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The Pantheon: From Antiquity to the Present

Page 63

by Unknown


  painting, attr. St. Luke 26

  sculpture, Lorenzetto 27

  sculpture, proposed 37

  del Baldacchino (Raphael) 267

  del Sasso (statue) 277, 283

  fresco

  Chapel of S. Maria della Clemenza, Romano circle 265

  S. Maria Nuovo 237

  Maecenas, Gaius 51

  Maes, Costantino 367

  Mainstone, Rowland 128

  Mancini, Giulio 299, 303, 304

  Manfredi, Manfredo 376–78

  Mappae Claviculae 169

  Maratti, Carlo 337

  marble 8, 342, 344–45

  attic 348–50

  cleaning (pulitura) 338

  giallo antico (Tunisia) 17, 342

  giallo senese (Siena area) 19

  pavonazzetto (white, with purple or yellow veining) 17, 54

  polychrome 290

  Proconnesian 59

  travertine 153, 169

  Marcellinus, Ammianus 2, 24, 77, 117, 231

  Marcellus 77

  Marian structures 238–41

  Marini, Gaetano 84–85

  Mark, Robert 118

  market

  stalls. 41, 75, 297, 319, 323–24 See attic

  See also vendors

  Trajan 95, 135, 137–39, 149, 154–55, 159, 198, 367

  Martines, Giangiacomo 22–23, 69, 97, 139, 147, 150, 154, 193, 194–95

  Martini, Francesco di Giorgio 28–29, 272, 290, 305

  Martinière, Germain Pichault de la 385–87

  masonry

  courses 110

  reticulate 57 fn. 18

  Massuero, Giuseppe 14, 368–70

  catafalque 370

  design for Vittorio Emanuele’s tomb 372

  mausolea 238–40

  Augustus (Octavian) 6, 10, 23, 72, 76–77, 107, 133, 143, 147, 152

  Constantine 238

  Helena 238

  Theodosius II 239

  Maxentius’s Circus (Via Appia) 238

  Mazzini, Giuseppe 354, 357, 370

  McKim, Charles Follen 411

  medicine, modern 384–90

  Melle, Pietro Angelo de 265

  Mengs, Anton Raphael 38, 353

  Menicantonio 286

  Mercier, Sébastien 385

  Michelangelo 2, 30, 34, 295, 310, 312–13

  three-architect theory 288–89, 308

  Middle Ages 24–28, 231–54

  Middleton, J. Henry 156

  Milan, Raccolta Martinelli 269

  Milizia, Francesco 40

  Ministry of Public Education 375–77

  Mirabilia Urbis Romae 25, 235

  Moderati, Francesco 38, 341

  modern age 380

  Moller, Georg 382

  Mommsen, Theodor 70

  Mons Claudianus 8, 213

  Montelupo, Raffaello da 277

  Monteverde, Giulio 373

  Monti, Achille 366

  Monumento Nazionale al Re Vittorio Emanuele II 329, 358, 363, 374–76

  monuments

  civic 358

  funerary 353

  sepulchral 358

  Moreau, Jean-Louis 391

  mortar 116, 126, 129

  see also brick; lime

  aggregate 126

  mosaics, apse 244–45, 341

  Mount Nemrut hierothesion (religious sanctuary) 72

  Mount Pentelicon 8

  Muñoz, Antonio 42 fn. 69, 43

  Museo Sacro (Vatican) 348

  museums

  public 399–407

  Terme (Rome) 415

  Mussolini, Benito 45, 367, 378

  Mycenae 129

  Nardini, Famiano, Roma antica 313

  Neoclassicism 416–22

  Nesselrath, Arnold 19, 27, 29, 319

  New York, Guggenheim Museum 384

  Newton, Isaac 384–85, 387–90

  Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica 384–85, 387

  niches 145, 242, 346, 353, 363

  apse 38

  busts 353

  synchronized 227

  Nichomachus of Gerasa 102–3

  Introduction to Arithmetic 103

  nineteenth century 40–44, 354–79

  Nispi-Landi, Ciro 378

  Nissen, Heinrich 60

  Oak Park House 384

  oculus 76, 100, 124–25, 130, 133 fn. 1, 137 fn. 6, 141, 143–44, 198, 293, 314, 363

  glazing 317–19, 342, 349

  S. Maria Egiziaca 256

  opus quadratum 118

  opus reticulatum (tufa blocks arranged diagonally alternating with brick courses) 62, 140

