Small Wars, Faraway Places: Global Insurrection and the Making of the Modern World, 1945-1965

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Small Wars, Faraway Places: Global Insurrection and the Making of the Modern World, 1945-1965 Page 68

by Burleigh, Michael


  armed struggle against Americans, 194–5

  conflict between Japanese occupiers and, 26–7, 192–3, 207

  counter-insurgency campaign against, 202–5

  internal discipline, 208–9

  petering out of rebellion, 207–8

  roots, 26–7

  Humphrey, George, 248

  Humphrey, Hubert, 428

  Hungary, 62, 298–9, 302

  crushing of revolt by Soviets, 281–2, 283

  Hunt, Howard, 435

  Hurley, Patrick, 103, 105

  Huxley, Julian, 361

  Hu Zongnan, 66

  Hyam, Ronald, 122

  hydrogen bomb, 60, 262, 440

  imperialism, 4–5, 11, 319

  India, 8, 21–5, 305–12, 317–20

  Bengal famine (1943), 23–4

  and Britain, 21–5, 121

  and China, 4, 311–12, 318, 319

  independence and departure of British (1947), 24–5, 98, 116

  independence campaign, 22–4

  Kashmir dispute with Pakistan, 305–6, 309–10, 315

  and Korea, 311

  under Nehru, 309

  and Second World War, 21–2

  and Soviet Union, 317

  and United States, 305, 306, 307–11, 317–8

  war with Japan, 22, 23

  Indian Communist Party, 305

  Indian National Army, 15

  Indian National Congress party, 21, 306

  Indochina, 6, 27–39, 211–43. See also Vietnam

  destruction of French rule by Japanese, 28–9, 32

  and France, 6, 27, 28–9, 36–9, 123–4, 126–8

  re-establishment of French rule, 36–9, 123–4

  and Second World War, 28

  war between French and Viet Minh (See Indochina War (First))

