rotuli Litterarum Patentium, 93.
19 E. Lavisse, ed., Histoire de France depuis les origines jusqu’à la Révolution (Paris, 1911), iii. Pt. 1 pp.170-71; Georges Duby, France in the Middle Ages 987-1460, (Oxford, 1991), p.32.
20 Rotuli Litterarum Patentium, 92; Rymer, Foedera, i. p.106.
21 Rymer, Foedera, i. p.104.
22 Rotuli Litterarum Patentium, 506; Rotuli Litterarum Clausarum, i. 109b.
23 G.G. Dept, Les influences anglaise et française dans le Comté de Flandre, op. cit. pp.83-87; D. Nicholas, Medieval Flanders (Harlow, 1992), p.151.
24 Lavisse, Histoire de France, op. cit. p.172.
25 Roger of Wendover, iii. p.257.
26 Rymer, Foedera, i. pp.106-07; Rotuli Litterarum Clausarum, 130b; Liber Feodorum. The Book of Fees commonly called Testa de Neville, 3 vols (1931), i. pp.55-228; Painter, King John, pp.208-211.
27 Pipe Roll 14 John, pp.xv-xvi, xxiii-xxiv; Rotuli Litterarum Clausarum, i. 117, 131.
28 Annales monastici, ii. p.267; iii. pp.33-34; Coggleshall, p.165; Roger of Wendover, ii. p.61.
29 Rotuli Litterarum Clausarum, i. 121; Roger of Wendover, ii. p.62; Walter of Coventry, ii. p.207; Annales monastici, ii. p.268; iii. pp.33-34; Painter, King John, pp.267-72.
30 Walter of Coventry, ii. p.207.
31 Walter of Coventry, ii. p.208; Roger of Wendover, iii. pp.240, 248.
32 Michel, Histoire des ducs, pp.122-23.
33 Roger of Wendover, iii. pp.255-56.
34 Annales monastici, iii. p.34; Coggleshall, p.167; Michel, Histoire des ducs, pp.125-26.
35 Roger of Wendover, iii. p.256; Rotuli Litterarum Clausarum, i. 132.
36 C. Harper-Bill, ‘John and the Church of Rome’, in Church, ed., King John, p.307.
37 Warren, King John, p.203.
38 WM, ii. p.225.
39 Roger of Wendover, iii. pp.245-46.
40 Ibid., ii. pp.66-68.
41 Rymer, Foedera, i. p.104; Delisle, Catalogue des Actes de Philippe Auguste, No. 1437.
42 E. Lavisse, ed., Histoire de France, op. cit. iii. Pt 1. p.164.
43 Bradbury, Philip Augustus, p.289.
44 Stephen O’Shea, The Perfect Heresy: The Life and Death of the Cathars (2000).
45 W. Stuerner, Friedrich II. Teil 1. Die Königsherrschaft in Sizilien und Deutschland 1194-1220 (Darmstadt, 1992).
46 Cartellieri, Philip II, op. cit. iv. pp.289-90, 294-95, 298, 311.
47 Rigord, Oeuvres, ii. pp.305-08.
48 Roger of Wendover, ii. pp.66-68.
49 Annales monastici, iii. p.35; Rotuli Litterarum Clausarum, i. 34-35.
50 Rymer, Foedera, i. p.113.
51 Roger of Wendover, iii. p.257.
52 Cartellieri, Philip II, iv. p.363.
53 Roger of Wendover, iii. p.258; Walter of Coventry, ii. p.211.
54 Rigord, Oeuvres, i. p.251; Michel, Histoire des ducs, pp.130-33.
55 WM, ii. p.233.
56 Ibid., pp.233-39.
57 Coggleshall, p.167.
58 Roger of Wendover, iii. pp.261-62.
59 Matthew Paris, Historia Anglorum, 3 vols, ed. F. Madden, RS 44 (1869), ii. p.
141.
