The Secret Life of Words

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The Secret Life of Words Page 50

by Henry Hitchings


  Abraham the Patriarch

  Acadia

  Acton, Eliza: Modern Cookery for Private Families

  Adair, James: The History of the American Indians

  Adams, Douglas: The Hitch-Hiker’s Guide to the Galaxy

  Adams, John

  Adams, John Quincy

  Adams, William

  Addison, Joseph; Remarks on Several Parts of Italy

  Adelard of Bath

  adjectives: absorbed

  advertising

  Aelfric of Eynsham

  Africa: competition for colonies and exploitation; travel in; words from

  African languages; in USA

  Afrikaans language

  Afro-Asiatic languages

  Aguilar, Jerónimo de

  Albuquerque, Afonso de

  Alcatraz (island, San Francisco Bay)

  alchemy

  Alcock, Sir Rutherford: The Capital of the Tycoon

  Alford, Henry: A Plea for the Queen’s English

  Alfred, King of the West Saxons

  Algonquian languages

  Allen, Grant: The European Tour

  Allen, Woody

  Alsatians (dogs)

  Altaic languages

  Amadas, Philip

  America (New World): culture clash; English-Spanish rivalry in; European exploration, trade and settlement; Indians; land problem; native languages; pidgin English in; polyglot languages; products from; resistance to British sovereignty; Spanish place names; wins independence from Britain; see also United States of America

  American Civil War (1861-5)

  American Philological Society

  American Speech (journal)

  Ancren Riwle

  Anderson, Benedict; Imagined Communities

  Anglo-Norman dialect and society

  Anglo-Saxon Chronicle

  Anglo-Saxon language

  Anglo-Saxons: invade and settle in England; words

  Ansgot of Burwell

  Antigua

  Apollinaire, Guillaume

  Arabian Nights, The

  Arabic language: influence on English; in Spain; for traditional use; used for prayer, traditional use; used for prayer; western knowledge of; see also Muslims and Islam

  Arawakan languages

  Aretino, Pietro

  Ariosto, Ludovico

  Aristotle: Rhetoric

  armour

  Arnold, Matthew; Literature and Dogma

  art: and critical language; modern; word borrowings

  Art-Journal

  Arthur of Brittany

  Ascham, Roger; The Scolemaster

  Asclepiades

  Asia: influence on European languages; see also East, the

  astrology

  Audi (motor company)

  Audran, Edmond: La Mascotte

  Augustine, St

  Austen, Jane

  Australia

  Austro-Asiatic languages

  Austronesian languages

  Ayala, Juan de

  Aymara language

  Babbage, Charles

  Babur, Mughal Emperor

  back-formation

  Bacon, Francis: Essays

  Bacon, Roger; Opus Maius

  Baedeker, Karl: Handbook to Northern Italy

  Baffin Island

  Baghdad

  Bailey, Richard

  Baju, Anatole

  Baltic languages

  Banda Islands

  Banks, Sir Joseph

  Barbados

  Barber, Charles

  Baretti, Giuseppe: An Account of the Manners and Customs of Italy

  Barfield, Owen; History in English Words

  Barker, Ernest

  Barker, Robert

  Barlowe, Arthur

  Barnes, William

  Barnum, Phineas T.

  Bartas, Salluste du

  Barthes, Roland

  Bartholomeus Anglicus: De Proprietatibus Rerum

  Basque language

  Bateson, F. W.

  Baumgarten, Alexander

  Beaduheard

  Beck, Cave: The Universal Character

  Beckford, William: Vathek

  Bede, Venerable; Ecclesiastical History of the English People

  Beeton, Isabella: Book of Household Management

  Behn, Aphra; The Widdow Ranter

  Bell, Alexander Graham

  Bell, Alexander Melville

  Bellow, Saul

  Bengal

  Bentham, Jeremy

  Bentley, Harold

  Beowulf (poem)

  Bergson, Henri

  Bertheau, Charles

  Beverley, Robert: The History and Present State of Virginia

  Bible, Holy: challenged by science; English translations; printed in North America; reading by churchmen

  Bickham, George

  Bird, Isabella

  Black Death (14th century)

  Black Sea

  Blount, Thomas: Glossographia

  Boccaccio, Giovanni

  Bodoni, Giambattista

  body parts

  Boehme, Jacob

  Boer War

  Boethius: Consolation of Philosophy

  Book of Common Prayer

  books and publishing

  Boorstin, Daniel

  Borde, Andrew

  Boston, Mass.

