Plautus, The Comedies, trans. various hands, 4 vols. (Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995).
Pliny the Elder, Natural History: A Selection, trans. John F. Healy (London: Penguin Books, 1991).
Plutarch, Makers of Rome, trans. Ian Scott-Kilvert (Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin Books, 1965).
Plutarch, Fall of the Roman Republic, trans. Rex Warner (Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin Books, 1958).
Polybius. The Rise of the Roman Empire, trans. Ian Scott-Kilvert (Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin Books, 1979).
Propertius, The Poems, trans. W. G. Shepherd (London: Penguin Books,1985).
Sallust, The Jugurthine War, The Conspiracy of Catiline, trans. S. A. Handford (Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin Books, 1963).
Terence, The Comedies, trans. Peter Brown (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006).
Virgil, The Aeneid, trans. C. Day-Lewis (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986).
Virgil, The Aeneid, trans. W. F. Jackson Knight (London: Penguin Books, 1956).
Virgil, The Georgics, trans. C. Day-Lewis (London: Jonathan Cape, 1940).
Selected Modern Studies
Citations are usually the author’s surname.
Balsdon, J. P. V. D., Roman Women: Their History and Habits (London: The Bodley Head, 1962).
———, Life and Leisure in Ancient Rome (London: The Bodley Head, 1969).
Briquel, Dominique, Les Étrusques (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 2005).
Briscoe, John, A Commentary on Livy Books XXXI–XXXIII (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1973).
———, A Commentary on Livy Books XXXIV–XXXVII (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981).
———, A Commentary on Livy Books XXXVIII–XL (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008).
The Cambridge Ancient History, vols. 7.2, 8, and 9 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989, 1989, and 1992).
Champion, Jeff, Pyrrhus of Epirus (Barnsley, UK: Pen and Sword Books, 2009).
Collins, Randall, Violence: A Micro-sociological Theory (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008).
Cornell, T. J., The Beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars (c.1000–264 BC) (London: Routledge, 1995).
Duggan, Alfred, He Died Old: Mithradates Eupator, King of Pontus (London: Faber, 1958).
Dyson, Stephen L., Rome: A Living Portrait of an Ancient City (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010).
Flaubert, Gustave, Salammbo, trans. Robert Goodyear and P. J. R. Wright (London: New English Library, 1962).
Frost, H., “The Prefabricated Punic Warship,” in H. Devijver and E. Lipinski, eds. Punic Wars (Louvain: Peeters Press, 1989).
Goldsworthy, Adrian, The Roman Army at War: 100 BC–AD 200 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996).
———, In the Name of Rome: The Men Who Won the Roman Empire (London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 2003).
Grant, Michael, Gladiators (London: Penguin Books, 1991).
———, The History of Rome (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1978).
Green, Peter, Alexander of Macedon, (Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin Books, 1974).
———, From Alexander to Actium: The Hellenistic Age (London: Thames and Hudson, 1990).
Holleaux, Maurice, “L’entretien de Scipion l’Africain et d’Hannibal,” Hermes 48, no. 1 (1913): 75–98.
Hopkins, K., and M. Beard, The Colosseum (London: Profile Books, 2006).
Jaeger, M., Livy, Hannibal’s Monument, and the Temple of Juno at Croton, Transactions of the American Philological Association, vol. 136, no. 2 (Autumn 2006): 389–414, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
Keppie, Lawrence, The Making of the Roman Army (London: B. T. Batsford, 1984).
Lancel, Serge, Carthage: A History (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell, 1995).
Leigh, Matthew, Comedy and the Rise of Rome (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004).
Macaulay, Thomas Babington, Lays of Ancient Rome, 1842.
Miles, Richard, Carthage Must Be Destroyed: The Rise and Fall of an Ancient Mediterranean Civilization (London: Penguin Books, 2010).
Momigliano, Arnaldo, Alien Wisdom: The Limits of Hellenization (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975).
Mommsen, Theodor, trans. W. P. Dickson, The History of Rome (Gloucester, UK: Dodo Press, originally published 1894).
Oakley, S. P., A Commentary on Livy, Books 6–10 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008).
Ogilvie, R. M., A Commentary on Livy, Books 1–5 (Oxford, 1965; repr. with addenda, 1970).
Potter, T. W., Roman Italy (London: Guild Publishing, 1987).
Richardson, L. Jr., A New Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992).
Salmon, E. T., Samnium and the Samnites (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1967).
Scullard, H. H., Scipio Africanus: Soldier and Politician (London: Thames and Hudson, 1970).
———, A History of the Roman World 753 to 146 BC (London: Routledge, 1935; 4th ed. 1980).
———, From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome 133 BC to AD 68 (London: Routledge, 1988).
Stambaugh, John E., The Ancient Roman City (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988).
Toner, Jerry, Popular Culture in Ancient Rome (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2009).
