23. H. W. Brands, Inside the Cold War. Loy Henderson and the Rise of the American Empire 1918–1961 (New York 1991), pp. 147–61.
24. Truman Speech to Congress on 12 March 1947 at Yale Law School, Lillian Goldman Law Library, The Avalon Project Documents in International Law and Diplomacy at http://avalon.law.yale. Edu/20th_century/trudoc.asp.
25. Melvyn Leffler, ‘The Emergence of an American Grand Strategy 1945–1952’, in Melvyn Leffler and Odd Arne Westad (eds), The Cambridge History of the Cold War, vol. 1: Origins (Cambridge 2010), p. 68.
26. Howard Jones, ‘A New Kind of War’: America’s Global Strategy and the Civil War in Greece (New York 1989).
27. McCullough, Truman, p. 742.
28. Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes. The History of the CIA (London 2007), pp. 26–7.
29. Saki Dockrill, Eisenhower’s New-Look National Security Policy 1953–61 (London 1996), p. 49.
30. L. Douglas Keeney, 15 Minutes. General Curtis LeMay and the Countdown to Nuclear Annihilation (New York 2011), pp. 28–37, is excellent on the evolution of SAC.
31. David Holloway, Stalin and the Bomb. The Soviet Union and Atomic Energy 1939–1956 (New Haven, Conn. 1994), p. 218.
32. McCullough, Truman, pp. 747–64.
33. Walter Isaacson and Evan Thomas, The Wise Men. Six Friends and the World They Made (New York 1986), pp. 406–8.
34. William I. Hitchcock, ‘The Marshall Plan and the Creation of the West’, in Leffler and Westad (eds), Cambridge History of the Cold War, vol. 1, p. 156.
35. Dallek, The Lost Peace, p. 240.
36. Hitchcock, ‘The Marshall Plan and the Creation of the West’, pp. 160–4.
37. David Ellwood, Rebuilding Europe. Western Europe, America and Postwar Reconstruction (London 1992), pp. 89–93.
38. Kissinger, Diplomacy, pp. 456–60.
39. Robert McMahon, Colonialism and Cold War. The United States and the Struggle for Indonesian Independence 1945–49 (Ithaca, NY 1981), p. 244.
40. Ibid., p. 248.
41. Ibid., p. 256.
42. Jung Chang and Jon Halliday, Mao. The Unknown Story (London 2006), p. 392.
43. Ross Terrill, Mao. A Biography (Stanford, Calif. 1999), p. 217.
44. Odd Arne Westad, Decisive Encounters. The Chinese Civil War 1946–1950 (Stanford, Calif. 2003), p. 69.
45. Ibid., p. 238.
46. David Halberstam, The Coldest Winter. America and the Korean War (London 2008), p. 234.
47. Ibid., pp. 152 and 224.
48. David Galula, Counterinsurgency Warfare. Theory and Practice (Westport, Conn. 1964, reprinted 2006), p. 35.
49. Talk with the American correspondent Anna Louise Strong, August 1946, at http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/selected-works/volume-4/mswv4. 13.htm.
50. Sergei N. Goncharov, John W. Lewis and Xue Litai, Uncertain Partners. Stalin, Mao, and the Korean War (Stanford, Calif. 1993), pp. 84ff.
51. Jongsoo Lee, The Partition of Korea after World War II (New York 2006), p. 90.
52. Halberstam, The Coldest Winter, pp. 73–81, deftly sketches Kim Il Sung’s character without the apologetic tendencies evident in some revisionist US writing of a more self-flagellating kind.
53. Max Hastings, The Korean War (London 1987), pp. 38 –42.
54. Allan R. Millett, ‘The Korean People’, in William Stueck (ed.), The Korean War in World History (Lexington, Ky 2004), pp. 13–39.
55. Goncharov, Lewis and Litai, Uncertain Partners, p. 133.
56. Gye-Dong Kim, ‘Who Initiated the Korean War?’, in James Cotton and Ian Neary (eds), The Korean War in History (Manchester 1989), p. 39.
