The sound Kurt Blaukopf, “Problems of Architectural Acoustics in Musical Sociology,” Gravesaner Blätter, Vol. V, Nos. 19/20, 1960, p. 180.
CHAPTER EIGHT: Notation
p. 127
To render Hermann Helmholtz, On the Sensations of Tone, New York, 1954, p. 20.
p. 128
As our age Marshall McLuhan, The Gutenberg Galaxy, Toronto, 1962, p. 72.
p. 129
object for human Pierre Schaeffer, “Music and Computers,” Music and Technology, Paris, 1970, p. 84.
p. 130
A composed Ibid., p. 84.
The sound object Pierre Schaeffer, Trois Microsillons d’Examples Sonores, Paris, 1967, paras. 73. 1 and 2.
p. 132
The Sonic Environment Environment and Behaviour, Vol. 1, No. 1, June, 1969, pp. 49–70.
CHAPTER NINE: Classification
p. 133
Disintegrating Barry Truax, “Soundscape Studies: An Introduction to the World SoundScape Project,” Numus West, Vol. 5, 1974, p. 37.
p. 134
solfege des objets Traite des Ob jets Musicaux, Paris, 1966, pp. 584–587.
CHAPTER TEN: Perception
p. 151
Arnheim and Gombrich The works I am referring to are Arnheim’s Art and Visual Perception (Los Angeles, 1967) and Gombrich’s Art and Illusion (New York, 1960).
p. 152
striking parallels Cf. George A. Miller, Language and Communication, New York, 1951, pp. 70–71.
p. 153
sound-association tests For instance, H. A. Wilmer’s“An Auditory Sound Association Technique,” Science, 114, 1951, pp. 621–622; or D. R. Stone’s“A Recorded Auditory Apperception Test as a New Protective Technique,” The Journal of Psychiatry, 29, 1950, pp. 349–353.
sonological competence Dr. Otto Laske, personal communication. See also reference in Glossary of Soundscape Terms, p. 271.
p. 154
Time after time Alan Edward Beeby, Sound Effects on Tape, London, 1966, pp. 48–49.
p. 156
one of the subjects Georg von Bekesy, Experiments in Hearing, New York, 1960, p. 6.
Faced with Alan Edward Beeby, op. cit., p. 12.
p. 157
I know of Edmund Carpenter, Eskimo, Toronto, 1959, p. 27.
Auditory Ibid., p. 26.
p. 158
But other paths Iannis Xenakis, Formalized Music, Indiana, 1971, pp. 8–9.
p. 160
Soundmaking Peter F. Ostwald, Soundmaking, Springfield, 1963, pp. 119–124.
CHAPTER ELEVEN: Morphology
p. 161
Media Harold A. Innis, Empire and Communications, Oxford, 1950, p. 7.
p. 162
Then came the rigid Virgil, Georgics, Book I, lines 143–144, trans. C. Day Lewis, The Eclogues and Georgics of Virgil, New York, 1964. The original runs:
tun ferri rigor atque argutae lammina serrae
(nam primi cuneis scindebant fissile lignum).
stridor serrae Cicero, Tusculan Disputations, V, 40:116; and Lucretius, On the Nature of Things, II: 10.
p. 163
And the first The Cantos of Ezra Pound, London, 1954, p. 87.
Then came in sight Notker the Stammerer, Life of Charlemagne, trans. Lewis Thorpe, Harmondsworth, Middlesex, 1969, pp. 163–164.
p. 164
Mohammed warned Qur’an, Surah XXIV, vs. 31.
p. 165
The moon The example comes from J. F. Carrington’s Talking Drums of Africa, New York, 1969, p. 33.
sixty miles According to E. A. Powell, in The Map That Is Half Unrolled, London, 1926, p. 128.
p. 166
In Mozart’s day Professor Kurt Blaukopf, personal communication.
The siren Sir Henry Martin Smith, H. M. Chief Inspector of Fire Services; personal communication.
p. 167
two-tone horn Home Office, Fire Service Department, Specification No. JCDD/Z4, April, 1964.
Clang! B. C Saturday Sunset, September 21, 1907, p. 13.
A long wolf howl “The Flame Fighters” by Garnett Weston in British Columbia Magazine, June, 1911, p. 562.
yelping siren Kenneth Laas, Federal Sign and Signal Corporation, Blue Island, Illinois; personal communication.
CHAPTER TWELVE: Symbolism
p. 169
A word or an image Carl G. Jung, Man and His Symbols, New York, 1964, pp. 20–21.
