The Heart of Everything That Is

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The Heart of Everything That Is Page 41

by Drury, Bob; Clavin, Tom;


  “And do you know why”: Author visit to Pine Ridge Reservation, August 2011.

  Thus it seems to “exhale”: Ostler, The Lakotas and the Black Hills, p. 4.

  Sensing a captive and untapped market: Cohen, Conquered into Liberty, p. 26.

  Succeeding iterations grew: Black Hills Visitors Center.

  the fleet Spanish mustang traced its lineage: Hispanic American Historical Review 23 (November 1943).

  Within two decades: Gwynne, Empire of the Summer Moon, p. 29.

  Describing a buffalo hunt, Coronado wrote: The Journey of Coronado, pp. 111–12.

  Once New Mexico was cleared: Humanities 23, No. 6 (November–December 2002).

  “Great Horse Dispersal”: Fehrenbach, Comanches, p. 87.

  They were the first tribe to perfect: Gwynne, pp. 28–36.

  “arrogance born of successful conquest”: Hassrick, The Sioux, p. 71.

  and by 1803 had cleared the Kiowa: Hyde, Red Cloud’s Folk, p. 23.

  In recognition of the horse’s transformation: Paul, Autobiography of Red Cloud, p. 122.

  In other words, the arrival: The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft, Vol. 1, p. 595.

  “a reclining female figure”: Brown, Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee, p. 4.

  Yet the Lakotas seemed to tolerate: Larson, Red Cloud, p. 21.

  Although thoroughly outgunned: Denig, Five Indian Tribes of the Upper Missouri, p. 145.

  Contemporaneous accounts, however: Ibid., p. 155.

  Following a parley: Hyde, p. 29.

  At this time the Northern Plains: Larson, p. 25.

  Chapter Four: “Red Cloud Comes!”

  This was probably an undercount: Larson, Red Cloud, p. 23.

  “the future residence of these people”: La Vere, Contrary Neighbors, p. 55.

  Red Cloud may have witnessed his father: Robinson, “The Education of Red Cloud,” p. 158.

  Red Cloud abhorred: Paul, Autobiography of Red Cloud, p. 156.

  He recognized her as a “sister”: Robinson, p. 156.

  “unusually headstrong impulses”: Larson, p. 36.

  Young males were continually showered: Ambrose, Crazy Horse and Custer, p. 15.

  This ensured that each male: Hassrick, The Sioux, p. 319.

  Its owner would train it: Walker, Lakota Society, p. 80.

  “They could hit a button”: Brown, The Fetterman Massacre, p. 45.

  This philosophy of security: Paul, p. 24.

  “When I was young”: New York Times, June 11, 1870.

  “Red Cloud comes!”: Paul, p. 35.

  Chapter Five: Counting Coup

  Red Cloud, true to his word: Paul, Autobiography of Red Cloud, p. 103.

  Some whites who observed: Hassrick, The Sioux, p. 294.

  As medicine men uttered prayers: Ewers, Indian Life on the Upper Missouri, pp. 152–53.

  Chapter Six: “Print the Legend”

  “Do you see that high blue ridge”: Paul, Autobiography of Red Cloud, p. 58.

  The Indians were not sticklers: Ibid., p. 64.

  “You are the cause of this”: Ibid., p. 69.

  Part II: The Invasion

  Chapter Seven: Old Gabe

  A charcoal-hued pictograph: Hassrick, The Sioux, p. 349.

  The Indians, equally cynical: W. K. Powers, Oglala Religion, p. 99.

  as many as 400 million beavers: Ferry, “Leave It to Beavers,” p. 24.

  “rough and violent”: Hafen, Mountain Men and Fur Traders of the Far West, p. 255.

  “that one would back water”: Spring, Caspar Collins, p. 148.

  He wore his mop of long brown hair: Dodge, “Biographical Sketch of Jim Bridger,” pp. 5–6.

  They had the scalp of a Blackfoot: Hafen and Young, Fort Laramie and the Pageant of the West, pp. 54–56.

  By this time Bridger was a legend: Parkman, The Oregon Trail, p. 103.

  “extracted an iron arrow”: Parker, “Journal of an Exploring Tour Beyond the Rocky Mountains,” pp. 80–81.

  Meanwhile Fitzpatrick and his men: Bonner, The Life and Adventures of James P. Beckwourth, pp. 60–61.

  According to the well-traveled: Father De Smet: Life, Letters and Travels of Father Pierre-Jean De Smet, pp. 210–13.

  “promises fairly”: Hafen, p. 261.

  “with one third of the continent”: American Spectator, March 15, 2004.

  Chapter Eight: The Glory Road

  made famous by Kit Carson: Sides, Blood and Thunder, p. 1.