57. Bruce Cumings, The Korean War. A History (New York 2010), pp. 111ff.
3: Arab Nationalism, Jewish Homeland
1. John Darwin, The Empire Project. The Rise and Fall of the British World System 1830–1970 (Cambridge 2009), pp. 313–19.
2. On the British in Iraq see Kwasi Kwarteng’s astute and unsentimental Ghosts of Empire. Britain’s Legacies in the Modern World (London 2011), especially pp. 51ff. I am grateful to Kwasi Kwarteng for letting me see an early proof of his remarkable book.
3. Gholam Reza Afkhami, The Life and Times of the Shah (Berkeley, Calif. 2009), p. 74.
4. Manucher Farmanfarmaian and Roxane Farmanfarmaian, Blood & Oil. A Prince’s Memoir of Iran, from the Shah to the Ayatollah (New York 2005), pp. 209–12.
5. Christopher de Bellaigue, Patriot of Persia. Muhammad Mossadegh and a Very British Coup (London 2012), pp. 83–6.
6. Farmanfarmaian and Farmanfarmaian, Blood & Oil, pp.114–22, and Ryszard Kapu´sci´nski, Shah of Shahs (London 2006), p. 23, for the ban on photographing camels.
7. Amin Saikal, The Rise and Fall of the Shah. Iran from Autocracy to Religious Rule (Princeton 1980), pp. 19–25.
8. See Bellaigue, Patriot of Persia, for these biographical details.
9. Odd Arne Westad, The Global Cold War. Third World Interventions and the Making of our Times (Cambridge 2007), p. 62.
10. Claremont Skrine, World War in Iran (London 1962), especially pp. 211ff.
11. Bellaigue, Patriot of Persia, pp. 120ff.
12. For Soviet pressure on Turkey see Jamil Hasanli, Stalin and the Turkish Crisis of the Cold War 1945–1953 (Lanham, Md 2011).
13. H. W. Brands, Inside the Cold War. Loy Henderson and the Rise of the American Empire 1918–1961 (New York 1991), pp. 141–5.
14. Robert Beisner, Dean Acheson. A Life in the Cold War (Oxford 2006), pp. 38–43.
15. Tarek Osman, Egypt on the Brink. From Nasser to Mubarak (New Haven, Conn. 2010), p. 37, and Trevor Mostyn, Europe’s Belle Epoque. Cairo and the Age of the Hedonists (London 1987).
16. For the above see mainly Robert Stephens, Nasser. A Political Biography (London 1971), pp. 21–37.
17. Trefor Evans (ed.), The Killearn Diaries 1934–1946. The Diplomatic and Personal Record of Lord Killearn (Sir Miles Lampson), High Commissioner and Ambassador to Egypt (London 1972), pp. 206–19, for the relevant diary entries.
18. This was a more pervasive view. See Ronald Hyam, Britain’s Declining Empire. The Road to Decolonisation 1918–1968 (Cambridge 2006), p. 92, on Nigerians for the first time meeting Brits who were less well educated and articulate in English than themselves.
19. Frank Giles, The Locust Years. The Story of the Fourth French Republic 1946–1958 (London 1991), pp. 129–32; Robert Merle, Ben Bella (London 1967), p. 47, talks about the ‘coldness and reserve of the Algerians’.
20. Edward Behr, The Algerian Problem (London 1961), p. 45, quoting Ferhat Abbas.
21. Martin Evans, Algeria. France’s Undeclared War (Oxford 2012), pp. 23–4, is good on this background.
22. Maurice Larkin, France since the Popular Front. Government and People 1936–1996 (Oxford 1997), p. 226.
23. The best account of these rivalries is by Behr, The Algerian Problem, pp. 42ff. Behr covered Algeria for several magazines in the 1950s.
24. Martin Evans, ‘Patriot Games: Algeria’s Football Revolutionaries’, History Today (2010) 60, pp. 20–5.
25. Alistair Horne, A Savage War of Peace. Algeria 1954–1962 (London 1977, reprinted New York 2006), pp. 74–9.
26. Evans, Algeria. France’s Undeclared War, p. 89.
27. Kathryn Hadley, ‘“A French Policeman Lost his Head”: The Origins of the Algerian War of Independence’, History Today, 22 September 2010, online version with British diplomatic cable electronic annexe.
