by KJ Fallon
And a very special thanks to my family for being there and to my adopted dog for being okay with a little less playtime while I was working on this book.
Endnotes
Preface
1.
The National Coffee Association USA, Inc., “NCA 2016 Single Cup Brewing, Changing Behaviors and Attitudes,” (New York: 2017).
2.
The National Coffee Association USA, Inc., “National Coffee Drinking Trends 2017,” (New York: 2017).
Introduction
1.
B. Lillie, “Italian Coffee Culture,” Italy Magazine, 4 Nov 2013, [Online], Available: http://www.italymagazine.com/featured-story/italian-coffee-culture. [Accessed March 2017].
Chapter 1—Coffee Consumption; from Flat to Flat White
1.
“Beer for Breakfast,” History is Served, March 2017, [Online], Available: http://recipes.history.org/2014/09/beer-for-breakfast/, [Accessed March 2017].
2.
J. B. and S. Haley, “Coffee Consumption over the Last Century,” 1 June 2007. [Online], Available: https://www.ers.usda.gov/amber-waves/2007/june/coffee-consumption-over-the-last-century/, [Accessed March 2017].
3.
“A Morning Cola Instead of Coffee?,” The New York Times, 20 Jan 1988, [Online], Available: http://www.nytimes.com/1988/01/20/business/a-morning-cola-instead-of-coffee.html, [Accessed Jan 2017].
4.
“Alternative Caffeine Fix: Coke if Popping Up on the Morning Menu,” LA Times from The Washington Post, 2 Dec 1987, [Online], Available: http://articles.latimes.com/1987-12-02/business/fi-17237_1_coke. [Accessed Jan 2017].
5.
R. Obias, “Mental Floss,” March 2017, [Online], Available: http://mentalfloss.com/article/66433/12-discontinued-products-coca-cola-and-pepsi. [Accessed March 2017].
6.
Cafe Cola, http://cafecola.com/product.html.
7.
T. Danovich, “Why Big Soda Is Still Fighting for a Place at the Breakfast Table,” 15 Feb 2016, [Online], Available: http://www.eater.com/2016/2/15/10976654/breakfast-soda-drinking-trend. [Accessed Feb 2007].
8.
“Bring Back Jolt,” https://www.facebook.com/pg/bringbackjolt/about/?ref=page_internal, [Accessed Sept. 2017].
9.
“History of the Coffeemaker,” Feb 2017, [Online], Available: http://www.coffee.org/History-of-the-Coffee-Maker. [Accessed Feb 2017].
10.
C. Marshall, The Guardian, 14 May 2015, [Online], Available: https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/may/14/the-first-starbucks-coffee-shop-seattle-a-history-of-cities-in-50-buildings-day-36 [Accessed Jan 2017].
11.
W. Roseberry, “The Rise of Yuppie Coffees and the Reimagination of Class in the United States,” American Anthropologist, vol. 98, pp. 762–774, 1996.
12.
L. Rohter, The Washington Post, 24 June 1979, [Online], Available: https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1979/06/24/brazil-awaits-full-impact-of-early-frost-in-coffee-areas/1476ca19-39ff-493f-b0e2-fabed0b9295f/?utm_term=.b645e6db95cb, [Accessed Jan 2017].
13.
“Coffee Research,” [Online], Available: http://www.coffeeresearch.org/market/frosthistory.htm, [Accessed Jan 2017].
14.
UPI, “UPI,” 28 July 1981, [Online], Available: http://www.upi.com/Archives/1981/07/28/Brazilian-frost-less-damaging-than-1975/4715365140800/. [Accessed Jan 2017].
15.
“International Coffee Organization,” 2017, [Online], Available: http://www.ico.org/icohistory_e.asp. [Accessed Jan 2017].
16.
“U.S. Coffee Drinking Slips after Slight Gain; Young Still not Drinking,” World Coffee & Tea, pp. 21–22, 1980.
17.
“U.S. Coffee Drinking Slips.”
18.
“Ad Man Cautions Coffee Men to Modernize Coffee’s Image; Sees Coffee as Drink of the ’80s,” World Coffee & Tea, pp. 76–78, 1981.