60 Roger of Wendover, iii. pp.262-63.
61 Annales monastici, iii. p.40; Coggleshall, p.167.
62 Powicke, Stephen Langton, pp.113-16.
63 Rymer, Foedera, i. p.177; A.E. Levett, ‘The Summons to a Great Council, 1213’, EHR 31 (1916), pp.85-90.
64 Roger of Wendover, iii. p.278.
65 Michel, Histoire des ducs, pp.139-41.
66 Coggleshall, p.168; Annales monastici, iii. p.39; Rotuli Litterarum Patentium, 106b, 108b.
67 Annales monastici, ii. p.281.
68 Ibid., i. p.110.
69 Rotuli Litterarum Patentium, i. 109b, 110, 110b.
70 Coggleshall, p.168.
71 Duby, The Legend of Bouvines, op. cit. p.28.
72 Rotuli de liberate ac de misis, 157.
73 Rigord, Oeuvres, ii. p.227.
74 Rotuli Litterarum Patentium, 111.
75 Ibid., 112b.
76 Rymer, Foedera, i. p.118.
77 Rotuli Litterarum Patentium, 115a.
78 Rotuli Chartarum, 197b; Rymer, Foedera, i. pp.123-25; Roger of Wendover, iii, pp.280-81.
79 Bradbury, Philip Augustus, p.280.
80 Roger of Wendover, iii. pp.285-86.
81 Coggleshall, p.169; Michel, Histoire des ducs, p.143.
82 Rigord, Oeuvres, ii. p.289.
83 Roger of Wendover, ii. pp.104-05; Rigord, Oeuvres, i. pp.263-64.
84 Coggleshall, pp.169-70.
85 Rotuli Litterarum Patentium, i. p.118.
86 C. W. C. Oman, A History of the Art of War in the Middle Ages, 2 vols (1924), i. p.471.
87 Susan Reynolds, Fiefs and Vassals (Oxford, 1994), p.320; Baldwin, Government of Philip Augustus, op. cit. pp.280-81.
88 J.F. Verbruggen, The Art of Warfare in Western Europe during the Middle Ages (Woodbridge, 1997), pp.239-60.
89 Baldwin, Government, p.198; G. Bordonove, Philip Augustus (Paris, 1986); A. Luchaire, Social France at the Time of Philip Augustus (N.Y. 1912), p.160; Bradbury, Philip Augustus, pp.281-82, 299, 310-11.
90 John France, Western Warfare in the Age of the Crusades, 1000-1300 (1999), p.235.
91 Rigord, Oeuvres, ii. pp.308-09.
92 Ibid., p.311.
93 Ibid., p.315.
94 Ibid., p.313.
95 Duby, Legend of Bouvines, op. cit. pp.38-39, 194, 197-99.
96 Ibid., p.200.
97 Roger of Wendover, iii. p.287.
98 Ibid., pp.288-90.
99 France, Western Warfare, op. cit. p.239.
100 Duby, Legend, p.200.
101 Baldwin, Government, op. cit. pp.269, 276; Verbruggen, The Art of Warfare, op. cit. p.246.
102 France, Western Warfare, pp.239-40.
103 Rigord, Oeuvres, i. p.283.
104 Duby, Legend, p.211.
105 Ibid., p.201; France, Western Warfare, p.240.
106 Matthew Paris, Historia Anglorum, op. cit. p.191.
107 Rigord, Oeuvres, i. p.285, ii. p.332.
108 Baldwin, Government, p.217.
109 Coggleshall, p.169; Walter of Coventry, ii. p.216.
110 H. Delbruck, The History of the Art of War (Westport, Conn., 1982), p.417.
111 Rigord, Oeuvres, ii. p.353.
112 Duby, Legend, p.216.
113 Ibid., pp.195, 216; F. Lot, L’Art militaire et les armées au Moyen Age, 2 vols (Paris, 1946), i. pp.223-25; Oman, Art of War, op. cit. pp.445-57.
114 Rigord, Oeuvres, i. p.297.
115 Rotuli Litterarum Clausarum, i. 210b.
116 Rotuli Litterarum Patentium, i. 139.
117 Coggleshall, pp.167-70.
118 Rymer, Foedera, i. p.124; Rotuli Litterarum Patentium, 140b.
119 Coggleshall, p.170.
120 Rymer, Foedera, i. p.215.
121 Roger of Wendover, iii. p.293.
CHAPTER 18
1 A.F. Teulet, Layettes du Trésor de Chartes (Paris, 1909), i. p.423; W.S. McKechnie, ed., Magna Carta (Glasgow, 1915), pp.485-86; J.H. Round, ‘An Unknown Charter of Liberties’, EHR 8 (1893), pp.288 et seq. J.C. Holt, Magna Carta (Cambridge, 1992), pp.418-28.
