18 Two years later, William Strachey, whose colonial exploits were one of the inspirations for Shakespeare’s The Tempest, describes ‘a beast they call arocoune, much like a badger’.
19 Dorothy and Thomas Hoobler, Captain John Smith: Jamestown and the Birth of the American Dream (Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley, 2006), 249.
20 Purchas, Purchas His Pilgrimes, 1772.
21 Philip L. Barbour (ed.), The Jamestown Voyages under the First Charter 1606-1609, 2 vols. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1969), II, 348.
22 George Sandys, Ovids Metamorphosis Englished (Oxford: John Lichfield, 1632), 497.
23 Mark Monmonier, From Squaw Tit to Whorehouse Meadow: How Maps Name, Claim, and Inflame (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006), 52-4.
24 Purchas, Purchas His Pilgrimes, 1861, 1868.
25 Elliott, Empires of the Atlantic World, 80.
26 Facts and figures are taken here from David Hackett Fischer, Albion’s Seed: Four British Folkways in America (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989).
27 Elliott, Empires of the Atlantic World, 147.
28 One might imagine this excellent berry was the cranberry, but it seems to have been the fruit of a type of viburnum.
29 Roger Williams, A Key into the Language of America (London: Gregory Dexter, 1643), 98, 197.
30 This information is taken from Ives Goddard, ‘Pidgin Delaware’, in Sarah G. Thomason (ed.), Contact Languages: A Wider Perspective (Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1997), 43-98.
31 Edward Finegan, ‘English in North America’, in Hogg and Denison (eds.), A History of the English Language, 388-9.
32 An Interesting Account of Those Extraordinary People the Esquimaux Indians, From Baffin’s Bay, North Pole; to which is affixed, A Vocabulary of Esquimaux Words, translated into English by George Niagungitok (Sheffield: George Ridge, 1825), 4.
33 Dale Blake (ed.), Inuit Life Writings and Oral Traditions: Inuit Myths, (St John’s, Newfoundland: Educational Resource Development Cooperative, 2001), 32-4.
34 Francis Jennings, The Invasion of America: Indians, Colonialism and the Cant of Conquest (Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 1975), 172.
Chapter 8: Bonsai
1 Richard Eden, The History of Travayle in the West and East Indies, and other countreys lying eyther way, towardes the fruitfull and ryche Moluccaes … with a discourse of the Northwest passage, ed. Richard Willes (London: Richard Jugge, 1577), 255.
2 BL Add. MS 31301, fol. 159.
3 Shoko Tsuchihashi, ‘History of Japanese Loanwords in English’, in The Twenty-Third LACUS Forum 1996, ed. Alan K. Melby (Chapel Hill, N.C.: The Linguistic Association of Canada and the United States, 1997), 685.
4 See Tom McArthur, Oxford Guide to World English (Oxford University Press, 2003), 368-70.
Chapter 9: Onslaught
1 Roland Barthes, Empire of Signs, trans. Richard Howard (London: Jonathan Cape, 1983), 9.
2 Barfield, History in English Words, 146, 154, 164-6.
3 This subject is explored in detail in Anna Wierzbicka, English: Meaning and Culture (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006).
4 Jonathan Scott, England’s Troubles: Seventeenth-Century English Political Instability in European Context (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 231.
5 C. L. Barber, The Idea of Honour in the English Drama 1591-1700 (Göteborg: Acta Universitatis Gothoburgensis, 1957), 332.
6 G. Hughes, Words in Time, 2.
7 Hamon L’Estrange, The Observator Observed: Or, Animadversions upon the Observations on the History of King Charles (London: Edward Dod, 1656), 2.
8 D’Israeli, Amenities of Literature, 136-7.
9 William Walker, Phraseologia Anglo-Latina or, Phrases of the English and Latin Tongue (London: Richard Royston, 1672), preface.
10 Ibid., 157, 289.
11 Adam Nicolson, Power and Glory: Jacobean England and the Making of the King James Bible (London: HarperCollins, 2003), 230.