Walbank, Frank W., A Historical Commentary on Polybius, vol. 1 (1957), vol. 2 (1967), and vol. 3 (1979), Oxford University Press.
Warmington, B. H., Carthage (Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin Books, 1960).
NOTES
Abbreviations
Acad
Cicero, Marcus Tullius; Academica (Academics)
App Civ
Appian, Civil Wars
App Han
Appian, War with Hannibal
App Mith
Appian, Mithridatic Wars
App Pun
Appian, Punic Wars
App Samn
Appian, Samnite Wars
App Sic
Appian, Sicilian Wars
App Span
Appian, Spanish Wars
App Syr
Appian, Syrian Wars
Arist Pol
Aristotle Politics
Arr
Arrian (Lucius Flavius Arrianus Xenophon), Anabasis of Alexander
Arr Ind
Arrian (Lucius Flavius Arrianus Xenophon), Indica (Indian Matters)
Art
Artemidorus, Oneirocritica
Asc
Asconius, Commentaries on Five Speeches of Cicero
Ath
Athenaeus of Naucratis, Deipnosophistae (Learned Banqueters)
Aug Civ
Augustine, De civitate dei (On the City of God)
Aul Gell
Aulus Gellius, Noctes Atticae (Attic Nights)
Aur Vic Caes
Aurelius Victor (attributed), de Caesaribus
Aur Vic Vir
Aurelius Victor (attributed), De viris illustribus
Bib
Bible
Caes Civ
Caesar, Gaius Julius, Commentarii de bello civili (The Civil War)
CAH
Cambridge Ancient History
Cat
Catullus, Carmina (Odes)
Cat Agr
Cato, Marcus Porcius, De agri cultura* (On Farming)
Cic Acad
Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Academica
Cic Att
Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Epistulae ad Atticum (Letters to Atticus) [I use the order and numbering of the D. R. Shackleton Bailey Loeb edition.]
Cic Balb
Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Pro Balbo (In defense of Balbus)
Cic Brut
Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Brutus
Cic Div
Cicero, Marcus Tullius, De divinatione (On Divination)
Cic Fam
Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Epistulae ad familiares (Letters to His Friends ) [I use the order and numbering of the D. R. Shackleton Bailey Loeb edition.]
/> Cic Fin
Cicero, Marcus Tullius, De finibus bonorum et malorum (On Ends of Good and Evil)
Cic Har
Cicero, Marcus Tullius, De haruspicum responsis (On the Responses of the Omen-Diviners)
Cic Invent
Cicero, Marcus Tullius, De inventione (On Rhetorical Invention)
Cic Off
Cicero, Marcus Tullius, De officiis (On Duties)
Cic Phil
Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Philippicae (The Philippics)
Cic Rep
Cicero, Marcus Tullius, De re publica (The Republic)
Cic Rosc Am
Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Pro Roscio Amerino (In Defense of Roscius Amerinus)
Cic Sen
Cicero, Marcus Tullius, De senectute (On Old Age)
CIL
Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum
CIS
Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum
Col Re Rust
Columella, Lucius Junius Moderatus, De re rustica (On Agriculture)
Corn Nep Ham
Cornelius Nepos, Lives of Great Foreign Leaders, Life of Hamilcar
Dio
Cassius Dio, Roman History
Dio Chrys
Dio Chrysostom, Orations
Dio of H
Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities
Dio Sic
Diodorus Siculus, Historical Library
Eccl
Ecclesiastes, Book of, Bible
Enn
Ennius, Quintus, Annales (Annals)
Eutrop
Eutropius, Flavius, Breviarium (Abridgement of Roman History)
Ezek
Ezekiel, Book of, Bible
Fest
Festus, Breviarium rerum gestarum populi Romani* (Summary of Roman History)
Flor
Florus, Publius Annaeus, Epitome de T. Livio Bellorum omnium annorum DCC Libri II * (Epitome of Livy’s Histories)
Her
Herodotus, The Histories
Hom Il
Homer, Iliad
Hom Od
Homer, Odyssey
Hor Car
Horace (Quintus Horatius Flaccus), Carmina (Odes)
Hor Ep
Horace (Quintus Horatius Flaccus),* Epodon Liber (Epodes)
Hor Epist
Horace (Quintus Horatius Flaccus), Epistulae (Epistles)
Hor Sat
Horace (Quintus Horatius Flaccus), Sermones (Satires)
ILS
Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae
Jer
Jeremiah, Book of, Bible
Livy
Livy (Titus Livius),
Ab urbe condita
(From the Foundation of the City)
Macr
Macrobius, Ambrosius Theodosius,
Saturnalia
Oros
Orosius, Paulus,
Historiarum Adversum Paganos
Libri VII
(
Seven Books of History Against the Pagans
)
Paus
Pausanias,