19.
Rosenberry, “The Rise of Yuppie Coffees.”
20.
National Coffee Association USA, “Coffee Roast Guide,” March 2017, [Online], Available: http://www.ncausa.org/About-Coffee/Coffee-Roasts-Guide, [Accessed March 2017].
21.
Pacific Bag, Inc., “One-Way Degassing Valve, What Is it?,” March 2017, [Online], Available: https://www.pacificbag.com/blog/2015/7/8/one-way-degassing-valve-what-is-it, [Accessed March 2017].
22.
Pacific Bag, Inc., “One-Way Degassing Valve.”
23.
Pacific Bag, Inc, “A History of Coffee Bags,” March 2017, [Online], Available: https://www.pacificbag.com/blog/2015/7/8/a-history-of-coffee-bags, [Accessed March 2017].
24.
Specialty Coffee Association, “Because Great Coffee Doesn’t Just Happen,” March 2017, [Online], Available: http://scaa.org/?page=work, [Accessed March 2017].
25.
Coffee & Cocoa International, “Giants Clash in Specialty Brands War. Coffee and Cocoa International,” 13(5):9., C&CI, 1986.
26.
N. Yoshihara, The Los Angeles Times, 3 Dec 1986, [Online], Available: http://articles.latimes.com/1986-12-03/business/fi-293_1_coffee-market. [Accessed March 2017].
27.
Corporate site [Online] Available: http://www.eightoclock.com/story, [Accessed March 2017].
28.
M. Alves, Interviewee, [Interview], Feb. 23, 2017.
29.
University site [Online] Available: https://coffeecenter.ucdavis.edu/, [Accessed March 2017].
Chapter 2—A Sixty-Second Take on the Sometimes-Subversive Journey of Coffee through History
1.
“History of Coffee,” [Online], Available: http://www.ethiopianspecialtycoffee.com/history.htm, [Accessed Jan 2017].
2.
Selamta, April through June 1996, [Online], Available: http://www.selamta.net/Ethiopian%20Coffee.htm. [Accessed February 2017].
3.
Selamta, April through June 1996.
4.
NCA, “The History of Coffee,” 2017, [Online], Available: http://www.ncausa.org/About-Coffee/History-of-Coffee, [Accessed Feb. 2017].
5.
NCA, “Histroy of Coffee.”
6.
Selamta, April through June 1996.
7.
Selamta, April through June 1996.
8.
Corporate site [Online] Available: https://www.caffeflorian.com/en/, [Accessed March 2017].
9.
“LLoyds of London Corporate History,” March 2017, [Online], Available: https://www.lloyds.com/lloyds/about-us/history/corporate-history. [Accessed Feb 2017].
10.
NCA, “The History of Coffee.”
11.
NCA, “The History of Coffee.”
12.
NCA, “The History of Coffee.”
13.
“The History of Coffee in Brazil,” March 2017, [Online], Available: http://www.casabrasilcoffees.com/learn/history-of-coffee-in-brazil/, [Accessed March 2017].
14.
World Atlas, [Online], NCA, Available: http://www.worldatlas.com/articles/top-coffee-producing-countries.html, [Accessed Feb 2017].
15.
NCA, “The History of Coffee.”
Chapter 3—The Journey from Tree to Table
1.
NCA, “10 Steps from Seed to Cup,” March 2017, [Online], Available: http://www.ncausa.org/About-Coffee/10-Steps-from-Seed-to-Cup. [Accessed March 2017].
2.
NCA, “What is Coffee?” http://www.ncausa.org/About-Coffee/What-is-Coffee, [Accessed Sept 2017].
3.
NCA, “10 Steps.”
4.
NCA, “10 Steps.”
5.
NCA, “10 Steps.”
6.
NCA, “10 Steps.”
7.
“Cupping Protocols,” March 2017, [Online], Available: http://www.scaa.org/?page=resources&d=cupping-protocols. [Accessed March 2017].
&
nbsp; 8.
NCA, “10 Steps.”
9.
NCA, “10 Steps.”
10.