  opus signinum (waterproof mortar of ground potsherds) 123 fn. 73, 149

  see also waterproofing

  orientation 5–6, 55, 60, 75

  cross-axes 141, 145

  origins 49–78

  Ostia 89, 94, 182

  Palais Bourbon 397

  palazzos

  Bianchi 367

  Imperiale 89, 92

  Valentini 220

  Palestrina, Sanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia 65 fn. 41

  Palladio, Andrea 30, 99, 307–9, 332, 351

  Quattro libri (Book Four) 309

  Palus Caprae (Goat’s Marsh) 6, 53

  Pannini, Giovanni Paolo 20, 314, 329–32, 334, 351–53

  Pannini, Giuseppe 310

  pantheons 3–8

  Augustan (Fontana) 346

  of Illustrious Men 360

  as a memorial shrine 257

  Ostia 142

  parilia (Romaia), festival of 191

  Paris 359

  Académie Royale d’Architecture 382, 393, 411, 416–17

  Bastille 396–97

  Desprez Cemetery 399

  École (School of Surgery, Paris) 385–87

  Grands Hommes 353

  Notre Dame Cathedral 3

  Père Lachaise Cemetery 415

  S. Madeleine 409

  Sainte-Geneviève, Panthéon 398

  Pascoli, Leone 329

  Pasquali, Susanna 39, 314, 398

  pavement 17, 55 fn. 15, 317

  see also floor

  orthogonal pattern 147

  polychrome 55–56, 63

  rotunda 43

  pediment 8, 30, 220, 223

  construction 118

  eagle decoration 76

  portico 216

  secondary 9

  Pergamon (Great Altar of Zeus) 71–72

  pergola 26, 246, 257, 265–66, 336, 339

  Peruzzi, Baldassare 28, 257, 290, 307, 310

  Pesci, Ugo 371–72

  Philippi, Stephanus 269

  Piacentini, Marcello 42 fn. 69

  piazzas

  della Maddalena 36, 321

  della Rotonda 3–4, 36–37, 261, 319–29

  extension (proposed) 41–42

  paving 27

  d’Oro 153, 159

  Navona 41

  Venezia 44

  pilasters 28–29, 146, 216, 278

  attic 30, 147, 212, 334

  alignment 29–30, 348

  fluted 13

  size 212

  pilastrini (small pilasters) 20, 40

  attic 305–8, 309–11

  alignment 305–7, 312

  rhythm 309–11

  misalignment 307–8

  Piranesi, Francesco 114–15, 123–24, 152

  Piranesi, Giovan Battista 85, 114–15, 124, 350, 416

  Seconda parte dei tempj antichi 350

  Piranesi, Pietro 365–66

  plan, circular 141

  Pliny the Elder, Natural History 312

  podium 54

  apse 246

  elevation 61 fn. 27

  pre-Hadrianic 60–62

  S. Maria Rotonda 245–46

  Poliorketica (Apollodorus) 122, 201, 228

  popes 8–13

  Alexander VII Chigi 11, 41, 268–69, 309, 312–29, 342, 345, 387

  as antiquarian 36–37, 325

  Bernini and 309–10

  Benedict II Savelli 244
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  Benedict XIII Orsini 37