  Boswell, James

  Botero, Giovanni: Relationi Universali

  Bourne, Samuel

  Bowdler, Thomas: Family Shakespeare

  Bowrey, Thomas

  Bradford, William

  Brathwait, Richard: The Smoaking Age

  Braudel, Fernand

  Brazil

  Breda, Treaty of (1667)

  Breton, André

  Brewster, Sir David

  Brewster, William

  Brewster, Wrestling

  Bridges, Robert

  Brillat-Savarin, Jean Anthelme

  Britain: in East Indies; empire; expansion in East; extravagance; foreign commodities in; foreign invaders and settlement; interest in India; multiracialism; overseas trade and exploration; patriotism and national sense; religious and attitudinal changes; and settlement of North America; US independence from; wars with Dutch; wealth in 19th century

  British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)

  Brontë, Charlotte: Shirley

  Brotton, Jerry

  Browne, Sir Thomas

  Bruce, Lenny

  Bruce, The

  Bry, Theodore de

  Brythonic languages

  Buckland, William

  Buddhism

  Burckhardt, Jacob

  Burke, Edmund

  Burma

  Burnet, Gilbert, Bishop of Salisbury

  Burney, Charles: A General History of Music

  Burney, Fanny (Mme d’Arblay); Evelina

  Burns, Robert

  Burnside, Ambrose Everett

  Burton, Sir Richard

  Burton, Robert

  Bush, George W.

  Butler, Samuel: Hudibras

  Butterfield & Swire (company)

  Buttes, Henry

  Byron, George Gordon Baron; The Bride of Abydos; The Corsair; Don Juan; The Giaour; Marino Faliero

  Bythner, Victorinus

  Cabot, John

  Cabot, Sebastian

  Cabral, Pedro Alvares

  Caesar, Julius

  calque

  Cambridge, Richard Owen

  Camden, William: Britannia

  Camões, Luis de: The Lusiads

  Campbell, John

  Canada: English/French languages in

  Capek, Karel: R.U.R.

  Capellano, Antonio

  Carême, Antonin

  Carew, Richard

  Carib languages

  Caribbean: piracy in; slaves

  Carlson, Evans

  Carlyle, Thomas

  Carolino, Pedro

  Casanova, Giacomo Girolamo

  Caslon family

  Castiglione, Baldassare: Il Libro del Cortigiano
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  Catalan language

  Catherine of Aragon, Queen of Henry VIII

  Catherine of Braganza, Queen of Charles II

  Catholicism

  Cave, Edward

  Cawdrey, Robert: A Table Alphabeticall

  Caxton, William

  Celts

  Cessolis, Jacobus de

  Chambers, Thomas King

  Chambers, Sir William

  Chapman, George; Eastward Ho (with Jonson and Marston)

  Chapman, John Gadsby

  Charivari, Le (magazine)

  Charlemagne, Emperor

  Charles I, King of England

  Charles II, King of England

  Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor

  Charles the Bald, King of France

  Charles the Simple, King of France

  Charnock, Job

  Chatterton, Thomas

  Chaucer, Geoffrey: career and language; and food; influence; influence on Spenser; surname; Book of the Duchess; The Canterbury Tales; Troilus and Criseyde

  Cheke, Sir John

  Chenevix Trench, Richard

  chess

  Chesterfield, Philip Dormer Stanhope, 4th Earl of

  Chiang Kai-shek

  China: Arabs visit; and English trade; intercepts internet communications; as land of mystery; languages; population; wars with Britain; words from; as world power

  Chippendale, Thomas

  Christianity: beginnings in England

  cider-making

  Citizen Kane (film)

  City of God (film)

  Civil War (English)