28. Jean-Louis Planche, Sétif 1945. Histoire d’un massacre annoncé (Paris 2006), pp. 136ff; Marcel Reggui, Les Massacres de Guelma. Algérie, mai 1945. Une enquête inédite sur la furie des milices coloniales (Paris 2008); and Annie Rey-Goldzeiguer, Aux origines de la guerre d’Algérie 1940–1945. De Mers-el-Kébir aux massacres du Nord-Constantois (Paris 2006), pp. 302–3.
29. Giles, The Locust Years, p. 135.
30. Clyde Sanger, Malcolm MacDonald. Bringing an End to Empire (Liverpool/Montreal 1995), p. 160.
31. Michael Burleigh, Blood and Rage. A Cultural History of Terrorism (London 2008), pp. 95–6.
32. Naomi Shepherd, Ploughing Sand. British Rule in Palestine (London 1999), pp. 67–9.
33. LHMAKCL Stockwell Papers 6/26, ‘Lessons from Palestine’, including the paper ‘Relations of Military Commanders with the Civilian Population’.
34. Brands, Inside the Cold War, p. 181.
35. Bruce Kuniholm, ‘US Policy in the Near East: The Triumphs and Tribulations of the Truman Administration’, in Michael Lacey (ed.), The Truman Presidency (Cambridge 1991), pp. 322–7.
36. A brilliant evocation of upper-class Anglo-Saxon Protestant society is E. Digby Baltzell, The Protestant Establishment. Aristocracy and Caste in America (New York 1964).
37. Cited in Wm Roger Louis, The British Empire in the Middle East 1945–1951. Arab Nationalism, the United States, and Postwar Imperialism (Oxford 1984), pp. 401–2.
38. Benjamin Grob-Fitzgibbon, Imperial Endgame. Britain’s Dirty Wars and the End of Empire (London 2011), pp. 46–8.
39. Ibid., pp. 48–52.
40. Christopher Andrew, The Defence of the Realm. The Authorized History of MI5 (London 2009), pp. 350–64.
41. David Cesarani, Major Farran’s Hat. Murder, Scandal and Britain’s War against Jewish Terrorism 1945–1948 (London 2009) faithfully mounts the Zionist case against Farran.
42. Grob-Fitzgibbon, Imperial Endgame, pp. 73–4.
43. LHMAKCL Stockwell Papers 6/26, ‘Lessons from Palestine’, including Lt-Col. J. H. M. Hackett, ‘Reports’, p. 4.
44. Christopher Sykes, Crossroads to Israel. Palestine from Balfour to Bevin (London 1965), p. 397.
45. Keith Jeffrey, MI6. The History of the Secret Intelligence Service 1909–1949 (London 2010), pp. 689–97.
46. Andrew, The Defence of the Realm, p. 359.
47. Sykes, Crossroads to Israel, pp. 381–4.
48. Grob-Fitzgibbon, Imperial Endgame, pp. 93–100.
49. On this see Wiebke Bachman, Die UdSSR und der Nahe Osten. Zionismus, ägyptischer Antikolonialismus und sowjetische Aussenpolitik bis 1956 (Munich 2011), pp. 122–32.
50. Benny Morris, 1948. The First Arab–Israeli War (New Haven, Conn. 2008), pp. 81–2.
4: Some More Victorious than Others
1. Andrew Rotter, ‘Chronicle of a War Foretold. The United States and Vietnam 1945–1954’, in Mark Atwood Lawrence and Fredrik Logevall (eds), The First Vietnam War. Colonial Conflict and Cold War Crisis (Cambridge, Mass. 2008), p. 290.