Psychological Types Carl G. Jung, Psychological Types, New York, 1924, p. 152.
p. 170
that state W. H. Auden, The Enchafed Flood, New York, 1967, pp. 6 and 13.
Water is Carl G. Jung, The Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious, Princeton, N.J., 1968, pp. 18–19.
p. 171
he played the violin Thomas Mann, Stories of Three Decades, New York, 1936, p. 87.
Man’s descent Carl G. Jung, 77ie Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious, op. cit., p. 17.
p. 172
Nature is Novalis, Schriften, eds. P. Kluckhohn and R. Samuel, Stuttgart, Vol. 3, p. 452. I am grateful to Dr. Samuel for locating this quotation for me.
p. 174
The bell is hung George M. Grant, Ocean to Ocean, Sandford Fleming’s Expedition Through Canada in 1872, Toronto, 1873, p. 272.
The bell denotes Durandus, Bishop of Mende, 1286. Quoted from Tintinnabula, Ernest Morris, London, 1959, pp. 43–44.
p. 175
The whole air Emily Can*, Hundreds and Thousands, Toronto/Vancouver, 1966, pp. 248–249.
p. 177
Holy Rosary Cathedral See The Vancouver Soundscape, Vancouver, 1974, and Five Village Soundscapes, Vancouver, 1976.
seven church bells The account is to be found in Strindberg’s The Red Room, New York/London, 1967, pp. 2–3.
center of the bell I have borrowed this paragraph and numerous other ideas about the symbolism of the horn from an unpublished study of the subject by Bruce Davis.
p. 178
Greek word siren Cf. Gabriel Germain, “The Sirens and the Temptation of Knowledge,” in Homer, eds. G. Steiner and R. Fagles, New Jersey, 1962, p. 94.
p. 180
And, sitting in Albert Camus, The Outsider, trans. Stuart Gilbert, Harmonds-worth, Middlesex, 1972, pp. 98 and 104–105.
CHAPTER THIRTEEN: Noise
p. 184
some researchers Alexander Cohen et al, “Sociocusis—Hearing Loss from Non-Occupational Noise Exposure,” Sound and Vibration, 4:11, November, 1970.
See also Clifford R. Bragdon, Noise Pollution: The Unquiet Crisis, Philadelphia, 1971, pp. 74–76.
power lawnmowers William A. Shearer, “Acoustical Threshold Shift from Power Lawnmower Noise,” Sound and Vibration, 2:10, October, 1968.
rock concerts See Time magazine, August 9, 1968, p. 51.
Russian researchers “Seminaire Interregional sur l’Habitat dans ses Rapports avec la Sante Public,” World Health Organization PA/185.65. See summary in WHO Chronicle, October, 1966.
p. 185
Dr. Samuel Rosen Samuel Rosen et al, “Presbycusis Study of a Relatively Noise-Free Population in the Sudan,” American Otological Society, Transactions, Vol. 50, 1962.
traffic noise A Community Noise Survey, Greater Vancouver Regional District, 1971, p. 12.
p. 189
In those days The Epic of Gilgamesh, trans. N. K. Saunders, Harmondsworth, Middlesex, 1971, p. 105.
p. 190
By the thirteenth century A. L. Poole, ed., Medieval England, Vol. 1, Oxford, 1958, pp. 252–254.
p. 196
Venezuela Venezuela, Gaceta Municipal, Capitulo 1, articulo quinto (1972).
Tunis Ville de Tunis, Arrete du 17 Octobre, 1951, art. 5.
p. 197
Voyage en Icarie Etienne Cabet, Voyage en Icarie, Paris, 1842, p. 65.
p. 198
In Luxembourg Ville de Luxembourg, Reglement General de Police, Chapitre II, art. 32.
In Bonn Bonn, Strassenordnung, para. 5 (1970).
In Freiburg Freiburg, Polizeiverordnu
ng, para. 2 (1968).
Between the hours Ville de Tunis, Arrete sur le Bruit, article premier (1955).
one incident Albert Camus, The Outsider, trans. Stuart Gilbert, Harmondsworth, Middlesex, 1972, pp. 104–105.
schnitzels Dr. Hublinger, Essen; personal communication.
mah-jong parties C. McGugan, Assistant to the Colonial Secretary, Hong Kong; personal communication.
hotels in India See S. K. Chatterjee, R. N. Sen and P. N. Saha, “Determination of the Level of Noise Originating from Room Air-Conditioners,” tte Heating and Ventilating Engineer and Journal of Air-Conditioning, Vol. 38, No. 59, February, 1965, pp. 429–433.
p. 199
Mombasa (Kenya) D. S. Obhrai, Town Clerk, Mombasa; personal communication.