  Clanchy, Michael

  class (social)

  Claude glass

  Claude Lorraine

  Clive, Robert, Baron

  Cnut, King of Denmark and England

  Cockeram, Henry: The English Dictionary

  Cocks, Richard

  coffee houses

  coffee making

  Coleridge, Samuel Taylor; Biographia Literaria; ‘Kubla Khan’; ‘The Rime of the Ancient Mariner’; Table Talk

  Collins (publishers)

  colonialism

  Colonna, Francesco

  Columbus, Bartholomew

  Columbus, Christopher

  communications and media

  Company of Royal Adventurers Trading into Africa

  Comte, Auguste

  Congreve, William; Love for Love

  Connolly, Cyril

  conquistadors

  Conrad, Peter

  Constantinople

  consumerism

  Cook, Captain James

  Cook, Robin

  cooking see food and drink

  Cooper, James Fenimore; The Prairie

  Copernicus, Nicolaus

  Coppe, Abiezer

  Cornish language

  Cortés, Hernan

  Coryat, Thomas: Crudities

  Cotton, Robert

  Coverdale, Miles

  Cowell, John: The Interpreter

  Cowper, William

  creation: ideas on

  Crécy, battle of (1346)

  creole

  Cresswell, Nicholas

  Crimean War (1854-5)

  Critical Review

  Cromwell, Oliver

  Crusades

  Crystal, David

  Cuban Revolution (1959)

  Culin, Stewart

  Culpeper, Nicholas

  Cumming, Constance Gordon

  cummings, e. e.

  Cunningham, Ward

  Curie, Pierre and Marie

  Cursor Mundi

  Curzon, George Nathaniel, Marquess

  Cyrano de Bergerac

  Czech language

  Dadaism

  Daguerre, Louis

  Dalby, David

  Dampier, William; A New Voyage Round the World

  dance

  Danelaw

  Daniel, Samuel; Cleopatra; A Defence of Ryme; Musophilus

  Dante Alighieri

  Dare, Ananias and Eleanor (née White)

  Dare, Virginia

  Darwin, Charles; On the Origin of Species; The Voyage of the Beagle

  Davenport-Hines, Richard

  David, Elizabeth

  David, Larry

  Dawes, James

  Day, Francis

  Décadent, Le (magazine)

  Dee, John

  Defoe, Daniel; Robinson Crusoe; ‘The True-Born Englishman’

  Dekker, Thomas

  De Quincey, Thomas

  Derham, William: Physico-Theology

  Descartes, René

  Dickens, Charles; American Notes; Bleak House; Little Dorrit; Oliver Twist

  dictionaries: American English; English monolingual

  Discovery (ship)

  Disraeli, Benjamin; Vivian Grey

  D’Israeli, Isaac

  Dodoens, Rembert

  Dolce Vita, La (film)

  Domesday Book

  Donne, John

  Dorchester, Mass.

  Douai Bible

  downtoners

  d’Oylie, Thomas

  Drake, Sir Francis

  Dravidian languages

  Drayton, Michael: Poly-Olbion

  Dream of the Rood (poem)

  dress: Elizabethan

  drink see food and drink

  drugs

  Dryden, John; Marriage à la Mode

  Drysdale, Helena

  du Bellay, Joachim: Defence et illustration de la langue française

  Duff, Alexander

  Dumas, Alexandre, fils

  du Maurier, Daphne: Jamaica Inn

  Dunbar, William

  Duncombe, John

  Durham cathedral

  Dutch language: borrowings from

  Dutch, the: in Asia; colonization of South Africa; English view of; in Japan; overseas trade; relations with Britain; seafaring; see also Netherlands

  Dutch West India Company: and slave trade

  dyes

  Eadwine, King of Northumbria

  Eannes, Gil

  East, the: British interests in; European knowledge of; Western trade with; words from; see also Asia

  East India Company (English); wound up

  Eden, Richard

  Edgar the Atheling

  Edgeworth, Maria: Leonora

  Edison, Thomas

  Edward I, King of England

  Edward III, King of England

  Edward IV, King of England

  Edward VI, King of England

  Edward the Confessor, King of the English

  Edwards, Daniel

  Egypt

  Ehrenfels, Christian von

  Einstein, Albert

  Eisenstein, Elizabeth

  Eisner, Will

  El Dorado

  Eleanor of Aquitaine, Queen of Henry II

  Eleanor of Provence, Queen of Henry III

  Eliot, George: Middlemarch

  Eliot, John; Indian Dialogues

  Eliot, T. S.