Description of Greece
Pet
Petronius, Gaius,
Satyricon
Pind
Pindar,
Nemean Odes
Plaut Capt
Plautus, Titus Maccius,
Captivi
(
The Captives
)
Plaut Curc
Plautus, Titus Maccius,
Curculio
(
The Weevil
)
Plaut Poen
Plautus, Titus Maccius,
Poenulus
(
The Little Carthaginian
)
Plin Nat Hist
Pliny the Elder,
Naturalis Historia
(
Natural History
)
Plut Alex
Plutarch,
Life of Alexander
Plut Cat Maj
Plutarch,
Life of Cato the Elder
Plut Cor
Plutarch,
Life of Coriolanus
Plut Fab
Plutarch,
Life of Fabius Maximus
Plut Flam
Plutarch,
Life of Flamininus
Plut G Grac
Plutarch,
Life of Gaius Gracchus
Plut Mar
Plutarch,
Life of Marius
Plut Marc
Plutarch,
Life of Marcellus
Plut Mor
Plutarch
Moralia
Plut Pom
Plutarch,
Life of Pompey
Plut Popl
Plutarch,
Life of Poplicola
Plut Pyr
Plutarch,
Life of Pyrrhus
Plut Rom
Plutarch,
Life of Romulus
Plut Sul
Plutarch,
Life of Sulla
Plut Tib Grac
Plutarch,
Life of Tiberius Gracchus
Polyb
Polybius,
The Histories
Prop
Propertius, Sextus Aurelius,
Carmina
Sall
Sallust (Gaius Sallustius Crispus),
Bellum Iugurthinum
(
War Against Jugurtha
)
Sall Hist
Sallust (Gaius Sallustius Crispus),
Histories
Strabo
Strabo,
Geographica
(
The Geography
)
Suet Caes
Suetonius (Gaius Suetonius Tranqillus),
Life of Julius Caesar
Suet Tib
Suetonius (Gaius Suetonius Tranqillus),
Life of Tiberius
(
de vita Caesarum, The Twelve Caesars
—lit., “On the Life of the Caesars”)
Tac Hist
Tacitus, Publius (or Gaius) Cornelius,
Historiae
(
Histories
)
Ter Ad
Terence (Publius Terentius Afer),
Adelphi
(The Brothers)
Ter Hec
Terence (Publius Terentius Afer),
Hecyra
(
The Mother-in-Law
)
Theo
Theophrastus,
De Causis Plantarum
(
On the Origins of Plants
)
Val Max
Valerius Maximus,
Factorum et dictorum memorabilium
(
Memorable Acts and Sayings
)
Var Ling Lat
Varro, Marcus Terentius,
De lingua Latina
Var Rust
Varro, Marcus Terentius,
De re rustica
Virg Aen
Virgil (Publius Vergilius Maro),
Aeneid
Virg Geo
Virgil (Publius Vergilius Maro),
Georgica
(Georgics)
Zon
Zonaras, John,
Extracts of History
(Cassius Dio epitomes)
Dedication, this page: Translation of “La Trebbia”
The dawn of an ill-omened day has whitened the heights. The camp awakes. Below, the river swirls and roars where a squadron of Numidian light cavalry waters its horses. Everywhere sounds the clear call of Roman buglers, for in spite of Scipio’s disapproval, the lying auguries, the Trebbia in flood, the wind and the rain, Consul Sempronius, new to office and vainglorious, has ordered the symbols of his authority, the bundled axe and rods or fasces, to be raised and his state attendants to advance.
On the horizon, Gallic v
illages were on fire, reddening the dark sky with baleful bursts of flame. In the distance the trumpeting of elephants could be heard, and there, under a bridge, leaning with his back against an arch, Hannibal was listening, thoughtful and exultant, to the muffled tread of legions on the march.
Introduction
Cicero’s wonderful letters allow us insight into the quality of life in the late Roman Republic.
1 “I am coming to hope…” Cic Fam 175 (9 1).
2 Eventually, a young man Plut Sull 31 1–2.
3 “What a disaster!” Plut Sull 31 6.
4 “And look at the man himself” Cic Rosc Am 46 135.
5 “Only let us be firm on one point” Cic Fam 177 (9 2).
6 a handbook on agriculture Var Rust De re rustica.
7 “If I have leisure to visit Tusculum” Cic Fam 179 (9 5).
8 “If you don’t come to me” Op. cit., 180 (9 4).
9 “These days you are now spending” Op. cit., 181 (9 6).
10 “To every man” Macaulay, Horatius stanza 27.
1. A New Troy
Variants of the Aeneas story were current. I have mostly depended on Virgil’s canonical account, his epic poem the Aeneid, but have also made use of a somewhat different version of events in Dionysius of Halicarnassus.
1 (some said) the celebrated Palladium According to other traditions, the Palladium had been stolen by Ulysses and the Greek hero Diomedes, and ended up variously at Athens, Sparta, or Rome.
2 According to another narrative Dio of H 1 46.
3 Aeneas looked wonderingly Virg Aen 1 421–25.
4 “Now this second Paris” Ibid., 4 215–17.
The Rise of Rome Page 44