Auckland (New Zealand) R. Agnew, Chief City Health Inspector, Auckland; personal communication.
Rabat (Morocco) Mohamed Sbith, Prefecture de Rabat-Sale; personal communication.
Izmir (Turkey) Izmir, By-law Concerning Bus Terminals, art. 25.
auctioneer’s bells The repeal is contained in City of Melbourne, By-law 418 (1961).
No bell or crier Manila, Ordinance No. 1600, Sect. 846 (1961).
Manila Ibid.
Vendors Ibid., Sect. 846-a.
Another ordinance Manila, Ordinance No. 4708, Sect. 848-a (1963).
Monday to Saturday Municipalidad de San Salvador, Ley del Ramo Municipal, art. 8 (1951).
The same sound Arthur Paulus, Ville de Luxembourg, Administration des travaux; personal communication.
p. 200
Manila restricts Manila, Ordinance No. 1600, Sect. 847 (1961).
In Chiclayo (Peru) Chiclayo, Reglamento sobre Supresion de Ruidos Molestos en las Cuidades, art. 11 (1957).
In Genoa Genoa, Regolamenta di Polizia Comunale, art. 64 (1969).
and Hartford Hartford, City Ordinance, 21–2k (1967).
Damascus (Syria) Damascus, By-law No. 401, Sect. 3, para. 8 (1950).
In Canada Cf. A Survey of Community Noise By-laws in Canada (1972). World Soundscape Project, Burnaby, B.C.
Adelaide (Australia) Adelaide, By-law No. IX, Sect. 3–1 (1937).
Buffalo (New York) Buffalo, Noise Control Ordinance, art. XVII, paras. 1703–11.
Sioux City (Iowa) Sioux City, Ordinance No. 21954, Sec. 9–11 (1972).
It shall be Oklahoma City, The Charter and General Code, Chapter 3, 9.3.09 (1960).
Salisbury (Rhodesia) Wm. Alves, Mayor of Salisbury; personal communication.
A person using LA. McCutcheon, Town Clerk; personal communication.
p. 201
Noises associated Mary Douglas, “The Lele of Kasai,” in Daryll Forde, ed., African Worlds: Studies in the Cosmological Ideas and Social Values of African Peoples, London, 1963, p. 12.
CHAPTER FOURTEEN: Listening
p. 207
Hare Krishna sect Cf. Regina vs. Clay Harrold, Vancouver Court of Appeal, March 19, 1971.
p. 212
David Lowenthal David Lowenthal, “The American Scene,” The Geographical Review, Vol. LVIII, No. 1, 1968, p. 72.
Mark Twain Mark Twain, Life on the Mississippi, New York and London, 1929, pp. 79–80.
William James William James, “On a Certain Blindness in Human Beings,” in Talks to Teachers on Psychology, New York, 1958, pp. 149–169.
CHAPTER FIFTEEN: The Acoustic Community
p. 215
Between these ramparts Notker the Stammerer, Life of Charlemagne, trans. Lewis Thorpe, Harmondsworth, Middlesex, 1969, p. 136.
p. 216
closed windows Quoted from Kurt Blaukopf, Hexenkuche der Musik, Teufen, Switzerland, 1959, p. 45.
p. 217
no echo answers Quoted from David Lowenthal, “The American Scene,” The Geographical Review, Vol. LVIII, No. 1, 1968, p. 71.
The dense forest George Green, History of Burnaby and Vicinity, Vancouver, 1947, p. 22.
p. 219
One voice Lucretius, De Rerum Natura, trans W. H. D, Rouse, London, 1924, pp. 289–291.
tenths of a second W. C. Sabine, Collected Papers on Acoustics, New York, 1964, p. 170.
p. 221
It is probable Ibid., p. 255.
Hence in accordance Vitruvius, De Architectura, Book V, trans. F. Granger, London, 1970, pp. 277–279.
Someone will say Ibid., p. 281.
p. 223
On the other hand Leslie L. Doelle, Environmental Acoustics, New York, 1972, pp. 3, 6, 19–20.
CHAPTER SIXTEEN: Rhythm and Tempo in the Soundscape
p. 226
The heartbeat range See the graph in Abraham Moles, Information Theory and Esthetic Perception, London, 1966, p. 139.
p. 228
in Proust See Walter Benjamin, Illuminations, New York, 1969, p. 214.
He heard Leo Tolstoy, Anna Karenina, trans. C. Garnett, New York, 1965, pp. 265 and 267.
p. 232
It is difficult Five Village Soundscapes, Vancouver, 1976.