  Benedict XIV Lambertini 113–14, 329, 342–49, 365

  Boniface IV 24–25, 232–34, 252, 334

  Boniface VIII 246

  Clement VII de’ Medici 27, 317, 319, 336–42

  Clement IX Rospigliosi 341

  Clement XI Albani 37, 41, 269, 314, 337–38, 342–43, 345–46

  Clement XII Corsini 352

  Clement XIII Rezzonico 348

  Eugenius IV Condulmer 27, 261, 279, 283, 316, 319, 320, 322, 328

  Gregory I (Gregory the Great) 246

  Gregory II Savini 193, 296

  Gregory III 314

  Hadrian I 244

  Innocent VIII Cibo 26, 246, 269, 271

  Innocent IX Facchinetti 317, 328

  Julius II Rovere 27

  Leo X de’Medici 27, 261, 263, 283

  Martin V Colonna 27, 278, 314

  Nicholas V Parentucelli 27, 279, 316, 328

  Paul II Barbo 27, 297

  Paul III Farnese 28

  Pius II Piccolomini 27, 317

  Pius VII Chiaramonti 39, 41

  Pius IX Mastai-Ferretti 41, 357

  Simplicius 241

  Sixtus II 249

  Stephen III 236

  Symmachus 242

  Theodore 243

  Urban VIII Barberini 11, 34, 248, 269, 279, 297–312, 320–22, 329, 367, 379, 380

  porch 416

  bronze beams 298–99

  porphyry 246

  basin/tub/urn 261, 283, 320

  portico 22, 133, 167–68, 180, 258–59, 288, 297, 308–9

  as addition by Agrippa 313

  attached 141–42

  construction 188–89, 227

  dating 15–16

  decastyle (10 columns) 60 fn. 26

  design 9, 180, 222–23, 303

  di Pio (Le Quartier des Docks) 89, 92

  hexastyle 191, 327

  masonry 297

  roof 9, 258–59

  structures, beneath 58

  temples (templum) 133

  Porto di Ripetta 339

  Posi, Paolo 40, 329, 346–52

  Poussin, Nicholas 38, 353

  pozzolana (volcanic powder) 126

  precedents 5–6

  Agrippian 64–67

  elliptical building (Chester, England) 67

  Greek and Roman 71–72

  Priestly, Joseph 385

  Prix de Rome 382, 391–92, 399, 401–2, 404, 408, 417

  Prix d’émulation 388, 390, 399, 408

  Procopius of Caesarea 103, 115–16, 228, 232–33

  profanization 368

  proportion 21–23, 103, 141–42, 147–48, 311, 416

  pumice 127, 130, 153, 195 fn. 3

  Raffenstein, Johannes Friederich 353

  Ramée, Joseph 410

  Ranieri, Prince (Archduke of Austria) 361

  Raphael 27–30, 283, 286, 337

  Rasius, St. 37–38, 246

  Ravenna 3

  Renaissance 28–34, 255–95

  restoration 7, 190–91, 268–69, 278–79

  aedicule 271, 274, 338, 341–42

  altar 45

  attic 39–40, 312–14, 319, 344–45

  dome 39, 124, 342–43

  jurisdictional disputes 343–44

  lead tiling 279

  Neoclassical 329–53

  niches 45

  rotunda 231

  lower walls 344

  reuse 64, 257

  aedicule 269, 271

  ashlar 168

  brick, Baths of Diocletian 84

  bronze 34, 298–99

  Cathedral of Saint Hedwig 381–82

  columns 271

  Egyptian granite lions 320

  foundation 135

  granite slabs 349

  Latin cross 247

  lintel 248

  Massuero catafalque 368–70

  original elements 64

  pavement 62 fn. 31

  pediment blocks 167 fn. 10

  podium 62 fn. 31

  porphyry urn 320, 340–41

  portico, foundation 168

  roof beams 65 fn. 42

  spolia 247–48, 250, 269–70

  temples 257–58, 341 fn. 25

  Rice, Louise 34, 222, 298–99, 303

  Roccabruna (Hadrian’s Villa) 150, 159

  Romano, Antoniazzo 265

  Rome

  Alexander VII’s vision for 320–22

  capture 355

  integrating “living” and monumental 47

  Marble Plan 144–45

  Master Plan (Piano Regolatore)