  Indochina War, First, 38–9, 128–9, 211–32

  aerial resupply, French reliance on, 221

  airborne insertions, 224

  battle of Dien Bien Phu, 223–30

  battle of Vinh Yen, 216

  Chinese support for Viet Minh, 211–2

  conditions endured by French, 219–20

  death toll, 234

  and De Latre Line, 217

  fighting between Viet Minh and French forces, 215–7

  French forces, 212–3

  French intelligence, 213

  French strategy, 213–4

  mechanization of French forces, 221

  military brothels, 220–1

  and Navarre Plan, 222

  peace talks, 230–31

  and United States, 214, 221–4, 229

  Indonesia, 39–46

  crushing of communist rising (1948), 63

  Dutch military offensive (1948), 63–4

  Dutch ‘police’ campaigns, 45

  independence, 45–6, 64

  Japanese occupation, 39–42

  negotiations between Dutch and nationalists

  and agreement reached, 44, 45

  Inglis, Admiral, 65

  Inter-American Development Bank, 415

  Inter-American Organization of Workers, 412

  Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (IBM), 251

  Iran, 8–9, 75–79, 263–75

  and Britain, 75–77, 79, 264–75

  and Japan, 268

  under Mossadeq, 268

  nationalization of Anglo–Iranian Oil Company (AIOC), 263–6

  overthrow of Mossadeq, 263, 269–74

  Reza Shah’s rule, 77–8

  and Soviet Union, 78–81

  and United States, 79, 80, 267–8

  Iranian Revolution (1979), 274

  Iraq, 74–5, 288–9

  Iraqi Petroleum Company, 74, 75

  Iraq War, 1

  Irgun, 91, 92, 93, 96, 98, 350

  Irwin, General, 65

  Israel, 84

  creation of, 99–100

  and Egypt, 289

  and France, 290–1, 303

  and Suez Crisis, 297–99

  Israeli Defence Forces (IDF), 290–1

  Israeli-Palestinian conflict, 289

  Itote, Waruhiu, 371

  Jabotinsky, Vladimir, 91

  Japan, 13–17, 138

  conquest and occupation of Indonesia, 39–42

  conquest and occupation of Philippines, 25–7, 191–2

  conquests during Second World War, 13–16, 22

  and Indochina, 28–9

  and Iran, 268

  policy in China, 16

  rule in Korea, 20, 21

  war with China, 17, 19–20, 31

  war with India, 22, 23

  Java/Javanese, 39, 45, 46

  Jebb, Gladwyn, 119, 267

  Jenkin, William, 175

  Jewish Agency, 92, 96

  Jewish Brigade, 92

  Jews, 120–1

  Nazi murder of, 92

  relations between Eisenhower and US, 252

  war with Arabs in Palestine, 90

  Jiménez, Marcos Pérez, 413, 414

  Jinmen (Quemoy), 458

  Jinnah, Mohammed Ali, 23, 314

  JMWAVE, 438

  Jock Scott Operation (Kenya), 364

  Johnson, Alexis, 487

  Johnson, Harold, 490

  Johnson, Louis, 59, 133

  Johnson, Lyndon Baines, 229, 446, 462–3, 477–9, 495

  background and political career, 477–8

  and Vietnam, 9, 481–92

  Johnston, Carruthers ‘Monkey,’ 375, 376

  Jordan, 84, 290

  Jouhaud, General Edmond, 347, 348–9, 350

  Juanín (boat), 439

  Kádár, János, 281

  Kaganovich, 279

  Kalonji, Albert, 388–9

  Kamau wa Ngengi. See Kenyatta, Jomo

  Kapenguria Six, 364–5

  Kareme, Gitonga, 373

  Kasavubu, Joseph, 385, 386, 387, 389, 390, 391, 393

  Kashani, Ayatollah, 263, 266–7, 272

  Kashmir dispute, 305–6, 309–10, 315

  KAU (Kenyan African Union), 360, 361–2

  Kaunda, Kenneth, 408

  Kavtaradze, Sergei, 79

  KCA (Kikuyu Central Association), 356, 357, 358, 360

  Keating, Kenneth, 444

  Kelly, Pat, 198

  Kennan, George, 50–2, 133, 198, 255

  Kennedy, Bobby, 432, 433–4, 438, 443, 446, 447, 452, 477, 495

  Kennedy, Joe, 431, 432, 433

  Kennedy, John F., 55, 232, 233, 339, 428–9, 430

  and Africa, 380–1

  assassination of, 436, 454, 474, 477

  background and political career, 431–2

  and Bay of Pigs fiasco, 434–6, 437

  and CIA, 437

  and Congo, 395, 396, 397–8

  and Cuban Missile Crisis, 444, 445, 447, 448, 448–9

  economic sanctions against Cuba, 440

  and Mafia, 9, 440

  personal life, 432–3

  vendetta against Castro, 436

  and Vietnam, 460, 461, 463, 465–6, 467–8, 472, 474–5

  wins presidential election, 433

  Kenya, 6, 188, 353–78

  Kikuyu’s land grievance, 356–7

  lifting of state of emergency, 406

  as location for film-makers, 353

  Mau Mau (See Mau Mau insurrection)