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN: The Acoustic Designer
p. 238
Gravity Lao-tzu, Tdo Teh King, The Texts of Taoism, trans. James Legge, New York, 1962, p. 69.
Where things grow Shen Tsung-ch’ien. Quoted from Jacques Maritain, Creative Intuition in Art and Poetry, Washington, 1953, p. 396.
p’ing and tse See John Hazedel Levis, Foundations of Chinese Musical Art, New York, 1964.
p. 239
Ballaarat, Australia F. J. Rogers, Town Clerk, Ballaarat; personal communication.
p. 240
ice-making Damascus, By-law No. 401, Sect. 3, para. 7 (1950).
p. 242
This simplification P. Fortin, Ministere des Postes et Telecommunications, France; personal communication.
p. 244
We have also Francis Bacon, The New Atlantis, London, 1906, pp. 294–295.
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN: The Soniferous Garden
p. 246
The gate From “The Story of Nur-ed Din and Enis-El-Jelis,” The Thousand and One Nights, New York, 1909, p. 222.
p. 247
From the Anio Edith Wharton, Italian Villas and Their Gardens, New York, 1904, p. 144.
p. 248
In another garden The Diary of John Evelyn, Vol. 1, ed. William Bray, London, 1901, p. 179.
Pneumatics The Pneumatics of Hero of Alexandria, ed. Marie Boas Hall, London, 1971, pp. 31–32.
Vitruvius Vitruvius, De Architectura, trans. F. Granger, London, 1970, Book X, p. 313.
hydraulic organs The Diary of John Evelyn, op. cit., p. 177.
p. 249
At the further Ibid., p. 52.
p. 250
I had had the weather E. T. A. Hoffmann, The Life and Opinions of Kater Murr, trans. L. J. Kent and E. C. Knight, Chicago, 1969, p. 25.
This is a bow A. C. Moule, “Musical and Other Sound-Producing Instruments of the Chinese,” Journal of the North-China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. XXXIX, 1908, pp. 105–106.
p. 251
We heard J. S. Brandtsbuys, “Music Among the Madurees,” Djava, Vol. 8, 1928, p. 69.
CHAPTER NINETEEN: Silence
p. 253
Leaning on our Nikos Kazantzakis, Report to Greco, New York, 1965, pp. 198–199.
p. 254
War Remembrance Trans. Barry Truax, Utrechts Stadsbad, May 2, 1973, p. 3.
p. 256
Le silence Blaise Pascal, Pensees, ed. Ch. M. des Granges, Paris, 1964, p. 131.
When I described John Cage, Silence, Middletown, Connecticut, 1961, p. 8.
There is no such Ibid., p. 191.
p. 257
The analyst Theodor Reik, Listening with the Third Ear, New York, 1948, pp. 122–123.
Whereof one Ludwig Wittgenstein, Tralctatus, London, 1922, remark 7.
p. 258
Give up haste Lao-tzu, Tdo Teh King, The Texts of Taoism, Part II, Chapter 56, verse 2.
p. 259
Keep silence Jalal-ud-din Rumi, Divan i Shams i Tabriz.
The essence Kirpal Singh,
Naam or Word, Delhi, 1970, p. 59.
EPILOGUE: The Music Beyond
p. 260
It forms Alain Danielou, The Raga-s of Northern Indian Music, London, 1968, p. 21.
How indeed Boethius, De InstituHone Musica. Quoted from Source Readings in Music History, Oliver Strunk, New York, 1950, p. 84.
A Note About the Author
R. Murray Schafer was born in Sarnia, Ontario, in 1933. He attended the Royal Conservatory of Music in Toronto, studied in Austria and England, and served as Professor of Communication Studies at Simon Fraser University in British Columbia. As a composer, Mr. Schafer has written music in all forms, much of it experimental in nature. He has received several awards and grants for his musical work, including grants from the Canada Council, the Fromm Music Foundation, the Koussevitzky Music Foundation, as well as a Guggenheim fellowship. Mr. Schafer now lives near Bancroft, Ontario.
A Note About the Type
The text of this book was set in a computer version of Palatino, a type face designed by the noted German typographer Hermann Zapf. Named after Giovanbattista Palatino, a writing master of Renaissance Italy, Palatino was the first of Zapf’s type faces to be introduced to America. The first designs for the face were made in 1948, and the fonts for the complete face were issued between 1950 and 1952. Like all Zapf-designed type faces, Palatino is beautifully balanced and exceedingly readable.
The Soundscape: Our Sonic Environment And The Tuning Of The World Page 35