58. Transcript of Radio Budapest transmission, January 18, 1946, FO 371/55390.
59. G. H. Weems, “Final Report by the United States Military Representative on the Allied Control Commission for Hungary,” Annex F, September 15, 1947, FRUS, 1947: Eastern Europe, the Soviet Union, vol. 4, p. 376.
60. Minute by O’Neill, March 28, 1946, FO 371/55624.
61. Quoted in A. F. Noskova, “Migration of the Germans after the Second World War: Political and Psychological Aspects,” Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics 16:1–2 (March–June 2000): 106.
62. “Agreement on Conditions Established for the Execution of Swabian Expulsion Program,” signed by George Weisz, Executive Officer, Refugee Branch, PW & DP Division, OMGUS, and Dr. Julius Fischer, head of Presidential Section, Ministry of the Interior, Budapest, August 22, 1946, FO 371/55397.
63. Minutes by Franklin, September 14, 1946, FO 371/55397; August 27, 1946, FO 371/55396.
64. Copy of letter from Weems to Lt.-Gen. V. P. Sviridov, November 9, 1946, FO 371/55398.
65. Gyula Fischer, Chief of Presidential Section, Ministry of the Interior, to Weems, December 4, 1946; extract from minutes of ACC (H) meeting, December 6, 1946, FO 371/55398.
66. I. Sayer and D. Botting, Nazi Gold: The Story of the World’s Greatest Robbery—and Its Aftermath (New York: Congdon & Weed, 1984), p. 187.
67. Gen. O. P. Edgcumbe, “Memorandum on the Deportation of Swabians,” November 21, 1946, FO 371/55398.
68. Extract from minutes of ACC (H) meeting, December 6, 1946, FO 371/55398; copy of letter from Nagy to Weems, n.d. (c. March 1947), FO 945/673; Weems to Sviridov, March 27, 1947, ibid.
69. Weems to Clay, summarizing complaint of Hungarian government, April 24, 1947, FO 371/64224.
70. M. Mevius, Agents of Moscow: The Hungarian Communist Party and the Origins of Socialist Patriotism 1941–1953 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2005), p. 137.
71. Muller, L’expulsion des Allemands de Hongrie, p. 117.
72. Noskova, “Migration of the Germans after the Second World War,” 106.
73. A. K. Helm, British Political Mission, Budapest, to Bevin, July 23, 1947, FO 371/64225; “Report of the Activities of C.R.X.,” DPOW/P (47) 60, April 19, 1947, FO 1005/842.
74. Mevius, Agents of Moscow, p. 139.
75. Maj. M. Hanley, “Deportation of Swabians,” August 28, 1947, FO 371/64225.
76. Report by Corporal C. Sassie, Field Security Service, August 28, 1947, FO 371/64225.
77. Muller, L’expulsion des allemands de Hongrie, p. 119.
78. Quoted in Noskova, “Migration of the Germans after the Second World War,” 106.
79. Telegram from Sir William Strang to Foreign Office, December 20, 1946, FO 1049/515.
80. Telegram from 508 (R) Detachment, Military Government, Lübeck, to Main HQ, CCG (BE), Lübbecke, January 6, 1947; memorandum by British Liaison Team, Szczecin, January 14, 1947, FO 1052/323.
81. Chief Commissioner, MZO, to the Director of the PUR Voivodeship Department, “January 4, 1947” [recte February 4, 1947], in W. Borodziej and H. Lemberg, eds., Die Deutschen östlich von Oder und Neiße 1945–1950: Dokumente aus polnischen Archiven, vol. 3: Wojewodschaft Posen, Wojewodschaft Stettin (Hinterpommern) (Marburg: Verlag Herder-Institut, 2004), p. 492.
82. Letter from Polish Red Cross administrative headquarters, Szczecin Voivodeship, April 11, 1947, in Borodziej and Lemberg, Die Deutschen östlich von Oder und Neiße, vol. 3, pp. 516–517.