  settlers behavior, 360–1

  Swynnerton Plan (1953), 377–8

  Kenyan African Union. See KAU

  Kenya Police Reserve, 370

  Kenyatta, Jomo, 374–5, 378, 406, 495

  arres
t and trial of, 364–6

  background, 356–60

  as president of KAU, 360

  as symbolic figurehead of Mau Mau, 362–3

  Keynes, John Maynard, 116, 402

  KGB, 280, 440

  Khanh, General Nguyen, 474, 486

  Khider, Mohamed, 328

  Khiem, Ung Van, 468

  Khmer Rouge, 230

  Khomeini, Ayatollah, 274

  Khrushchev, Nikita, 4, 277–7, 282–3, 317, 382, 495

  background and political career, 277–9

  criticism of Stalin, 279, 457

  and Cuba, 427–8, 430

  and Cuban Missile Crisis, 441–3, 450, 451–2, 453

  downfall, 455

  and Guinea, 400

  and Mao, 282–3, 458

  and Sino-Soviet split, 458–9

  and Suez Crisis, 299–300

  and U2 plane incident, 383–4

  and Vietnam, 468

  Kikuyu, 356–7, 360, 371–2. See also Mau Mau insurrection

  and Mau Mau, 367

  oath taking, 361–2

  and Swynnerton Plan, 377–8

  Kikuyu Central Association. See KCA

  Kilmuir, Lord Chancellor, 293

  Kim, Le Van, 472

  Kimathi, Dedan, 364, 374

  Kim Il Jong, 20

  Kim Il Sung, 15, 20, 69, 72, 105, 131–2, 135, 142, 143–4, 495

  Kim Jong Eun, 155

  King David Hotel, attack on (1946), 96

  King’s African Rifles, 364, 369

  King Solomon’s Mines (movie), 353

  Kipling, Rudyard, 1

  Kirkpatrick, Sir Ivone, 297

  Kitson, Frank, 374

  Kitt, Eartha, 417

  KMT, 16, 18–20, 30, 31, 34, 64–6, 128–9

  Korda, Alberto, 427

  Korea, 6, 20–1. See also Korean War; North Korea

  division of at 38th parallel (1945), 68

  Korean Civil War, 7, 68–72

  Korean Communist Party, 20

  Korean People’s Army, 72

  Korean War, 56, 131–55, 313–4

  armistice talks and signing of, 151–2, 153, 154

  bombing of North Korea, 152

  and Britain, 160

  casualties, 154–5

  and China, 134–5, 142–51, 152, 153

  Chinese attacks on US troops and fighting between, 145–7, 150, 152

  crossing of US troops into North, 141–2

  decision not to deploy nuclear weapons by US, 148

  deployment of US ground troops, 137–8, 139–40

  and Eisenhower, 153–4, 247

  financial costs, 133

  invasion of South by North Koreans, 136

  and MacArthur, 136, 138, 139–42, 145, 148, 149–50, 154

  Operation Chromite and taking of Inchon by US, 140

  Operation Hudson Harbor, 152

  origins, 131–5

  prisoner repatriation issue, 153, 154

  and Soviet Union, 134–6, 150–2

  taking of Seoul by US and reinstallation of Syngman Rhee, 141

  US public opinion on, 153

  Kosygin, Aleksei, 487

  Kotelawala, Sir John, 319

  Krim, Belkacem, 87, 349

  Krulak, Victor, 473

  Kubitschek, Juscelino, 415

  Kuk, Ah ‘Shorty,’ 161

  Kuomintang. See KMT

  Kurds, 74–5

  Ky, Nguyen Cao, 486

  Labour Party, 120, 121–2

  Lacoste, Robert, 328, 332–3, 342

  Lagaillard, Pierre, 327

  Lai Teck, 161

  Lampson, Sir Miles, 83

  Lam Swee, 172

  Langlais, Lieutenant-Colonel Pierre, 227

  Langworthy, Harold, 167–8

  Lansdale, Helen, 198

  Lansdale, Major-General Edward, 191, 438–9, 495

  and the Philippines, 197–207

  and Vietnam, 235–43

  Lansky, Meyer, 416, 417

  Laos, 35, 230, 231, 461, 468

  Lari massacre, 368

  Latin America, 409–10. See also individual countries

  anti-Americanism, 414

  and Soviet Union, 410–11, 420, 430

  and United States, 409–15

  Lau Yew, 161, 166

  Lava, Jesus, 208

  Lava, Jose, 208

  Leakey, Louis, 353, 354, 363

  Leakey, Mary, 353

  Leclerc, General Philippe, 35, 36, 37, 38, 127, 128

  Lee, Irene, 182–84

  Lee Meng, 184–5

  legacy files, 7

  Lehrer, Tom, 447

  LeMay, General Curtis, 60, 152, 448, 480, 487

  Lend-Lease, 39, 76, 78, 114

  Lennox-Boyd, Alan, 374, 375–6, 377

  Léopold, King, 384

  Le Pen, Jean-Marie, 341

  Liaquat Ali Khan, 313, 314

  Lie, Trygve, 136

  Liew Kon Kim, 185

  Lin Biao, 66, 69, 143, 144

  Lincoln, Abraham, 149–50

  Linlithgow, Marquess of, 21, 22–23, 24

  Lippmann, Walter, 3–4, 54, 316, 451

  Liu Bocheng, 66

  Liu Shaoqi, 67

  Lloyd, Selwyn, 263, 292, 296, 297, 298

  Luce, Henry, 106