12 The Declaration of John Robins and Other Writings, ed. Andrew Hopton (London: Aporia Press, 1992), 22.
13 See Lilo Moessner,‘The Vocabulary of Early Modern English Scientific Texts’, in Ute Smit, Stefan Dollinger, Julia Hüttner, Gunther Kaltenböck and Ursula Lutzky (eds.), Tracing English through Time (Vienna: Braumüller, 2007), 235-52.
14 Ostler, Empires of the Word, 228.
15 Johannes Veslingus, The Anatomy of the Body of Man, trans. Nicholas Culpeper (London: George Sawbridge, 1677), 23-4.
16 Keith Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1971), 9.
17 This is the subject of George Steiner’s essay ‘The Retreat from the Word’, in Language and Silence (London: Faber, 1985).
18 Memoirs of John Evelyn, ed. William Bray (London: Frederick Warne, 1900), 628-9.
19 Susie I. Tucker, Protean Shape: A Study in Eighteenth-Century Vocabulary and Usage (London: Athlone, 1967), 108.
20 Logan Pearsall Smith, The English Language, 3rd edn (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1966), 108.
21 The poem appears in the annotated third edition of Edward Fairfax’s Godfrey of Bulloigne, a translation of Torquato Tasso’s Gerusalemme Liberata.
22 Quoted in Manfred Görlach, Eighteenth-Century English (Heidelberg: Winter, 2001), 161.
23 Dryden may actually have made up double-entendre, rather than taking it from a French source.
24 Samuel Johnson, Lives of the English Poets, ed. George Birkbeck Hill, 3 vols. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1905), I, 463-4.
25 Quoted in Markman Ellis, The Coffee-House:A Cultural History (London: Phoenix, 2005), 86.
26 Mackenzie, Les Relations de l’Angleterre et de la France d’après le vocabulaire, II, 144.
27 Peter Ackroyd, London: The Biography (London: Chatto & Windus, 2000), 160-61.
28 See David Murison, ‘The Dutch Element in the Vocabulary of Scots’, in A. J. Aitken, Angus McIntosh and Hermann Palsson (eds.), Edinburgh Studies in English and Scots (London: Longman, 1971), 159-76.
29 A number of these details are from J. F. Bense, Anglo-Dutch Relations from the Earliest Times to the Death of William the Third (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1925).
30 Jonathan I. Israel, The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall, 1477-1806 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998), 679.
31 Linda and Roger Flavell, The Chronology of Words and Phrases, 111.
32 Quoted in Geert Mak, Amsterdam: A Brief Life of the City, trans. Philipp Blom (London: Harvill, 1999), 100.
33 The Works of Sir Roger Williams, ed. John X. Evans (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972), 64.
34 See Simon Schama, The Embarrassment of Riches: An Interpretation of Dutch Culture in the Golden Age (London: Collins, 1987), 262-3.
35 Bathsua Makin, An Essay to Revive the Antient Education of Gentlewomen (London: J. D., 1673), 28.
36 Israel, The Dutch Republic, 677.
Chapter 10: Connoisseur
1 For an extensive treatment of the emergence of this national identity, see Linda Colley, Britons: Forging the Nation 1707-1837 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992).
2 Tucker, Protean Shape, 35.
3 Gentleman’s Magazine 8 (1738), 586.
4 Jeremy Black, Natural and Necessary Enemies: Anglo-French Relations in the Eighteenth Century (London: Duckworth, 1986), 175.
5 See for instance the title of Paul Langford’s important history of the period, A Polite and Commercial People: England 1727-1783 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992).
6 Barfield, History in English Words, 158.
7 See Terttu Nevalainen and Heli Tissari, ‘Of Politeness and People’, in Graham D. Caie, Carole Hough and Irené Wotherspoon (eds.), The Power of Words: Essays in Lexicography, Lexicology and Semantics in Honour of Christian J. Kay (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2006).
8 Judith S. Neaman and Carole G. Silver, quoted in Patricia Beer, ‘Elizabeth Bennet’s Fine Eyes’, in D. J. Enright (ed.), Fair of Speech: The Uses of Euphemism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985), 120-21
. In Victorian Britain, trousers became indescribables, prostitutes were fallen women, and a collector of dog excrement was a pure-finder. See Joss Marsh, Blasphemy, Culture, and Literature in Nineteenth-Century England (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998), 215-30.