2. Robert Dallek, The American Style of Foreign Policy. Cultural Politics and Foreign Affairs (New York 1983), p. 143.
3. Theodore White and Annalee Jacoby, Thunder out of China (New York 1946), p. 129.
4. Jonathan Fenby, Generalissimo. Chiang Kai-shek and the China He Lost (London 2005), p. 438.
5. Westad, Decisive Encounters. The Chinese Civil War 1946–1950 (Stanford, Calif. 2003), pp. 91–4.
6. Richard Harris Smith, OSS. The Secret History of America’s First Central Intelligence Agency (Guilford, Conn. 2005), pp. 259–60.
7. David Halberstam, The Coldest Winter. America and the Korean War (London 2008), p. 230.
8. Smith, OSS, pp. 458–9. He lived on as the John Birch Society, founded thirteen years after his death.
9. Ernest May, ‘China, 1945–1948: Making Hard Choices’, in Ernest R. May and Philip D. Zelikow (eds), Dealing with Dictators. Dilemmas of US Diplomacy and Intelligence Analysis 1945–1990 (Cambridge, Mass. 2006), pp. 17ff.
10. David McCullough, Truman (New York 1992), p. 475.
11. John Robinson Beal, Marshall in China (New York 1970), p. 194.
12. Halberstam, The Coldest Winter, p. 229.
13. May, ‘China, 1945–1948’, p. 30.
14. Ibid., pp. 43–7.
15. Robert Service, Stalin. A Biography (London 2004), pp. 478–82.
16. Dmitri Volkogonov, Stalin. Triumph and Tragedy (London 1991), pp. 498ff.
17. Herbert Feis, Between War and Peace. The Potsdam Conference (Princeton 1960), pp. 177–8.
18. Robert Dallek, The Lost Peace. Leadership in a Time of Horror and Hope 1945–1953 (New York 2010), p. 122.
19. Adam B. Ulam, Expansion and Coexistence. The History of Soviet Foreign Policy 1917–67 (New York 1968), pp. 270ff.
20. Odd Arne Westad, The Global Cold War. Third World Interventions and the Making of our Times (Cambridge 2007), pp. 54–8.
21. For these points see Anne Deighton, ‘Britain and the Cold War 1945–1955’, in Melvyn Leffler and Odd Arne Westad (eds), The Cambridge History of the Cold War, vol. 1: Origins (Cambridge 2010), p. 115, and Douglas Waller, Wild Bill Donovan. The Spymaster Who Created the OSS and Modern American Espionage (New York 2011), p. 286.
22. Jongsoo Lee, The Partition of Korea after World War II (New York 2006), p. 51.
23. David Dilks (ed.), The Diaries of Sir Alexander Cadogan, OM, 1938–1945 (London 1971), entry dated 25 July 1945, p. 772.
24. William Taubman, Khrushchev.The Man and his Era (New York 2003), pp. 211–18, and Simon Sebag Montefiore, Stalin. The Court of the Red Tsar (London 2003), pp. 526ff, have a depressing verisimilitude.
25. Robert Conquest, Stalin. Breaker of Nations (London 1991), p. 270, for the Pasternak citation.
26. Dallek, The Lost Peace, p. 184.
27. Vladimir Pechatnov, ‘The Soviet Union and the World 1944–1953’, in Leffler and Westad (eds), The Cambridge History of the Cold War, vol. 1, pp. 109–10.
28. Robert Beisner, Dean Acheson. A Life in the Cold War (Oxford 2006), p. 36.
29. John Lewis Gaddis, ‘The Insecurities of Victory: The United States and the Perception of the Soviet Threat after World War II’, in Michael Lacey (ed.), The Truman Presidency (Cambridge 1991), especially, pp. 268–72.
30. Dallek, The Lost Peace, p. 112.
31. Alex Danchev and Daniel Todman (eds), Field Marshal Lord Alanbrooke. War Diaries 1939–1945 (London 2001), entry dated 23 July 1945, p. 709.
32. Roy Jenkins, Churchill (London 2001), pp. 791ff.
33. Kenneth O. Morgan, Labour in Power 1945–1951 (Oxford 1984), pp. 236–8, for the benign view; Correlli Barnett, The Lost Victory. British Dreams, British Realities 1945–1950 (London 1995), pp. 40–5 for a cold shower of truth.