  So great was their thirst: Hyde, Red Cloud’s Folk, p. 61.

  “The ax, pick, saw, and trowel”: New York Times, November 11, 2010 (op-ed).

  When the soldiers: U.S. Department of the Interior, Fort Laramie Historic Site.

  From 1849 to 1851: Ibid.

  The whites refused and stood by: Dary, The Oregon Trail, p. 146.

  The sullen “savages”: Hafen, Mountain Men and Fur Traders, p. 247.

  names such as McQuiery: Wagon Box Fight Historic Site.

  Chapter Nine: Pretty Owl and Pine Leaf

  Red Cloud’s “unexcelled”: Hassrick, The Sioux, 14.

  He looked over the ponies casually: Paul, Autobiography of Red Cloud, p. 80.

  “You are mine”: Parkman, The Oregon Trail, p. 90.

  The two retired to their lodge: Paul, p. 82.

  Red Cloud fathered five children: Larson, Red Cloud, p. 43.

  But many other Sioux bands were decimated: Dary, The Oregon Trail, p. 245.

  On one of his surveying expeditions: Larson, p. 63.

  Red Cloud is reported: Hyde, Red Cloud’s Folk, p. 64.

  “ugly as Macbeth’s witches”: Parkman, p. 90.

  “The whites had one truth”: Marshall, The Journey of Crazy Horse, p. 63.

  He knew well that aside: Ambrose, Crazy Horse and Custer, p. 55.

  Chapter Ten: A Blood-Tinged Season

  All were awaiting delivery: Hyde, Red Cloud’s Folk, p. 70.

  “quarrelsome and predatory” factions: Denig, Five Indian Tribes of the Upper Missouri, p. 24.

  “The Indians no more look smiling”: Hyde, p. 71.

  “most terrible butcheries”: J. B. Weston, testimony to the Sanborn Commission, 1867.

  One of the soldiers who fell: “Disunion,” New York Times, April 2, 2012.

  He became a constant drinking partner: Hyde, p. 72.

  A provision of the Horse Creek Treaty: Ibid., p. 73.

  He eyed the clusters: Paul, Autobiography of Red Cloud, p. 4.

  Still, on nearing the Miniconjou camp: Hyde, p. 74.

  He later died from his wounds: Council Bluffs Bugle, p. 1.

  The rest were engulfed: Bray, Crazy Horse, p. 32.

  Odds are Red Cloud killed: Robinson, “Education of Red Cloud,” p. 164.

  One of them was the fair-skinned: Ambrose, Crazy Horse and Custer, p. 65.

  “calling him a squaw”: Council Bluffs Bugle.

  The raiders were led by a half-Brule: Hyde, p. 77.

  clean out the “savage” menace: Ostler, The Lakotas and the Black Hills, p. 44.

  Chapter Eleven: A Lone Stranger

  to serve as an “altar”: Paul, Autobiography of Red Cloud, p. 109.

  During the melee: Hafen and Young, Fort Laramie and the Pageant of the West, pp. 238–39.

  He himself had escaped: Bliss letter, Briscoe Center for American History.

  The resultant embarrassment: Ibid.

  Twiss’s first official proclamation: Hyde, Red Cloud’s Folk, p. 78.

  His final instructions to his men: Adams, General William S. Harney, p. 118.

  “the heart-rending sight—”: Wyomingtalesandtrails.com.

  The soldiers, bent on revenge: Ambrose, Crazy Horse and Custer, p. 73.

  When the abandoned Indian campsite: Utley, Frontiersmen in Blue, p. 117.

  a popular Army marching song: Hyde, p. 80.

  “shared out among the soldiers”: W. K. Powers, Oglala Religion, p. 100.

  He stated that when he moved: Hyde, p. 79.


  As word of Harney’s testimony: Larson, Red Cloud, p. 69.

  “They are split into different factions”: Denig, Five Indian Tribes of the Upper Missouri, p. 22.

  Gradually the dark speck: Johnson and Smith, Tribes of the Sioux Nation, p. 43.

  Chapter Twelve: Samuel Colt’s Invention

  By some estimates as many as 10,000: Ostler, The Lakotas and the Black Hills, p. 60.

  Soon enough, in mid-July: Utley, Frontiersmen in Blue, p. 122.

  “Thus,” writes the Sioux historian: Larson, Red Cloud, p. 75.

  Chapter Thirteen: A Brief Respite

  White settlers had converted: Hyde, Red Cloud’s Folk, p. 83.

  No longer could he afford: Paul, Autobiography of Red Cloud, p. 141.

  The area around Pikes Peak: Ostler, The Lakotas and the Black Hills, p. 48.

  by 1860 the newly formed Pony Express: Hafen and Young, Fort Laramie and the Pageant of the West, p. 270.