9 Tucker, Protean Shape, 107.
10 Norbert Elias, The Civilizing Process, trans. Edmund Jephcott, rev. edn (Oxford: Blackwell, 2000), 400. For a detailed discussion, see also Jorge Arditi, A Genealogy of Manners:Transformation of Social Relations in France and England from the Fourteenth Century to the Eighteenth Century (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998), 182-220.
11 Monthly Review 20 (1759), 428.
12 For a full discussion, see Jan Lannering, Studies in the Prose Style of Joseph Addison (Uppsala: Appelbergs Boktryckeri, 1951).
13 Madame de Staël, Germany, with notes and appendices by O.W.Wright, 2 vols. (New York: Hurd and Houghton, 1871), I, 91.
14 The World 102 (12 December 1754), 611-15.
15 Ibid. 101 (5 December 1754), 606-10.
16 Gentleman’s Magazine 2 (1732), 681.
17 Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, rev. edn (London: Verso, 2006), 11.
18 Walpole also shares Chesterfield’s special taste for Gallicisms, as does the diarist and philanthropist Hannah More.
19 These examples come from Ingrid Tieken-Boon van Ostade’s essay ‘English at the Onset of the Normative Tradition’, in Mugglestone (ed.), The Oxford History of English.
20 Barfield, History in English Words, 170.
21 Alexis Tadié, Sterne’s Whimsical Theatres of Language (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2003), 12-14.
22 Tucker, Protean Shape, 18.
23 Martin Kemp, The Science of Art (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990), 213-17.
24 Quoted in Tucker, Protean Shape, 12.
25 Larry Stewart, The Rise of Public Science: Rhetoric, Technology, and Natural Philosophy in Newtonian Britain, 1660-1750 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), xxiv-xxv.
26 Steiner, After Babel, 160.
27 John Ray, The Wisdom of God Manifested in the Works of the Creation, 7th edn (London: William Innys, 1717), 370.
28 For a full and fascinating treatment of the subject, including details of many individual quacks and their bizarre medicines, see C. J. S. Thompson, The Quacks of Old London (London: Brentano, 1928).
29 See Udo Fries, ‘Foreign Words in Early English Newspapers’, in Smit et al. (eds.), Tracing English through Time, 115-32.
30 Tucker, Protean Shape, 20.
31 See Reinhard Strohm, ‘Italian Operisti North of the Alps, c.1700 – c.1750’, in Reinhard Strohm (ed.), The Eighteenth-Century Diaspora of Italian Music and Musicians (Turnhout: Brepols, 2001), 1-59.
32 John Ashton, Social Life in the Reign of Queen Anne, 2 vols. (London: Chatto & Windus, 1882), II, 38.
33 See Simon McVeigh, ‘ItalianViolinists in Eighteenth-Century London’, in Strohm (ed.), The Eighteenth-Century Diaspora of Italian Music and Musicians, 139-76.
34 For a full discussion of shopping behaviour and the circuits of commerce, see Bruno Blondé, Peter Stabel, Jon Stobart and Ilja Van Damme (eds.), Buyers and Sellers: Retail Circuits and Practices in Medieval and Early Modern Europe (Turnhout: Brepols, 2006).
35 For anyone wishing to uncover the seedier side of eighteenth-century English, the place to begin is the Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue published in 1785 by Francis Grose, the son of a Swiss jeweller.
36 Maxine Berg, Luxury and Pleasure in Eighteenth-Century Britain (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), 157-8.
37 Quoted in James, The Rise and Fall of the British Empire, 73.
38 Bruce Redford, The Converse of the Pen:Acts of Intimacy in the Eighteenth-Century Familiar Letter (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986), 31.
39 This is explored in detail in Edna Osborne, Oriental Diction and Theme in English Verse, 1740-1840 (Lawrence: University of Kansas, 1916).
40 Abdul-Karim Mahmud Gharaybeh, English Traders in Syria 1744-1791 (PhD thesis, London University, 1950), 12.
41 My source here is Anatole V. Lyovin, An Introduction to the Languages of the World (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 257. The Latin word aborigines had originally been used in the sixteenth century of the first occupiers of Italy and Greece; only at the end of the eighteenth century did it come to be used of those natives who had possessed a land before the arrival of European settlers.