34. John Darwin, The Empire Project. The Rise and Fall of the British World System 1830–1970 (Cambridge 2009), p. 546.
35. Memorandum by Keynes, ‘Top Secret’, dated 28 September 1944, Treasury 160/1375/F17942/010/5, cited by Wm Roger Louis, ‘The Dissolution of the British Empire’, in Judith Brown and Wm Roger Louis (eds), The Twentieth Century (Oxford 1999), vol. 4 of The Oxford History of the British Empire, p. 331.
36. Geoffrey Warner, ‘Bevin and British Foreign Policy’, in Gordon Craig and Francis Loewenheim (eds), The Diplomats 1939–1979 (Princeton 1994), p. 105.
37. Barnett, The Lost Victory, p. 55.
38. See David Egerton’s article ‘Declinism’ in London Review of Books, 7 March 1996 (and Correlli Barnett’s replies), for the substance of these paragraphs.
39. Ibid., pp. 190ff.
40. John Darwin, Britain and Decolonisation. The Retreat from Empire in the Post-War World (London 1988), p. 76.
41. ‘Ice-Floes near Norfolk’, The Times, 20 February 1947, p. 4.
42. For vivid individual accounts see David Kynaston, Austerity Britain 1945–51 (London 2007), pp. 185ff.
43. Dominic Sandbrook, Never Had It So Good. A History of Britain from Suez to the Beatles (London 2005), p. 45.
44. J. G. Ballard, Miracles of Life. An Autobiography (London 2008), p. 124.
45. Alan Bullock, Ernest Bevin. Foreign Secretary 1945–19
51 (Oxford 1985), pp. 97–8.
46. Ibid., p. 90.
47. Morgan, Labour in Power, pp. 207–8.
48. Warner, ‘Bevin and British Foreign Policy’, p. 109.
49. Ronald Hyam, Britain’s Declining Empire. The Road to Decolonisation 1918–1968 (Cambridge 2006), p. 142.
50. Darwin, The Empire Project, p. 528: the phrase was Margery Perham’s.
51. Hyam, Britain’s Declining Empire, p. 131.
52. Morgan, Labour in Power, p. 252.
53. The Times, 6 April 2011.
54. Mark Atwood Lawrence, ‘Forging the “Great Combination”: Britain and the Indochina Problem 1945–1950’, in Lawrence and Logevall (eds), The First Vietnam War, p. 108.
55. See Jonathan Fenby, The General. Charles de Gaulle and the France He Saved (London 2010).
56. Frank Giles, The Locust Years. The Story of the Fourth French Republic 1946–1958 (London 1991), p. 74.
57. Ibid., p. 27.
58. Rod Kedward, La Vie en bleu. France and the French since 1900 (London 2005), p. 381.
59. Maurice Larkin, France since the Popular Front. Government and People 1936–1996 (Oxford 1997) is exceptionally clear on these developments.
60. Giles, The Locust Years, p. 35.
61. Anthony Clayton, The Wars of French Decolonization (London 1994), p. 15.
62. Giles, The Locust Years, p. 138.
63. Martin Evans and John Phillips, Algeria. Anger of the Dispossessed (New Haven, Conn. 2007), pp. 53–5.
5: ‘Police Action’: Korea
1. Dae-Sook Suh, Kim Il Sung. The North Korean Leader (New York 1989), pp. 114–19.
2. Sergei N. Goncharov, John W. Lewis and Xue Litai, Uncertain Partners. Stalin, Mao, and the Korean War (Stanford, Calif. 1993), p. 135.
3. Bruce Cumings, The Korean War. A History (New York 2010), p. 144.
4. Robert L. Beisner, Dean Acheson. A Life in the Cold War (Oxford 2006), pp. 326–31.
5. For a detailed discussion of the genesis of NSC 68 see ibid., pp. 236ff.
6. Melvyn Leffler, ‘The Emergence of an American Grand Strategy 1945–1952’, in Melvyn Leffler and Odd Arne Westad (eds), The Cambridge History of the Cold War, vol. 1: Origins (Cambridge 2010), p. 86.
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