83. MZO note on death rate among the German population of Gdańsk, April 9, 1947, ibid., p. 261.
84. Telegram from PW & DP Division, Lemgo, to PW & DP Division, CCG (BE). Berlin, February 1, 1947, FO 1032/835.
85. Parliamentary Debates, Commons, 5th ser., vol. 432, col. 58W (January 22, 1947).
86. Undated minute (c. February 25, 1947) by Vaughan-Hughes, FO 1052/472. Emphasis in original.
87. Col. R. Thicknesse, Deputy Chief, PW & DP Division, to Col. Pulverman, PW & DP Division, CCG (BE), Lemgo, June 9, 1947, FO 1052/472.
88. I. T. M. Pink, Deputy Chief, Political Division, CCG (BE), Berlin, to PW & DP Division, Berlin, February 8, 1947, FO 1052/472.
89. “Report of the Activities of C.R.X.,” DPOW/P 46 (132), November 25, 1946, FO 1005/841; Jones, “German Expellees from Poland (Operation ‘Swallow’)”; untitled COGA memorandum, February 7, 1947, FO 945/673.
90. Prawin to Kenchington, May 8, 1947, FO 1052/472.
91. Kenchington to Thicknesse, March 5, 1947, FO 1052/472.
92. British Embassy, Warsaw, to Foreign Office, April 29, 1947, FO 945/673.
93. Vaughan-Hughes to Main HQ, CCG (BE), Lübbecke, November 1, 1946; telegram from Advanced HQ, CCG (BE), Berlin, to Main HQ, November 4, 1946, FO 1049/515.
94. Allied Control Authority, PW & DP Directorate, “Intention of the British Authorities to Discontinue the Acceptance of Germans to be Transferred from Poland (Point of View of the Soviet Member)” [Major General Yurkin], October 26, 1947, FO 945/673.
95. Vaughan-Hughes to T. Williamson, Manpower Division, CCG (BE), Berlin, October 25, 1947, FO 1052/466.
96. E. E. Swanstrom, Pilgrims of the Night: A Study of Expelled Peoples (New York: Sheed & Ward, 1950), pp. 13, 18–19.
97. M. Frank, Expelling the Germans: British Opinion and Post-1945 Population Transfer in Context (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2007), p. 256.
98. The meeting took place on April 12, 1946. Fye, “Final Report,” p. 29.
99. “Bi-Monthly Report of the Military Governor, U.S. Zone, on Displaced Persons, Stateless Persons and Refugees for the Period February 1–March 31, 1947,” RG 260/390/42/24–25/7–1, Office of the Military Government for Germany (OMGUS) PW & DP Branch, box 128, “Bi-Monthly Reports, 1946 to 1947” file, NARA.
100. British Consul General, Frankfurt am Main, to C. E. Steel, Political Division, CCG (BE), Berlin, August 27, 1947; unsigned and undated “Statement Issued by the United States Authorities,” FO 945/760.
101. Maj.-Gen. F. A. Keating to James R. Newman, Director, Office of the Military Governor, Hesse, April 27, 1947, RG 260/390/42/24–25/7-1, OMGUS, PW & DP Branch, box 128, “Expellee General” file, NARA.
102. Chancery, British Embassy, Prague, to Northern Department, Foreign Office, March 4, 1949, FO 1110/171.
103. “Statement Issued by the Czechoslovak Authorities,” August 23, 1947, FO 945/760.
104. E. Mayer, CICR delegation, Munich, to D. de Traz, head of the Prisoners, Internees, and Civilians Division, CICR, June 16, 1948, Archives Générales 1918–1950, G. 97/ IV, box 1157, CICR.
105. Agreement between Capt. Laskowski, Polish Military Mission, Berlin, and Col. Maslennikov, Soviet Military Administration in Germany, April 12, 1947, in P. Lippóczy and T. Walichnowski, eds., Przesiedlenie ludności niemieckiej z Polski po II wojnie światowej w świetle dokumentów (Warsaw: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1982), pp. 71–73; B. Nitschke, Vertreibung und Aussiedlung der deutschen Bevölkerung aus Polen 1945 bis 1949 (Munich: Oldenbourg, 2004), p. 235.
106. Head of the Kaławsk transit station to the Director, PUR Wrocław, April 24, 1947, in Borodziej and Lemberg, Die Deutschen östlich von Oder und Neiße, vol. 4: Wojewodschaften Pommerellen und Danzig, Wojewodschaft Breslau (Marburg: Verlag Herder-Institut, 2004), p. 633.
