71. Paul S. Dull, A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1941–1945 (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute, 1978), 16.
72. Paul S. Dull, A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1941–1945 (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute, 1978), 16.
73. Associated Press, “Japs Open War on U.S. With Bombing of Hawaii; Fleet Speeds Out to Battle Invader,” Los Angeles Times, December 8, 1941, 1.
74. Associated Press, “Child Among the Dead,” New York Times, December 8, 1941, 13.
75. Richard Haller, International New Service, “Honolulu Caught By Surprise Raid,” Charleston (SC) News and Courier, December 8, 1941, 7.
76. Associated Press, “Eyewitness Report of Air Raid,” Baltimore Sun, December 8, 1941, 2.
77. Associated Press, “Many Americans Die in Bombing of Hawaii; Fires Set in Honolulu,” Baltimore Sun, December 8, 1941, 1.
78. Associated Press, “Eyewitness Report of Air Raid,” Baltimore Sun, December 8, 1941, 2.
79. Associated Press, “Eyewitness Report of Air Raid,” Baltimore Sun, December 8, 1941, 2.
80. Newsday (NY), “How Radio Reported ’41 Attack,” December 7, 1941, 15.
81. Video Material, Tora! Tora! Tora!, Craig Shirley Collection.
82. Associated Press, “2 Big U.S. Battleships Reported in Action Now,” Baltimore Sun, December 8, 1941, 3.
83. Mark S. Watson, “Dawn Air Raid Finds U.S. Forces on Islands Not Ready for Action,” Baltimore Sun, December 8, 1941, 4.
84. Maryville (MO) Daily Forum, “Japs Attack Manila,” December 7, 1941, 1.
85. Maryville (MO) Daily Forum, “Reports Staggers London,” December 7, 1941, 1.
86. Maryville (MO) Daily Forum, “Far East Crisis Explodes!” December 7, 1941, 1.
87. Maryville (MO) Daily Forum, “News Spreads,” December 7, 1941, 1.
88. Associated Press, “Two Japanese Bombers Appear Over Honolulu; Unverified Report Says a Foreign Warship Appears Off Pearl Harbor,” Maryville (MO) Daily Forum, December 7, 1941, 1.
89. Washington Post, “War Brings a Tense Day to White House Press Room,” December 8, 1941, 4.
90. Margalit Fox, “Frank Tremaine, 92, Reporter Who Broke Pearl Harbor News, Dies,” New York Times, December 27, 2006, C11.
91. Susan McShane, in discussion with the author, September 12, 2011.
92. Susan McShane, in discussion with the author, September 12, 2011.
93. Gerald Eckert, in discussion with the author.
94. Associated Press, “U.S. at War! Japan Bombs Hawaii, Manila.” Washington Post Extra, December 7, 1941, 1.
95. Washington Post, “War Brings a Tense Day to White House Press Room,” December 8, 1941, 4.
96. Edward T. Folliard, “Hawaii Attacked Without Warning With Heavy Loss; Philippines Are Bombed,” Washington Post, December 8, 1941, 1.
97. Gerald Griffin, “Tempo of War Apparent at White House,” Baltimore Sun, December 8, 1941, 3.
98. Frank L. Kluckhohn, “Guam Bombed; Army Ship Is Sunk,” New York Times, December 8, 1941, 1.
99. Washington Post, “War Brings a Tense Day to White House Press Room,” December 8, 1941, 4.
100. Washington Post, “War Brings a Tense Day to White House Press Room,” December 8, 1941, 4.
101. Washington Post, “War Brings a Tense Day to White House Press Room,” December 8, 1941, 4.
102. Washington Post, “War Brings a Tense Day to White House Press Room,” December 8, 1941, 4.
103. Washington Post, “War Brings a Tense Day to White House Press Room,” December 8, 1941, 4.
104. Washington Post, “War Brings a Tense Day to White House Press Room,” December 8, 1941, 4.
105. Richard Haller, “Hawaii Attack Is Described By Eyewitness,” Washington Post, December 8, 1941, 3.
106. Washington Post, “War Brings a Tense Day to White House Press Room,” December 8, 1941, 4.
107. Edward T. Folliard, “Hawaii Attacked Without Warning With Heavy Loss; Philippines Are Bombed,” Washington Post, December 8, 1941, 1.