2 Howlett, Chronicles, op. cit. ii. pp.517-18; T. Arnold, ed., Memorials of St Edmund’s Abbey, RS (1896), ii. p.24.
3 Rotuli Litterarum Clausarum, i. 166b.
4 Walter of Coventry, ii. pp.217-18.
5 Roger of Wendover, iii. pp.263-66.
6 Ibid., pp.293-94; Coggleshall, p.170; Holt, Magna Carta, pp.406-11.
7 Walter of Coventry, ii. pp.217-18.
8 Warren, King John, pp.226-27.
9 Rymer, Foedera, i. p.160.
10 Walter of Coventry, ii. p.207; Coggleshall, p.165; Roger of Wendover, iii. p.240.
11 Cheney & Semple, Selected Letters, pp.132-33; Kate Norgate, John Lackland, p.293.
12 Howlett, Chronicles, ii. p.521.
13 Michel, Histoire des ducs, pp.97, 115-25; Coggleshall, pp.143-44; Roger of Wendover, iii. p.172; J.H. Round, ‘King John and Robert Fitzwalter’, EHR 19 (1904), pp.707-11.
14 Coggleshall, pp.143-44; GM, iii. pp.172-73; Painter, King John, p.295.
15 Painter, King John, pp.29-30.
16 Ibid., p.286; Powicke, Stephen Langton, pp.207-13.
17 Michel, Histoire des ducs, pp.147-49.
18 Roger of Wendover, iii. pp.300-01.
19 Coggleshall, pp.167-70.
20 Walter of Coventry, ii. pp.217-20.
21 Annales monastici, iii. p.240; Letters of Innocent III, p.163 (No.981); Rymer, Foedera, i. p.126.
22 Walter of Coventry, ii. p.218.
23 Rotuli Litterarum Patentium, i. pp.128-30; Rotuli Litterarum Clausarum, i. 187b.
24 C.R. Cheney, ‘The Eve of Magna Carta’, Bulletin of John Rylands Library 38 (1956), pp.311-41.
25 Rymer, Foedera, i. p.120.
26 Letters of Innocent III, p.169 (No. 1017).
27 Ibid., p.167 (No. 1001); Rymer, Foedera, i. p.127.
28 Letters of Innocent III, p.167 (No. 1002).
29 Ibid., pp. 167-68 (No. 1005); Rymer, Foedera, i. p.128.
30 Letters of Innocent III, pp.169-70 (No. 1016).
31 Rotuli Litterarum Patentium, i. p.130.
32 Roger of Wendover, iii. p.299.
33 Coggleshall, p.171; Walter of Coventry, ii. p.219; Rymer, Foedera, i. p.133.
34 Roger of Wendover, iii. p.299.
35 Rotuli Litterarum Patentium, 134b, 135, 135b; Rotuli Literarum Clausarum, i. 141, 198, 198b; Rotuli Chartarum, p.207.
36 Walter of Coventry, ii. p.220; Rotuli Litterarum Patentium, 136b.
37 Roger of Wendover, iii. pp.300-01.
38 Holt, Magna Carta, op. cit. p.242.
39 Rotuli Chartarum, i. p.209.
40 Rotuli Litterarum Patentium, i. p.141.
41 Cheney, ‘Eve of Magna Carta’, loc. cit. p.231; Painter, King John, p.307.
42 Michel, Histoire des ducs, pp.147-48.
43 Ibid., pp.148-49.
44 Rotuli Litterarum Patentium, 138.
45 Ibid., 138b, 141b.
46 Rymer, Foedera, i. p.129.
47 Coggleshall, pp.171-72; Walter of Coventry, ii. pp.220-21.
48 Roger of Wendover, iii. p.301.
49 Rotuli Litterarum Patentium, 42b, 143.
50 W. Stubbs, ed., Selected Charters (Oxford, 1921), pp.284-91; McKechnie, Magna Carta, op. cit. pp.487-93.
51 Roger of Wendover, iii. p.301.
52 Coggleshall, p.172.
53 Roger of Wendover, iii. p.302.
54 J.C. Holt, ‘The Making of Magna Carta’, EHR 72 (1957), pp.401-22.