  1873 42, 329, 366

  1883 42

  1909 42 fn. 69

  1931 42 fn. 69

  Romulus (Quirinus) 6, 53, 67–70

  ascension of 75–76

  roof

  construction 118

  tiles 25

  lead 316–17

  terra-cotta 297

  trussed 65–67

  rosso antico (gray granite) 19

  rotunda 5, 16–20, 69, 99–100, 166–67, 212, 308

  commemorative medal 324

  construction 185–87, 212, 226

  dating 15, 333

  design 16–17

  Hadrianic and Augustan 63–64

  modifications to 18–20

  open-air (Trajan’s Baths) 227

  parts of 105

  University of Virginia 409–12

  Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, Le Contrat social 396

  Russo, Luigi 362, 376

  Rutilius Lupus, M. 88–94

  S. Agnese 41

  S. Andrea 242–44

  S. Biagio alla Pagnotta 286

  S. Croce (Gerusalemme) 253

  S. Eustacchio 41

  S. Giovanni dei Fiorentini 312

  S. Giovanni Laterano 232, 320, 341

  Baptistery 249–52

  S. Luigi dei Francesi 322

  S. Maria Antiqua 235

  S. Maria del Popolo 286

  S. Maria Maggiore 235, 237

  S. Maria sopra Minerva 322

  S. Maria Trastevere 235

  S. Mariae ad martyres 25, 233, 235, 238, 258, 334

  see also S. Mariae Rotundae

  Canons 343, 364

  S. Mariae Rotundae 25, 235, 238–39, 241–54, 258

  see also S. Maria ad Martyres

  as a stational church 254

  S. Paolo fuori le mura 253

  S. Stefano al Monte Celio 241–42

  S. Stefano Rotondo 253

  Sacconi, Giuseppe 124, 376, 378–79

  Saepta Iulia 49, 75, 82, 190

  Saint Non, Abbot of 351

  Salvi, Nicola 310

  sanctuaries

  Palestrina, Fortuna Primigenia 62, 127

  Pergamon, Demeter 71

  Sangallo, Giuliano da 106, 123, 273–76, 286–87

  Sangallo the Younger, Antonio da 28–29, 286, 291, 307, 310

  Sansovino, Andrea 286–89

  Santa Cesarea Terme

  Sanudo, Marino 27

  Schmarsow, August 421–22

  “The Essence of Architectural Creation,” 421

  Schwartz, Michael Viktor 248, 252

  Scocciapile, Paolo 265

  scoria (volcanic slag) 126–27, 130, 194, 195 fn. 3

  Scriptores Historiae Augustae 81–82

  Serapeum (Hadrian’s Villa) 91–92, 107–8, 140, 150, 154, 159, 198

  semidome 109

  Serlio, Sebastiano 30, 106, 279, 306–7, 332, 351

  Il Terzo Libro dell’Architettura 306–7

  Seroux D’Agincourt, Jean-Baptiste 353

  serpentine (green porphyry) 19

  seventeenth century 34–39, 296–329

  Severianus, Anteros 89, 92–93

  shafts, granite 191, 214, 214 fns. 38–239, 220 fn.49

  Shearman, John 263

  site preparation 183–85, 226

  Skandia Cinema Hall of Fame (Asplund) 413, 415

  Smith, A. C. G. 96

  Soane Museum, Gibbs,
James 312

  Sobre, Jean-Nicolas 408–9

  solar associations 69

  Solarium of Augustus 169

  Spain, Escorial 359

  Specchi, Alessandro 37–38, 339, 344, 352

  Speer, Albert 419–21

  St. Anastasius 246, 341

  St. Damian 377

  St. Erasius 341

  stagnum (artificial lake) 75

  staircases 58–60, 133, 204–5, 208–9, 211, 221, 228, 297

  symbolic 413

  stars 17, 66, 389–90, 392, 397–99, 411, 417–18

  Albani 37–38

  Chigi 35, 314

  coffered dome, dome 363

  Vittorio Emanuele II 363

  statuary 6–7, 227, 263, 329, 341

  aedicular 78, 352

  basalt lions 283

  pagan 232

  S. Maria Rotonda 247, 253

  Tychaion of Alexandria 73

  stegnum (artificial pool) 49

  Steinby, E. M. 87, 93–94

  Stern, Raffaele 41

  Strabo, Walafried 242

  structure

  description 103–6

  disphragm 106

  significant elements of 142

  stucco 345

  attic 348

  sublime 416–22

  Suetonius 76

  surveys 290

  Borromini 222

  Codex Coner (Volpaia) 291–93

  Sangallo the Younger 291

  symbolism 67–71

  symmetria. See balance

  symmetry 258, 324

  bilateral 141

  symmetria (mathematical harmony) 101

  systyle (doubled diameter space between columns) 9–10

  tabernacle, Mars Ultor 272–78

  Tacitus 121

  Taylor, Rabun 198

  Roman Builders 220

  temples (templum) 158

  Capitoline 4

  Castor and Pollux 23

  circular 70

  Concord 142

  Deified Trajan 191

  Divus Claudius 107

  Earth (Lequeu) 397–98, 415

  Equality 397–98

  Mars Ultor 133, 135, 191, 216

  Matidia 76

  Minerva Medica 150–52

  Peace 220

  Portunus 255

  Unity (Oak Park) 384

  Vaticanum 312, 332, 339

  Vesta 416

  Zeus Asklepios (Pergamon) 219 fn. 44

  tension, hoop 196

  Terenzio, Alberto 40, 45, 123 fn. 73, 153, 196

  Teulada, Edmondo Sanjust di 42 fn. 69

  theaters 143, 146, 155, 158

  Maritime (Hadrian’s Villa) 84–85, 140, 147

  Thibault, Jean-Thomas 392

  tholoi (Greek domed buildings) 129, 140, 158

  Thomas, Edmund 72

  Titus, Emperor 80

  Tivoli 125

  Sibyl Temple 140

  Temple of Hercules 127

  Tocqueville, Alexis de 383

  tolerance, religious 381–84

  tombs 158

  Augustus 360

  Caecilia Metella 143

  cylindrical 140

  dei Carri (Populonia) 129

  Hadrian (Castel Sant’Angelo) 34–35, 143, 298–99, 360

  Raphael 27–28, 43, 271

  Vittorio Emanuele II 358–60, 364, 370–75

 

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