  The buffalo had disappeared: Price, The Oglala People, 1841–1879, p. 30.

  “a swath of stinking refuge”: Ibid.

  As late as 1852 Jim Bridger had been sighted: Alter, Jim Bridger, p. 262.

  “Old Gabe” was tried: Ibid., p. 263.

  Marcy recorded that among: Ibid.

  It took six wagons: Algier, The Crow and the Eagle, p. 132.

  Though greenhorn Army officers: Robinson, “The Education of Red Cloud,” p. 165.

  Chapter Fourteen: The Dakotas Rise

  “the frontier army suddenly ceased”: Utley, Frontiersmen in Blue, pp. 212–13.

  Even the detachment at Fort Laramie: Hafen and Young, Fort Laramie and the Pageant of the West, p. 303.

  In addition, the Dakotas agreed: Monnett, Where a Hundred Soldiers Were Killed, p. 6.

  the advocacy of a local Episcopal bishop: Carley, The Dakota War of 1862, p. 4.

  “inefficiency and fraud”: Price, The Oglala People, 1841–1879, p. 51.

  A merchant named Andrew Myrick: Carley, p. 6.

  Also at the Baker homestead: Anderson and Woolworth, Through Dakota Eyes, p. 36.

  “The white men are like locusts”: Ibid.

  The Dakotas claimed they were promised: Ibid.

  His tanned scalp, skull, and wrist bones: Brown, The American West, p. 83.

  A short, wiry man: Paul, Autobiography of Red Cloud, p. 13.

  The ruddy-faced Deon: St. Paul (Minnesota) Press, January 4, 1863.

  Red Cloud was fresh from: Monnett, p. 6.

  “The Lost Children”: Paul, The Autobiography of Red Cloud, p. 165.

  the Indians’ “lifeless bodies”: St. Paul (Minn.) Press, January 4, 1863.

  It was the largest mass execution: Ibid.

  Part III: The Resistance

  Chapter Fifteen: Strong Hearts

  The last anyone saw: Hyde, Red Cloud’s Folk, p. 125.

  “I am not a coward”: Soule, Wild West Magazine, December 1996.

  Bears Ribs’s 250 ragged followers: Price, The Oglala People, 1841–1879, p. 49.

  One relief party of troops: Hafen and Young, Fort Laramie and the Pageant of the West, p. 336.

  “We know Crazy Horse better”: Bray, Crazy Horse, p. 72.

  His fellow fighters were also struck: Ambrose, Crazy Horse and Custer, p. 134.

  “[He] was good for nothing”: Bray, p. 84.

  “gave permission for the women”: Hyde, Red Cloud’s Folk, p. 115.

  Chapter Sixteen: An Army in Shambles

  when he applied in 1853: Smith, Give Me Eighty Men, p. 19.

  “refinement, gentlemanly manners”: M. Carrington, Absaraka, p. 244.

  despite suffering more casualties: McDermott, Portraits of Fort Phil Kearny, p. 81.

  “courageous,” “daring,” and “relentless”: Ibid.

  “great gallantry and spirit”: Ibid.

  “Captain Fetterman’s command marched”: Ibid.

  “defence agst. foreign danger”: Madison, Notes of the Debates of the Federal Convention, 1787.

  The Founders instead envisioned: Ibid.

  “became a major focus”: Dominic Tierney, New York Times, November 11, 2010.

  “Were armies to be raised”: Jefferson, Sixth Annual Message to Congress.

  “Winnibigoshish Sioux”: Hyde, Red Cloud’s Folk, p. 103.

  The transformation was hastened: McGinniss, Counting Coups and Cutting Horses, p. 101.

  One unintended consequence: Alter, Jim Bridger, p. 311.

  “The boy hit one of the scamps”: Ibid, p. 299.

  One of Lieutenant Collins’s letters: Spring, Caspar Collins, p. 124.

  The interpreter introduced: Bray, Crazy Horse, p. 74.

  “You are going into our country”: Johnson, The Bloody Bozeman, p. 63.

  Chapter Seventeen: Blood on the Ice

  “A cold wind blew”: Geist, Buffalo Nation, p. 101.

  The most serious of these involved: Bray, Crazy Horse, p. 46.

  The raids continued throughout: Ibid., p. 74.

  Dog Soldiers ambushed the troop: Grinnell, The Fighting Cheyennes, pp. 134–36.

  “Mr. Chivington was not as steady”: Haynes, History of the Methodist Episcopal Church in Omaha and Suburbs, p. 44.

  One exhibition included: Hafen and Young, Fort Laramie and the Pageant of the West, p. 319.

  The Rocky Mountain News called: Ibid., p. 324.