108. Associated Press, “All Jap Nationals Ordered Arrested,” Maryville (MO) Daily Forum, December 7, 1941, 1.
109. Thomas R. Henry, “Capital Retains Outward Calm Despite Shock of War News,” Washington Evening Star, December 8, 1941, A6.
110. Scott Hart, “Crowds Gather at White House As News of Attack Spreads,” Washington Post, December 8, 1941, 3.
111. Washington Post, “News of War With Nippon Stuns Civilians, Service Men Alike,” December 8, 1941, 7.
112. Richard Turner, Associated Press, “Bursting Jap Bombs Bring War to Hawaii,” Boston Daily Globe, December 8, 1941, 11.
113. Washington Evening Star, “Washington Quickly Turned Into a Wartime Capital.” December 8, 1941, B19.
114. Richard L. Strout, “War Comes to Washington—On a Sunday Afternoon,” Christian Science Monitor, December 8, 1941, C1.
115. Gerald Griffin, “Tempo of War Apparent at White House,” Baltimore Sun, December 8, 1941, 3.
116. Richard L. Strout, “War Comes to Washington—On a Sunday Afternoon,” Christian Science Monitor, December 8, 1941, C1.
117. Associated Press, “Bombers Attack Philippine Points,” New York Times, December 8, 1941, 8.
118. Associated Press, “Army Bombers Roar North,” New York Times, December 8, 1941, 8.
119. Royal Arch Gunnison, North American Newspaper Alliance, “No Bombing of Manila,” New York Times, December 8, 1941, 8.
120. Associated Press, “Nichols Field Gas Supply Reported Destroyed,” Washington Post, December 9, 1941, 3.
121. C. P. Trussell, “Congress Decided,” New York Times, December 8, 1941, 1.
122. C. P. Trussell, “Congress Decided,” New York Times, December 8, 1941, 1.
123. Robert Schlesinger, White House Ghosts (New York, Simon and Schuster, 2008), 26.
124. Franklin Delano Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum, “FDR: Day by Day—The Pare Lorentz Chronology,” December 7, 1941.
125. Time, “The U.S. at War: National Ordeal,” December 15, 1941, 18.
126. Peter Grier, “Pearl Harbor Day: How FDR Reacted on December 7, 1941,” Christian Science Monitor, December 7, 2010.
127. Franklin Delano Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum, “Diary Entry of Agriculture Secretary Claude R. Wickard,” December 7, 1941, Hyde Park, NY.
128. Time, “The U.S. at War: National Ordeal,” December 15, 1941, 18.
129. Baltimore Sun, “Congress Leaders Take Part in Cabinet Session to Discuss U.S. Action,” December 8, 1941, 2.
130. Edward T. Folliard, “Hawaii Attacked Without Warning With Heavy Loss; Philippines Are Bombed,” Washington Post, December 8, 1941, 1.
131. Edward T. Folliard, “Hawaii Attacked Without Warning With Heavy Loss; Philippines Are Bombed,” Washington Post, December 8, 1941, 1.
132. Washington Evening Star, “All-Night Vigil Kept at Navy Department; 1,000 at Decks,” December 8, 1941, B8.
133. Washington Evening Star, “All-Night Vigil Kept at Navy Department; 1,000 at Decks,” December 8, 1941, B8.
134. Franklin Delano Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum, “Diary Entry of Agriculture Secretary Claude R. Wickard,” December 7, 1941, Hyde Park, NY.
135. Associated Press, “Tojo Promises Japan Victory Over America,” Washington Post, December 8, 1941, 3.
136. Associated Press, “Tokyo Acts First,” New York Times, December 8, 1941, 1.
137. Associated Press, “Tokyo Acts First,” New York Times, December 8, 1941, 1.
138. Blair Bolles, “Japanese Diplomats to Be Guaranteed Safe Return Home,” Washington Evening Star, December 8, 1941, A5.