107. Dr. Ziemplinski, medical officer of the PUR transit station, Kaławsk, to the Chief Physician, PUR, July 1, 1947; in Borodziej and Lemberg, eds., Die Deutschen östlich von Oder und Neiße, vol. 1: Zentrale Behörden, Wojewodschaft Allenstein (Marburg: Verlag Herder-Institut, 2000), p. 331; telegram from Inspector E. Kinsner to the Main Representative, MZO, May 16, 1947, ibid., vol. 3, p. 531.
108. Report by PUR Kaławsk, June 22, 1947, in Borodziej and Lemberg, Die Deutschen östlich von Oder und Neiße, vol. 4, pp. 644–647.
109. F. Ehrenhold, “Rapport sur la visite du Centre de Formation des Trains d’Evacués allemands à KAłAWSK (anciennement Kohlfurth),” August 21, 1947, Archives Générales 1918–1950, G. 97/IV, box 1158, CICR.
111. Minute signed “Kurpias,” MZO, Tuplice, August 29, 1947; minute by Inspector E. Kinsner, MZO, September 18, 1947, MZO 541g/B-7419.
112. Nitschke, Vertreibung und Aussiedlung, p. 250.
113. I. Kostiashov, “Vyselenie nemtsev iz Kaliningradskoi oblasti v poslevoennye gody,” Voprosy istorii (June 1994): 186–7. See also E. Beckherrn and A. Dubatow, eds., Die Königsberg-Papiere: Schicksal einer deutschen Stadt. Neue Dokumente aus russischen Archiven (Munich: Langen Müller, 1994), pp. 199–223.
114. Misztal, “Wysiedlenia i repatriacja obywateli polskich z ZSRR a wysiedlenia i przesiedlenia niemców z Polski—próba bilansu,” 59.
115. Ibid., p. 62.
116. Nitschke, Vertreibung und Aussiedlung, p. 266.
117. Ibid., p. 258.
118. Minute by Jerzy Szczepanik, PUR, June 21, 1948, MZO 541g/B-7419.
119. L. Olejnik, Zdrajcy narodu? Losy volksdeutschów w Polsce po II wojnie światowej (Warsaw: Trio, 2006), p. 196.
120. Wolski to the Plenipotentiary for the Repatriation of the German People, August 18, 1946; minute by MZO Main Delegate for Repatriation Affairs, September 27, 1946; Roman Fundowicz, Commissar, PUR Wrocław, to the MZO Main delegate, MZO 527c/B-7332, AAN.
121. Boothby to James, June 22, 1946, FO 1052/474.
122. Nichols to Attlee, “The Transfer of Germans from Karlovy Vary,” November 30, 1946, FO 371/56070.
123. Rudé právo, November 12, 1946.
124. Telegram from Nichols to Bevin, December 27, 1946, weekly information summary for December 22–27, 1946, FO 371/56005.
CHAPTER 8. THE CHILDREN
1. W. L. Montandon, “Visite et ravitaillement d’une internée allemande au camp de rassemblement de MODŘANY près Prague,” May 1, 1946, G 97/IV, box 1161, CICR.
2. E. E. Swanstrom, Pilgrims of the Night: A Study of Expelled Peoples (New York: Sheed & Ward, 1950), p. 48.
3. Ibid., p. 50.
4. Deposition of Anneliese Gerbing, nurse at Szczecin-Gumieńce transit camp, n.d. (c. April 1946), FO 1052/474.
5. I. Heinemann, “‘Until The Last Drop of Good Blood’: The Kidnapping of ‘Racially Valuable’ Children and Nazi Racial Policy in Occupied Eastern Europe,” in A. D. Moses, ed., Genocide and Settler Society: Frontier Violence and Stolen Indigenous Children in Australian History (Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2004), pp. 387–411; R. Hrabar, Z. Tokarz, and J. E. Wilczur, eds., Kinder im Krieg—Krieg gegen Kinder: Die Geschichte der polnischen Kinder, 1939–1945 (Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1981), pp. 181–244.
6. I. Heinemann, Rasse, Siedlung, deutsches Blut: Das Rasse- und Siedlungshauptamt der SS und die rassenpolitische Neuordnung Europas (Göttingen: Wallstein, 2003), p. 508 n. 104.