  The governor also issued: Report of the Committee on the Conduct of the War on the Massacre of Cheyenne Indians, U.S. House of Representatives, January 10, 1865.

  Colonel Chivington eagerly answered: Sides, Blood and Thunder, p. 369.

  There, these volunteers would strike: Ibid., p. 374.

  “should they repair at once”: Report of the Committee on the Conduct of the War.

  Infants and children were butchered: Sides, p. 470.

  “Such, it is to be hoped”: Ibid.

  Chapter Eighteen: The Great Escape

  A place of honor: Ostler, The Lakotas and the Black Hills, p. 50.

  Over the next month: Larson, Red Cloud, p. 82.

  Although Colonel Chivington had resigned: Ibid., p. 81.

  In the meantime the southern tribes: Encyclopedia of Indian Wars, p. 165.

  James Regan described watching three Lakotas: Wyomingtalesandtrails.com.

  The northerners gathered goggle-eyed: Ambrose, Crazy House and Custer, p. 146.

  Crazy Horse in particular was reported: Bray, Crazy Horse, p. 84.

  Although each tribe kept its own laws: Matthiessen, In the Spirit of Crazy Horse, p. 94.

  “The Great Spirit raised”: U.S. Commission of Indian Affairs 1871 Report, p. 439.

  A few nights later Crazy Horse: Ambrose, p. 157.

  Moonlight vowed never again to enter: Encyclopedia of Indian Wars, p. 177.

  Chapter Nineteen: Bloody Bridge Station

  There were even reports: Ambrose, Crazy House and Custer, p. 147.

  “I never saw so many men”: Spring, Caspar Collins, p. 115.

  Connor spotted Collins apparently idling: Monnett, Where a Hundred Soldiers Were Killed, p. 2.

  “Are you a coward?”: Soule, Wild West Magazine, December 1996.

  But, taking a lesson: Bray, Crazy Horse, p. 79.

  The Cheyenne recruited: Hyde, Red Cloud’s Folk, p. 124.

  Earlier that morning: Soule, Wild West Magazine, December 1996.

  “to remember him by”: Ibid.

  The unwieldly carbines: Utley, Frontiersmen in Blue, p. 320.

  “seeming to spring”: Ibid.

  Chapter Twenty: The Hunt for Red Cloud

  In June 1865, he issued: Monnett, Where a Hundred Soldiers Were Killed, p. 9.

  By the time Sully arrived: Utley, Frontiersmen in Blue, p. 322.

  The Arapaho, however, surprised him: Matthiessen, In the Spirit of Crazy Horse, p. 108.

  “Blanket” was his Arapaho nickname: Ibid., p. 109.

  Although Connor captured a third: Ibid.

  Some of the braves wore: Ibid., p. 104.


  Chapter Twenty-One: Burn the Bodies; Eat the Horses

  Through four days and nights: Matthiessen, In the Spirit of Crazy Horse, p. 112.

  The Indians slipped away: Hyde, Red Cloud’s Folk, p. 132.

  “would lead to dreadful consequences”: Alter, Jim Bridger, p. 310.

  Further, the general found: Ibid., p. 313.

  “I cannot say as we killed one”: Utley, Frontiersmen in Blue, p. 332.

  a line of “tramps”: Hyde, p. 133.

  “seldom before equaled”: Utley, p. 332.

  Part IV: The War

  Chapter Twenty-Two: War Is Peace

  Memory is like riding a trail: Marshall, The Journey of Crazy Horse, p. 57 (Part IV epigram).

  He had also gained: Smith, Give Me Eighty Men, p. 20.

  “two feet of snow”: M. Carrington, Absaraka, p. 37.

  study the “Indian Problem”: Gwynne, Empire of the Summer Moon, p. 223.

  Sand Creek was a favorite: Utley, Frontiersmen in Blue, p. 309.

  “It is time that the authorities”: Ibid., p. 313.

  Indian agents sent runners: Price, The Oglala People, 1841–1879, p. 59.

  “was rather like looking”: Moten, Between War and Peace, p. 143.

  “an explicit understanding”: Army and Navy Journal and Gazette of the Regular and Volunteer Forces, April 1864.

  “All I ask is comparative quiet”: Ambrose, Crazy Horse and Custer, p. 228.

  These included hay mowers: Brown, The Fetterman Massacre, p. 21.

  “commissary and quartermaster supplies: Colonel Henry Carrington testimony, 1867 hearings, U.S. Senate, p. 2.

  “a domestic cast”: Brown, The Fetterman Massacre, p. 21.

  Chapter Twenty-Three: Big Bellies and Shirt Wearers

  It called for seven veteran chiefs: Ambrose, Crazy Horse and Custer, p. 135.

  On the banks of an unnamed creek: Bray, Crazy Horse, p. 93.

 

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