“Coffee Lab Intl.,” Feb 2017, [Online], Available: http://www.coffeelab.com/quality-assurance—coffee-testing.html. [Accessed Feb 2017].
11.
M. Alves, Interviewee, [Interview], Feb. 23, 2017.
Chapter 4—Rise of the Single Serve
1.
N. Lazaris, Interviewee, [Interview], 17 Jan 2017.
2.
N. Lazaris, Interview.
3.
N. Lazaris, Interview.
4.
N. Lazaris, Interview.
5.
N. Lazaris, Interview.
6.
S. Turer, Interviewee, [Interview], 2 Feb 2017.
7.
S. Turer, Interview.
8.
S. Turer, Interview.
9.
S. Turer, Interview.
10.
S. Turer, Interview.
11.
J. DeRupo, Interviewee, [Interview], 20 Dec 2016.
12.
AFP, Taipei Times, 22 August 2016, [Online], Available: http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/biz/archives/2016/08/22/2003653590. [Accessed March 2017].
13.
Corporate site [Online], Available: http://www.nestle.com/media/newsandfeatures/nescafe-75-years.
14.
Corporate site [Online], Available: http://www.nestleusa.com/media/nespresso-history-eric-favre-coffee-vacation, [Accessed 15 March 2017].
15.
WIPO, Sept 2010, [Online], Available: http://www.wipo.int/wipo_magazine/en/2010/05/article_0007.html, [Accessed March 2017].
16.
http://www.mars.com/global/about-us/history.
17.
K. Noonan, Mars Drinks, Global Corporate Affairs, 9 March 2017.
18.
MARS Drinks, 2017, [Online], Available: http://us.myflavia.com/family/index.jsp?categoryId=3414902, [Accessed Feb 2017].
19.
Novascientia, 3 Nov 2015, [Online], Available: https://www.novascientia.net/articles/161/Nespresso—A-brand-full-of-Innovation—Patents-and-Lawsuits, [Accessed: Feb 2017].
20.
Global Coffee Report 17 March 2015, [Online], Available: http://gcrmag.com/news/article/winecombr-purchases-monodor-and-mocoffee [Accessed Feb 2017].
Chapter 5—The K-Cup, an Industry Standard
1.
Investopedia, 2017, [Online], Available: http://www.investopedia.com/terms/r/razor-razorblademodel.asp, [Accessed Feb 2017].
2.
USA Today, 18 Dec 2016, [Online], Available: http://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/news/2016/12/18/not-quite-keurig-beer-picobrew-brings-craft-beer-brewing-home/95462614/, [Accessed Feb 2017].
3.
Grubstreet, Nov. 2016, [Online], Available: http://www.grubstreet.com/2016/11/the-chip-promises-to-be-the-keurig-of-cookies.html, [Accessed Feb 2017].
4.
Real Simple, March 2017, [Online], Available: https://www.realsimple.com/food-recipes/somabar-robotic-bartender-cocktail-machine, [Accessed Feb 2017].
5.
M. Haggerty, Interviewee, [Interview], 23 March 2017.
6.
R. Sweeney, Interviewee, [Interview], 20 Jan 2017.
7.
R. Sweeney, Interviewee.
8.
J. Hovis, Interviewee, [Interview], 10 Feb 2017.
9.
R. Beaulieu, Interviewee, [Interview], 13 March 2017.
10.
R. Beaulieu, Interview.
11.
J. Trucano, Interviewee, [Interview], 7 Feb 2017.
12.
J. Trucano, Interview.
13.
J. Trucano, Interview.
Chapter 6—The Nascent Keurig and the K-Cup
1.
N. Lazaris, Interview.
2.
N. Lazaris, Interview.
3.
N. Lazaris, Interview.
4.
N. Lazaris, Interview.
5.
N. Lazaris, Interview.
6.
N. Lazaris, Interview.
7.
MARS Drinks, 2017.
8.
N. Lazaris, Interview.
9.
N. Lazaris, Interview.
10.
N. Lazaris, Interview.
11.
N. Lazaris, Interview.
12.
N. Lazaris, Interview.
13.
N. Lazaris, Interview.
14.