7. N. Davies and R. Moorhouse, Microcosm: Portrait of a Central European City (London: Jonathan Cape, 2002), pp. 395–6.
8. Heinemann, “‘Until The Last Drop of Good Blood,’” pp. 250–255.
9. T. Zahra, Kidnapped Souls: National Indifference and the Battle for Children in the Bohemian Lands, 1900–1948 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2008), p. 113.
10. N. Wingfield, Flag Wars and Stone Saints: How the Bohemian Lands Became Czech (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007), p. 161.
11. Ibid., p. 131.
12. See C. Bryant, “Either German or Czech: Fixing Nationality in Bohemia and Moravia, 1939–1946,” Slavic Review 61:4 (Winter 2002): 683–706.
13. See P. Hauser, “The German Minority in Poland in the Years 1918–1939: Reflections on the State of Research and Interpretation. Proposals for Further Research,” Polish Western Affairs 32:2 (1991): 13–38.
14. G. Jérome, “Les milices d’autoprotection de la communauté allemande de Pomérélie, Posnanie et Silésie polonaise (1939–1940,” Guerres mondiales et conflits contemporains 41:163 (1991): 57.
15. British Embassy Weekly Information Summary for week of January 4–10, 1946, FO 371/56003.
16. Undated memorandum by J. W. Taylor, chargé d’affaires, British Embassy, Prague, “Food Rations in Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia for 1 Person for 4 Week’s [sic] Period (20.8 to 16.9.1945),” c. September 3, 1945, FO 371/47093.
17. Commandant of the Szczecin-Stołczyn Commissariat to the Szczecin City President, December 18, 1945, in W. Borodziej and H. Lemberg, eds., Die Deutschen östlich von Oder und Neiße 1945–1950: Dokumente aus polnischen Archiven, vol. 3: Wojewodschaft Posen, Wojewodschaft Stettin (Hinterpommern) (Marburg: Verlag Herder-Institut, 2004), p. 424.
18. T. Staněk, Tábory v ĉeskych zemích 1945–1948 (Opava: Slezský ústav Slezkého zemského muzea, 1996), p. 60.
19. V. Geiger, “Josip Broz Tito i sudbina jugoslavenskih Nijemaca,” Ĉasopis za suvremenu povijest 40:3 (September 2008): 57.
20. T. Staněk and A. von Arburg, “Organizované divoké odsuny? Úloha ústředních státních orgánů při provádění “evakuace” německého obyvatelstva (květen až září 1945),” part 3: “Snaha vlády a civilních úradu o řízení ‘Divokého Odsunu,’” Soudobé dějiny 13:3–4 (January 2006): 338.
21. Unpublished memoir by Pitter, quoted in T. Pasák, “Přemysl Pitters Protest: Eine unbekannte Stimme Gegen die Greuel in den Internierungslagern 1945,” Bohemia 35 (1994): 94–5. Vogl’s name is misspelled as “Vogel” in this article.
22. G. Dunand to V. Nosek, July 5, 1945, G 97/IV, box 1160, CICR.
23. Staněk, Tábory v ĉeskych zemích, p. 90.
24. S. Gabzdilová and M. Olejník, “Proces internácie nemeckého obyvatel’stva na Slovensku v rokoch 1945–1946,” Historický ĉasopis 50:3 (2002): 434.
25. Nichols to Bevin, October 19, 1945, FO 371/46814.
26. Circular letter from G. Dunand to Geneva-based relief organizations, May 28, 1946, G 97/IV, box 1155, CICR.
27. Circular no. 45 of the Ministry of Public Security’s Department of Prisons and Camps, April 15, 1945, in Borodziej and Lemberg, eds., Die Deutschen östlich von Oder und Neiße, vol. 1: Zentrale Behörden, Wojewodschaft Allenstein (Marburg: Verlag Herder-Institut, 2000), p. 148; A. Dziurok, Obóz Pracy w Świętochłowicach w 1945 Roku: Dokumenty, Zeznania, Relacje, Listy (Warsaw: Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, 2002), pp. 24–26.