42 The Journals of Captain Cook, ed. Philip Edwards (London: Penguin, 1999), 152.
43 Suzanne Romaine, Bilingualism, 2nd edn (Oxford: Blackwell, 1995), 39.
44 R. M. W. Dixon, The Languages of Australia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980), 18.
45 Gentleman’s Magazine 44 (1774), 70.
46 Robert Hughes, The Fatal Shore (London: Collins Harvill, 1987), 1, 5.
47 Quoted in Elizabeth Webby (ed.), Colonial Voices: Letters, Diaries, Journalism and Other Accounts of Nineteenth-Century Australia (St Lucia: University of Queensland Press, 1989), 13-14.
Chapter 11: Teapot
1 Salman Rushdie, The Moor’s Last Sigh (London: Jonathan Cape, 1995), 4-5.
2 Turner, Spice: The History of a Temptation, 88.
3 See C. R. Boxer, The Portuguese Seaborne Empire 1415-1825 (Manchester: Carcanet, 1991), 39-64.
4 Quoted in Ram Chandra Prasad, Early English Travellers in India (Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1980), 52, 146.
5 Charles Lockyer, An Account of the Trade in India (London: Samuel Crouch, 1711), 71-2, 124, 131, 248-50, 265.
6 Ibid., 85, 282.
7 Henry Yule and A. C. Burnell, Hobson-Jobson: Being A Glossary of Anglo-Indian Colloquial Words and Phrases, and of Kindred Terms (London: John Murray, 1886), xiv, xvii.
8 Ostler, Empires of the Word, 212-13.
9 This idea is put forward by Amartya Sen in his essay ‘Indian Traditions and the Western Imagination’ in The Argumentative Indian: Writings on Indian Culture, History and Identity (London: Allen Lane, 2005).
10 Anthony Pagden, Peoples and Empires (London:Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2001), 100-101.
11 This William Hawkins was the grandson of the William Hawkins who reached West Africa in the 1530s, and was the nephew of John Hawkins.
12 The Journal of John Jourdain, 1608-1617, ed. William Foster (Cambridge: Hakluyt Society, 1905), 136-40.
13 John Keay, The Honourable Company: A History of the English East India Company (London: HarperCollins, 1991), 98-9.
14 Anthony Farrington, Trading Places: The East India Company and Asia 1600-1834 (London: British Library, 2002), 64.
15 J. R. McCulloch, ‘Revenue and Commerce of India’, Edinburgh Review 45 (1827), 365.
16 Gentleman’s Magazine 27 (1757), 309.
17 Tim Fulford and Peter J. Kitson (gen. eds.), Travels, Explorations and Empires: Writings from the Era of Imperial Expansion 1770-1835, 6 vols. (London: Pickering & Chatto, 2001), VI, 250.
18 Richard Davenport-Hines, The Pursuit of Oblivion: A Social History of Drugs (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2001), 2.
19 Thomas Bowrey, A Dictionary of English and Malay (London: printed by Samuel Bridge for the author, 1701).
20 A related term is topaz or topass, a low-caste attendant or interpreter.
21 John Fryer, A New Account of East India and Persia (London: Richard Chiswell, 1698), 67, 98, 142, 200-201.
22 Sirajul Islam, The Permanent Settlement in Bengal: A Study of Its Operation 1790-1819 (Dacca: Bangla Academy, 1979), 257-9.
23 David Gilmour, The Ruling Caste: Imperial Lives in the Victorian Raj (London: John Murray, 2005), xxii-xxiii.
24 Thomas Williamson, The East India Vade-Mecum, 2 vols. (London: Black, Parry, and Kingsbury, 1810), I, 314.
25 Ibid., II, 76, 134, 155.
26 Alexander Duff, New Era of the English Language and English Literature in India (Edinburgh: John Johnstone, 1837), 18, 37-8.
27 Gilmour, The Ruling Caste, 10-11.
> 28 Ostler, Empires of the Word, 12.
29 Richard W. Bailey, Images of English: A Cultural History of the Language (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 140-41.
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