139. Paul W. Ward, “Japanese Embassy Guarded by Washington Police Squad,” Baltimore Sun, December 8, 1941, 4.
140. Paul W. Ward, “Japanese Embassy Guarded by Washington Police Squad,” Baltimore Sun, December 8, 1941, 4.
141. Washington Post, “Irish Mother of Six Can’t Leave Embassy,” December 8, 19
41, 3.
142. Paul W. Ward, “Japanese Embassy Guarded by Washington Police Squad,” Baltimore Sun, December 8, 1941, 4.
143. New York Times, “Burning of Papers Watched By 1,000,” December 8, 1941, 5.
144. Washington Post, “Embassy Row Bustles as War Comes to U.S.,” December 8, 1941, 3.
145. Time, “The U.S. at War, the Last Stage,” December 15, 1941, 26.
146. Washington Evening Star, “F.B.I. Rounding Up Japanese Citizens Throughout Nation,” December 8, 1941, B1.
147. Baltimore Sun, “Boys Hang Effigy,” December 8, 1941, 11.
148. Associated Press, “Clipper Reaches Hawaii Safely,” Washington Post, December 8, 1941, 2.
149. Thomas M. Coffey, Hap: The Story of The U.S. Air Force and The Man Who Built It, General Henry “Hap” Arnold, (New York, Viking Press, 1982), 242.
150. Elizabeth Henney, “Beautiful, Friendly Honolulu, Asking Only Peace, Is at War,” Washington Post, December 8, 1941, 5.
151. Bill Henry, “Japan’s Daring Attack on Hawaii Designed to Cripple U.S. Fleet; Suicide Bomb Raid Perfectly Timed,” Los Angeles Times, December 8, 1941, 1D.
152. Franklin Delano Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum, “Memorandum for The President,” Box 1, December 7, 1941.
153. Franklin Delano Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum, “Transcript of Telephone Conversation Between FDR and Treasury Secretary Henry Morgenthau, Jr.” Box 515, December 7, 1941, Hyde Park, NY.
154. T. J. King, Joint and Naval Intelligence Support to Military Operations (Darby, PA: Diane Publishing 2011), V12.
CHAPTER 8: THE EIGHTH OF DECEMBER
1. Charles Hurd, “Stark’s Report Stresses Speed, Day Before Japan Attacks,” Washington Post, December 8, 1941, 27.
2. Frank L. Kluckhohn, “Guam Bombed; Army Ship Is Sunk,” New York Times, December 8, 1941, 1.
3. George Fielding Eliot, “Jap Raid Believed Hindering Action,” Los Angeles Times, December 8, 1941, 1C.
4. Editorial, “We Shall Win,” Baltimore Sun, December 8, 1941, 16.
5. Los Angeles Times, “Public Believed First War Reports Only Gag,” December 8, 1941, 2.
6. Los Angeles Times, “Air Guards, Attention!” December 8, 1941, 1.
7. Carroll Kilpatrick, “Visitor to White House Criticizes American Defense in Hawaii,” Birmingham (AL) News, December 8, 1941, 8.
8. Gordon William Prange with Donald M. Goldstein and Katherine V. Dillon, Dec. 7, 1941: The Day the Japanese Attacked Pearl Harbor (New York: Wings Books, 1991), 376.
9. Washington Evening Star, “Gasoline Dump at Nichols Field Believed Fired,” December 8, 1941, A1.
10. Boston Daily Globe, “Japan Strikes Over Wide Area,” December 8, 1941, 4.
11. Washington Evening Star, “Gasoline Dump at Nichols Field Believed Fired,” December 8, 1941, A1.
12. Bill Henry, “Japan’s Daring Attack on Hawaii Designed to Cripple U.S. Fleet,” Los Angeles Times, December 8, 1941, 1D.