55 The literature of Magna Carta is enormous and would take a lifetime to digest in its totality. I have used the following: W.S. McKechnie, Magna Carta, op. cit.; J.C. Holt, Magna Carta (Cambridge, 1992); Ralph Turner, Magna Carta (2003); John Hudson, The Formation of the English Common Law (1996); William F. Swindler, Magna Carta: Legend and Legacy (Indianapolis, 1965); J.A.P. Jones, King John and Magna Carta (Bristol, 1971).
56 L. Petit-Dutaillis, Etude sur la vie et règne de Louis VII (Paris, 1894), pp.57-58;
Petit-Dutaillis, Studies Supplementary to Stubb’s Constitutional History of England, 3 vols (Manchester, 1908), i. p.129; E. Jenks, ‘The Myth of Magna Carta’, Independent Review 4 (1904), pp.260-73.
57 Warren, King John, pp.236-37.
58 Harry Street, Freedom, the Individual and the Law (1963), p.271; Jenks, ‘Myth’, loc. cit.; J.G.A. Pocock, The Ancient Constitution and the Feudal Law (Cambridge, 1957), pp.45-47; J.C. Holt, ‘The Barons and the Great Charter’, EHR 70 (1955), pp.1-24.
59 N.D. Hurnard, ‘Magna Carta, Clause 34’, in R.W. Hunt, W.A. Pantin & R.W. Southern, Studies in Medieval History Presented to Maurice Powicke (Oxford, 1948), pp.157-79.
60 J.C. Holt, Magna Carta (Cambridge, 1992), p.18.
61 Bartlett, England under the Angevin Kings, op. cit. p.65.
62 Holt, Magna Carta, pp.281-91.
63 Ibid., pp.196-97, 321-24, 329, 335.
64 Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, ii. pp.604-05.
65 Danziger & Gillingham, The Year 1215, op. cit. p.262.
66 Rotuli Litterarum Patentium, i. pp.143-45; Rotuli Litterarum Clausarum, i. pp.215-16; Painter, King John, pp.330-33.
67 Walter of Coventry, ii. p.221.
68 Rymer, Foedera, i. pp.133-34.
69 Michel, Histoire des ducs, p.151; Painter, King John, pp.337-38.
70 Rotuli Litterarum Patentium, i. 140; H.G. Richardson, ‘The Morrow of the Great Charter’, Bulletin of the John Rylands Library 28 (1944), pp.442-43; 29 (1945), pp.184-200.
71 C.R. Cheney, ‘The Twenty-Five Barons of Magna Carta’, Bulletin of the John Rylands Library 50 (1968), pp.280-307.
72 Vincent, Peter des Roches, op. cit. p.122.
73 Michel, Histoire des ducs, p.181; J.C. Holt, The Northerners (Cambridge, 1992), pp.123-24.
74 Rotuli Litterarum Patentium, 179b, 181b; Rymer, Foedera i. p.121; Coggleshall, pp. 173-74; I. Rowlands, ‘King John, Stephen Langton and Rochester Castle, 1213-15’, in C. Harper-Bill et al., eds, Studies in Medieval History Presented to R. Allen Brown (Woodbridge, 1989), pp.267-79.
75 C. R. Cheney, ‘The Church and Magna Carta’, Theology 68 (1965), pp.266-72; A. J. Collins, ‘The Documents of the Great Charter of 1215’, Proceedings of the British Academy 34 (1948), pp.233-79.
76 Walter of Coventry, ii. p.222.
77 H.G. Richardson, ‘The Morrow of the Great Charter’, loc. cit.
78 Roger of Wendover, ii. p.137; Michel, Histoire des ducs, p.151.
79 Holt, Magna Carta, p.228.
80 Walter of Coventry, ii. p.223.
81 Letters of Innocent III, p.169 (No. 1013).
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