  Luciano, Salvatore, 416, 429

  Lumumba, Patrice, 385–6, 387, 388–92

  attempts to get rid of by CIA, 389–92

  capturing of and death of, 392

  Lundula, Victor, 389–90

  Lyttelton, Oliver, 175, 176

  MAAG (Military Assistance and Advisory Group), 221, 233, 241, 461, 465

  MacArthur, General Douglas, 25, 26, 42–3, 69, 111, 132, 138–42, 153, 463

  character, 138–9

  death, 496

  dismissal of, 149–50

  in Japan, 138

  and Korean War, 136, 138, 139–42, 145, 147, 149–50, 154

  and Philippines, 193–4

  McCarthyism, 153

  McCarthy, Joseph, 55

  McClellan, General George, 149–50

  McCone, John, 437, 444, 446

  McConnell, General John, 490

  MacDonald, Malcolm, 90, 91, 124, 165

  McDonald, Admiral David, 490

  McGhee, George, 314, 379–80

  MacGillivray, Donald, 187

  McGovern, George, 489

  Machado, Gerardo, 416

  McKinley, President William, 409

  Maclang, Adonias, 194

  Maclean, Donald, 299–300

  Maclean, Fitzroy, 269

  Macleod, Iain, 7, 401, 405–7, 408, 496

  Macmillan, Dorothy, 402

  Macmillan, Harold, 263, 294, 377, 394, 402–3

  and Africa, 403–4, 406–7, 408

  background and political career, 402

  death, 496

  on Eden, 258

  personal life, 402

  premiership, 403

  and Suez Crisis, 295–6, 299, 300, 301, 302

  tour of Africa, 404–5

  ‘winds of change’ speech, 404–5

  McNamara, Robert, 446, 448, 449, 451, 452, 469, 473–4, 479, 480–1, 496

  Maddox, USS (ship), 483–4

  Madiun revolt (1948), 46

  Madoc, Guy, 177

  Mafia, 9, 235, 417, 429–30, 439–40, 440

  Magsaysay, Ramon, 199, 200–2, 204, 205, 206–7, 208, 209, 210, 235

  Maheu, Robert, 429, 430

  Makins, Roger, 295

  Malawi (was Nyasaland), 408

  Malaya,
6, 15, 122, 157–89, 466

  British rule, 159

  Chinese squatters, 160–1

  establishment of independent government (1957), 186, 187–8

  population, 159

  rubber and tin industries, 159, 160, 161

  strikes, 161

  Malayan Chinese Association, 174, 184

  Malayan Communist Party, 157, 161

  Malayan Federation, 188

  Malayan People’s Anti-British Army, 161–2

  Malayan People’s Anti-Japanese Army (MPAJA), 158

  Malayan Security Service (MSS), 163, 169

  Malay Emergency, 157–89, 466–7

  atrocities committed, 164

  Malay Emergency (cont.)

  attacks on planters and defence strategies, 163–4, 165–6

  attempt to reduce ethnic tensions, 178–80

  chemical defoliant, use of, 181–2

  counter-insurgency campaign by British, 162–3, 167–75, 175, 188–9

  death toll, 174

  declaration of ‘State of Emergency,’ 164–5

  demoralization of Communists, 185–6

  deployment of Voice aircraft, 182

  deportation of Chinese communist sympathizers, 169

  end of, 187–8

  fortified villages, 163, 170–2, 178

  intelligence war and women’s courier network, 182–5

  killing of Gurney, 174

  military tactics taken against Communists, 180–2

  origins and background to, 157–60

  restricted-goods policy, 171–2

  seeking to divide Communists by British, 172–4

  surrendering of top terrorists, 185–6

  and Templer, 175–82

  Malenkov, Yegor, 278

  Malinovsky, Rodion, 442, 443

  Malinowski, Bronislaw, 358–9

  Mallaby, Brigadier Aubertin, 44

  Malraux, André, 350–1

  Manchuria, 19–20

  Soviet invasion (1945), 104, 109–10

  Mandela, Nelson, 208

  Mandelson, Peter, 264

  Manhattan Project, 110

  Mankiewicz, Joseph, 242

  Manningham-Buller, Reginald, 293

  Mansfield, Mike, 232

  Mao Zedong, 2–3, 4, 18–19, 64–8, 69, 104, 105, 222, 282, 399, 485

  background, 18

  death, 496

  and First Indochina War, 211, 218

  Great Leap Forward, 441

  and Great Leap Forward, 457–8

  and Khrushchev, 282–3

  and Korean War, 134–5, 142–4, 149, 150, 152, 154

  and Soviet Union, 457, 457–9

  and Stalin, 67

  and Vietnam, 68, 485

  view of nuclear weapons, 67

  and war against KMT, 19, 64–6

  wins Chinese civil war, 113

  Marcos, Ferdinand, 208

  Mariano, Celia, 200

  Marshall, General George, 42–3, 51, 54, 55, 57, 61, 107, 108–9

  Marshall Aid, 46

  Marshall Plan, 61–2, 63–4

 

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