13. Washington Evening Star, “Gasoline Dump at Nichols Field Believed Fired,” December 8, 1941, A1.
14. United Press, “Japanese Premier’s Story,” New York Times, December 8, 1941, 5.
15. Washington Evening Star, “Gasoline Dump at Nichols Field Believed Fired,” December 8, 1941, A1.
16. Woody Klein, All the Presidents’ Spokesmen: Spinning the News—White House Press Secretaries from Franklin D. Roosevelt to George W. Bush (Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 2008), 38.
17. William L. O’Neill, A Democracy at War: America’s Fight at Home and Abroad in World War II (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995), 5.
18. Hazel Rowley, Franklin and Eleanor: An Extraordinary Marriage (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2010), 246.
19. Philip M. Seib, Broadcasts from the Blitz: How Edward R. Murrow Helped Lead America Into War (Dulles, VA: Potomac Books, 2006), 157.
20. James MacGregor Burns and Susan Dunn, The Three Roosevelts: Patrician Leaders Who Transformed America (New York: Grove Press, 2001), 442.
21. Dan Van Der Vat, Pearl Harbor: The Day of Infamy—An Illustrated History (New York: Basic Books, 2001), 74.
22. Peter Grier, “Pearl Harbor Day: How FDR Reacted on December 7, 1941,” Christian Science Monitor, December 7, 2010, http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/2010/1207/Pearl-Harbor-day-How-FDR-reacted-on-December-7-1941; Emma Brown, “‘Air raid, Pearl Harbor’: Who Said It?,” Washington Post, January 19, 2011, http://voices.washingtonpost.com/postmortem/2011/01/air-raid-pearl-harbor-who-said.html.
23. New York Times, “Army, Navy Order Wide Censorship,” December 8, 1941, 8.
24. Associated Press, “Espionage Act Violators Face Death Penalty,” Boston Daily Globe, December 8, 1941, 6.
25. New York Times, “Army, Navy Order Wide Censorship,” December 8, 1941, 8.
26. John G. Norris, “All Dangerous Japanese Face Arrest by U.S.,” Washington Post, December 8, 1941, 7.
27. John G. Norris, “All Dangerous Japanese Face Arrest by U.S.,” Washington Post, December 8, 1941, 7.
28. Drew Person and Robert S. Allen, “Merry–Go–Round,” Birmingham (AL) News, December 14, 1941, 5.
29. Washington Post, “Armed Plants Told to Work 24 Hours a Day,” December 8, 1941, 23.
30. Washington Post, “Heavy Guard Thrown Around Capital’s Most Vital Spots,” December 8, 1941, 3; New York Times, “Patterson Asks All Plants Guard Against Sabotage,” December 8, 1941, 4; Associated Press, “Emergency Measures Enforced in Nation,” Boston Daily Globe, December 8, 1941, 20.
31. C.P. Trussel, “Congress Decided,” New York Times, December 8, 1941, 1.
32. New York Times, “The Day in Washington,” December 9, 1941, 4.
33. New York Times, “La Guardia Acts to Guard Cities,” December 8, 1941, 3.
34. Associated Press, “Britain Declares War on Japs, Allying Herself With U.S.,” Washington Evening Star, December 8, 1941, A2.
35. Associated Press, “Text of Address by Churchill,” Washington Post, December 9, 1941, 19.
36. Associated Press, “Costa Rica at War With Japan,” Atlanta Constitution, December 8, 1941, 1.
37. United Press, “China Goes to War With Axis States,” New York Times, December 9, 1941, 9.
38. New York Times, “Australia Declares War on the Japanese,” December 8, 1941, 2; Associated Press, “Netherlands Join in War on Japan,” New York Times, December 8, 1941, 7.
39. Associated Press, “Nicaragua Takes Stand,” New York Times, December 8, 1941, 15.
40. New York Times, “Canada Declares War Upon Japan,” December 8, 1941, 14.
41. Associated Press, “Carpenter Union Declares War on Japanese as War Flares,” Atlanta Constitution, December 8, 1941, 11.