28. Ministry of Labor and Social Welfare to MZO, dated “June 1947,” in Borodziej and Lemberg, Die Deutschen östlich von Oder und Neiße, vol. 1, p. 339.
29. Note for the Minister of Public Administration concerning the Inter-Ministerial Commission for Volksdeutsche Labor Camp Affairs, January 31, 1949, ibid., p. 393; report of the Commission of Inspection for the Camps for Germans at Potulice, Leszno, and Jaworzno, August 16, 1949, ibid., p. 405.
30. Staněk, Tábory v ĉeskych zemích, p. 60.
31. Register of Mirošov assembly camp, September 13, 1945, Koncentraĉní tábor Mirošov records, fond 534, box 1, file 18, SOA Plzeň.
32. I. Willoughby, “Czech Police Investigation Names Two Responsible for June 1945 Murder of Sudeten Germans,” Radio Prague, June 2, 2009, http://www.radio.cz/en/article/116881.
33. S. H. Roberts, The House that Hitler Built (London: Methuen, 1939), p. 205; D. Macardle, Children of Europe: A Study of the Children of Liberated Countries, their Wartime Experiences, their Reactions, and their Needs (London: Victor Gollancz, 1951), p. 35. For a more accurate perspective, see N. Stargardt, Witnesses of War: Children’s Lives under the Nazis (New York: Random House, 2005), p. 35.
34. E. Bártová, “Největší pováleĉný masakr němců vyřešen: Známe vrahy,” June 1, 2009, http://aktualne.centrum.cz/domaci/kauzy/clanek.phtml?id=638627.
35. R. R. Stokes, “Memorandum on visit to Camp at MOST (MATHEUSEN) [sic], USTI and LITOMERICE on 10.9.46,” n.d., G 97/IV, box 1161, CICR.
36. Dr. O. Lehner, CICR Head of Delegation, Prague, to the Minister of the Interior, August 6, 1947; unsigned memorandum, “Constatations que nos délégués ont faites au cours du mois de juillet 1947, sur la situation des civils internés en Tchécoslovaquie,” August 27, 1947, G 97/IV, box
1162, CICR.
37. Herr Lang, Regierungsbeauftragter für das Flüchtlingswesen, Regensburg, to the Staatssekretariat für das Flüchtlingswesen, Munich, August 17, 1948, G 97/IV, box 1156, CICR.
38. Unsigned memorandum, “Les camps de concentration du gouvernement Tito dans le Batchka,” July 1947, G 97/IV, box 1164, CICR.
39. Lt.-Col. A. C. Kendall and Maj. G. B. Shirlaw, “Report on Turnu-Măgurele Internment Camp, Visited on the 17th of September 1945 together with an American and a Russian Delegate,” FO 371/48670.
40. Menzel to Nosek, September 4, 1945, G 97/IV, box 1160, CICR.
41. M. Gärtner, K. Gärtner, A. Gimpl, and E. Gimpl, “Tatsachenbericht,” n.d., covered by letter from M. Iconomow, CICR delegate, Salzburg, to CICR Geneva, May 13, 1947, G 97/IV, box 1164, CICR.
42. Unsigned memorandum, covered by letter from O. P. Brennscheidt (the author’s cousin) to the CICR, June 15, 1947, G 97/IV, box 1159, CICR.
43. Daily Herald, October 9, 1945.
44. W. L. Montandon, “Distribution de marchandises au camp d’internement de Prague-Hagibor et ravitaillement du camp de P[risonniers de] G[uerre] et d’internés civils “Auto-Park,” à Prague-Smichov,” December 23, 1945, G 97/IV, box 1161, CICR.
45. Obzory, November 24, 1945.
46. Gabzdilová and Olejník, “Proces internácie nemeckého obyvatel’stva na Slovensku,” p. 429.
47. P. W. Mock, “Camp d’internés civils de Petržalka (Bratislava),” November 6, 1945, G 97/IV, box 1160, CICR.
48. Memorandum by Menzel on visits to Modřany, Rusyn, Hradišťko, and Stechovice camps, n.d. (c. November 1945), G 97/IV, box 1160. CICR.
49. Mock, “Camp d’internés civils de Trnavská Cesta, Bratislava,” November 15, 1945, G 97/IV, box 1160, CICR.
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