Wikipedia [Online] Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senseo, [Accessed Feb 2017].
15.
J. Nolan, AP News Archive, 17 Feb 2004, [Online], Available: www.apnewsarchive.com/2004/P-G-Enters-Single-Serving-Coffee-Brewing/id-6c6eb6d4d6703547566e7a187c5d2e5d, [Accessed Feb 2017].
16.
Enquirer (Cincinnati), 17 Feb 2004, [Online], Available: http://www.enquirer.com/editions/2004/02/17/biz_biz1coffee.html, [Accessed Feb 2017].
17.
N. Lazaris, Interview.
18.
N. Lazaris, Interview.
19.
N. Lazaris, Interview.
20.
N. Lazaris, Interview.
21.
Wall Street Journal, 7 December 2017, [Online], Available: http://blogs.wsj.com/moneybeat/2015/12/07/meet-jab-the-new-owners-of-keurig-green-mountain/, [Accessed March 2017].
22.
Financial Times, 8 Dec 2015 [Online], Available: https://www.ft.com/content/2dfdb02e-9dc6-11e5-8ce1-f6219b685d74, [Accessed March 2017].
Chapter 7—K-Cup, Etcetera
1.
N. Lazaris, Interview.
2.
N. Lazaris, Interview.
3.
N. Lazaris, Interview.
4.
S. Van Winkle, Interviewee, [Interview], 20 Jan 2017.
5.
S. Van Winkle, Interview.
6.
S. Van Winkle, Interview.
7.
S. Van Winkle, Interview.
8.
S. Van Winkle, Interview.
9.
S. Van Winkle, Interview.
10.
S. Van Winkle, Interview.
11.
S. Van Winkle, Interview.
12.
S. Van Winkle, Interview.
13.
S. Van Winkle, Interview.
14.
S. Van Winkle, Interview.
15.
S. Van Winkle, Interview.
16.
Bloomberg, 28 June 2016, [Online], Available: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-06-28/nestle-leans-on-nespresso-s-kid-brother-as-coffee-growth-lags, [Accessed March 2017].
17.
PR Newsire, 1 Oct 2015, [Online], Available: http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/nespresso-expands-the-vertuoline—range-with-the-new-evoluo-machine-300152267.html, [Accessed March 2017].
18.
Nestle-Nespresso site, [Online], Available: https://www.nestle-nespresso.com/newsandfeatures/nespresso-sets-to-revolutionise-north-american-coffee-market, [Accessed March 2017].
19.
Financial Times, 16 May 2014, [Online], Available: https://www.ft.com/content/10849b64-dd08-11e3-b73c-00144feabdc0, [Accessed March 2017].
20.
Reuters, 17 Aug 2016, [Online], Available: http://www.reuters.com/article/nestle-coffee-idUSL1N1AX0N0, [Accessed March 2017].
21.
Financial Times, 16 May 2014, [Online], Available: https://www.ft.com/content/10849b64-dd08-11e3-b73c-00144feabdc0, [Accessed March 2017].
22.
S. Virani, Ivey Business Review, 24 March 2016, [Online], Available: http://iveybusinessreview.ca/blogs/sviranihba2017/2016/03/24/nespresso-stirring-pod-2/, [Accessed: March 2017].
23.
Bloomberg, 28 June 2016.
Chapter 8—Turf Wars: Keep Your Pod Out of My Brewer
1
.
SEC, [Online], Available: https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/909954/000090995407000002/release_patent.htm, [Accessed Feb 2017].
2.
Consumer Goods Technology, 24 Oct 2008, [Online], https://consumergoods.com/kraft-and-green-mountain-coffee-agree-settle, [Accessed: Feb 2017].
3.
Protecting Designs, 11 Nov 2011, [Online], Available: http://www.protectingdesigns.com/keurig-sues-rogers-family-co-over-single-serve-coffee-container-design, [Accessed Feb 2017].
4.
Reuters, 22 Aug 2014, [Online], Available: http://www.reuters.com/article/us-treehouse-pods-ruling-idUSKBN0GM21Z20140822, [Accessed: Feb 2017].