42. Atlanta Constitution, “Island of Hilo Open to Attack, Says Atlantan,” December 8, 1941, 11.
43. Associated Press, “North Borneo Attack Reported,” Washington Evening Star, December 8, 1941, A1.
44. Washington Evening Star, “Gasoline Dump at Nichols Field Believed Fired,” December 8, 1941, A1; Frank L. Kluckhohn, “Guam Bombed, Army Ship Is Sunk,” New York Times, December 8, 1941, 1.
45. United Press and International News Service, “Jap ’Chute Troops Seen in Honolulu,” Washington Post, December 8, 1941, 2.
46. John Franklin Carter, “Memorandum on Japanese Problem (West Coast, Mexican Border),” December 8, 1941, Franklin Delano Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum, Hyde Park, NY.
47. United Press, “Jap Attack Under Way for 2 Weeks,” Washington Post, December 8, 1941, 1.
48. Associated Press, “Believe May Have Used Suicide Squads,” Washington Post, December 8, 1941, 3.
49. Washington Post, December 8, 1941, 1.
50. Associated Press, “Japan Strikes All Over Pacific,” Boston Daily Globe, December 8, 1941, 1.
51. Associated Press, “1,500 Dead in Hawaii,” Boston Evening Globe, December 8, 1941, 1.
52. Frank L. Kluckhohn, “Guam Bombed; Army Ship Is Sun
k,” New York Times, December 8, 1941, 1.
53. United Press, “Report Nazis to Act,” Boston Daily Globe, December 8, 1941, 10.
54. Washington Evening Star, “Gasoline Dump at Nichols Field Believed Fired,” December 8, 1941, A1.
55. Blair Bolles, “Japanese Diplomats to Be Guaranteed Safe Return Home,” Washington Evening Star, December 8, 1941, A5.
56. Associated Press, “Wave After Wave of Japanese Planes Attack Hawaii,” Washington Evening Star, December 8, 1941, A5.
57. Washington Evening Star, “Gasoline Dump at Nichols Field Believed Fired,” December 8, 1941, A1.
58. United Press, “Jap Transport Hit,” Boston Daily Globe, December 8, 1941, 15; Associated Press, “Aircraft Carrier Used in Attack on Pearl Harbor Reported Sunk,” Boston Daily Globe, December 8, 1941, 1.
59. United Press, “Tokyo Bombers Strike Hard at Our Main Bases on Oahu,” New York Times, December 8, 1941, 1.
60. Frank L. Kluckhohn, “Guam Bombed; Army Ship Is Sunk,” New York Times, December 8, 1941, 1.
61. Associated Press, “Many Americans Die In Bombing of Hawaii; Fires Set in Honolulu,” Baltimore Sun, December 8, 1941, 1.
62. Associated Press, “Wave After Wave of Japanese Planes Attack Hawaii,” Washington Evening Star, December 8, 1941, A5.
63. Thomas R. Henry, “Capital Retains Outward Calm Despite Shock of War News,” Washington Evening Star, December 8, 1941, A6.
64. Associated Press, “Rome Radio Denies Saying Axis Is at War With U. S.,” Washington Evening Star, December 8, 1941, A2.
65. Washington Evening Star, “Gasoline Dump at Nichols Field Believed Fired,” December 8, 1941, A1.
66. Blair Bolles, “Japanese Diplomats to Be Guaranteed Safe Return Home,” Washington Evening Star, December 8, 1941, A5.
67. Blair Bolles, “Japanese Diplomats to Be Guaranteed Safe Return Home,” Washington Evening Star, December 8, 1941, A5; United Press, “Japanese Consulate Booed in New Orleans,” Washington Post, December 8, 1941, 3.
68. Associated Press, “Japanese Beaten Up by New York Trio,” Boston Evening Globe, December 8, 1941, 2.
69. New York Times, “Plains Guard City From Air Attacks,” December 9, 1941, 1.
70. Associated Press, “Huge Naval Stronghold Is Bombed,” Boston Daily Globe, December 8, 1941, 2.
December 1941 Page 69