  Elizabeth I, Queen of England

  Elizabethan English

  Elliott, J. H.

  Ellis, Henry Havelock

  Ely cathedral

  Elyot, Sir Thomas: The Boke Named the Governour

  Emerson, Ralph Waldo

  Emma, wife of Ethelred the Unready

  Empire Windrush, SS

  Encyclopaedia Britannica

  English language: Americanization; analytic nature; ascendancy; black African; class usages; controversy over innovations; and ‘correct usage’; dialects; diminutives; in early printed books; expands abroad; future; Germanic origins; grammar; historical development; hospitality to foreign words; in India; invented words and innovations; Lowth on; most common words; pidgin; plurals of foreign words; in printed books; as reflection of culture and attitudes; reforms and simplification; resistance to word meaning changes; Samuel Johnson on; scientific; similarities to and divergences from other languages; spelling; standard; varieties; vocabulary; as world language

  English, the: reputation in M
editerranean

  Enquire Within Upon Everything

  Equiano, Olaudah

  Erasmus, Desiderius; De Copia

  Eriksson, Leif

  Estonian language

  Ethelbert, King of Kent

  Ethelred the Unready, King of England

  Etherege, George: The Man of Mode

  etiquette

  euphemisms

  Europe: travels and explorations

  Evelyn, John

  exploration

  Fagel, Caspar

  Family Guy (comedy)

  family terms

  Farinelli (i.e. Carlo Maria Broschi)

  Farmer, John

  farming

  fascism

  fashion: French loan words

  Fellini, Federico

  Fenton, Roger

  Ferdinand, King of Castile

  Ferguson, Niall

  Fielding, Henry: Joseph Andrews

  finance: jargon

  Finegan, Edward

  Finnish language

  First World War (1914-18)

  fishermen

  Fitch, Ralph

  Fitzgerald, F. Scott: The Great Gatsby

  FitzNigel, Richard: Dialogus de Scaccario

  Flamel, Nicolas

  Flemings, Flemish

  Flemish words

  Florida

  Florio, John; A Worlde of Wordes

  flying and aeroplanes

  food and drink

  Foote, Samuel: The Nabob

  Ford, John: ’Tis Pity She’s a Whore

  Forme of Cury, The

  Forster, E. M.; ‘The Machine Stops’

  Fortescue, Sir John: De Laudibus Legum Angliae

  Frampton, John

  France: Anglomania; British wars with; defeated in India; influence in England; Mme de Staël on; settlement in North America

  France, Anatole

  Franco, General Francisco

  Franklin, Benjamin

  free trade

  French Academy of Sciences

  French Creole

  French language: in American English; in Canada; decline; dominance in Britain; English debt to ; food and cooking; foreign words in; Johnson opposes words from; as language of arts; and language of law; loan translations from; Normans introduce; in Old English; personal names

  French Revolution

  Frescobaldi, Giovanni

  Freud, Sigmund

  Frisians

  Frobisher, Sir Martin

  Froebel, Friedrich

  Frum, David

  Fryer, John: A New Account of India and Persia

  Furnham, Adrian

  Gaelic language

  Gaggia, Achille

  Galland, Antoine

  Galsworthy, John

  Galton, Francis

  Gama, Vasco da

  Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand

  Garamond, Claude

  Garment, Joshua

  Garrick, David

  Gascoigne, George

  Gaskell, Elizabeth: Wives and Daughters

  Gawain and the Green Knight, Sir

  Gay, John

  Gentleman’s Magazine

  geology

  George III, King

  Gerald of Wales (Giraldus Cambrensis)

  German language: British attitude to; decline; influence; words in US English

 

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