Weitzman, Lenore. The Divorce Revolution. New York: Free Press, 1985.
Welter, Barbara. “The Cult of True Womanhood.” American Quarterly 18 (1966): 151-74.
“What Do Cal. Freshmen Feel, Believe, Think? Results of an Annual Survey.” Cal Report 5 (1988): 4.
“When They Both Work, Who Cleans the Toilets?” San Francisco Chronicle, October 11, 1982.
“When You Can’t Be Home, Teach Your Child What to Do.” Changing Times, August 1984.
Wiseman, Paul. “Young, Single, Childless Women Out-earn Male Counterparts.” USA Today, September 2, 2010.
Yogev, Sara. “Do Professional Women Have Egalitarian Marital Relationships?” Journal of Marriage and the Family 43 (1981): 865-71.
Yogev, Sara, and J. M. Brett. “Patterns of Work and Family Involvement Among Single and Dual-Earner Couples.” Journal of Applied Psychology 70 (1985): 754-68.
—–. “Restructuring Work for Family: How Dual-Earner Couples with Children Manage.” Unpublished paper, Center for Urban Affairs and Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, Ill., 1987.
Yogman, M. W. “Competence and Performance of Fathers and Infants.” In Progress in Child Health, edited by A. Macfarlane. London: Churchill Livingston, 1983.
Nonprofit Organizations Engaged in Helping Working Families
MomsRising
Since 2006, this one-million-strong organization has pressed for such causes as fair pay, paid maternity and paternity leave, paid sick days, early care and education, and toxic-free bottles, toys, and home environments.
The Labor Project for Working Families
A national nonprofit founded in 1992, the LPWF partners with labor unions to advocate for family-friendly workplaces and the right of workers to care for themselves and their families.
Take Back Your Time
Since 2002, the organization has worked to raise awareness about “time poverty” in America. Vacations are not, they argue for example, an idle luxury, but crucial to a healthy, civically engaged, environmentally responsible, family-friendly society. They also raise awareness of child “nature-deficit disorder.”
Every Child Matters Education Fund
Founded in 2001, this organization works to create a lobby for struggling families that otherwise lack it, to press political candidates to address the urgent need for various child-friendly programs.
National Organization of Women
Funded in 1966, N.O.W. remains the largest organization in America pressing for women’s rights, including the economic rights of mothers and caregivers, and economic equity.
National Partnership for Women and Families (formerly the Women’s Legal Defense Fund)
The Family and Medical Leave Act was written by a member and the organization fought for nine years to enact it. Since 1971, it fought to end discrimination against pregnant workers, to litigate on-the-job sexual harassment, wage discrimination, and child-support enforcement.
Index
advertising, 25
advice books, 26-29, 32
agrarian society, 186-87, 238n
Alcorn, Katrina, 263-64
Alston, Beverly, 144, 146, 149
Alston, Carol
and baby-sitters, 197
and career strategies, 194-95
and child care, 148-52, 156
and cultural pressures, 240
and education, 152-53
family life described, 143-48
and gender strategies, 147, 153-59, 192
and household strategies, 195
Alston, Daryl, 143-47, 148-53, 155-56, 261
Alston, Greg
and child care, 148-52, 261
family life described, 143-48
and fatherhood, 185
and gender strategies, 147, 153-59, 192
and housework sharing, 148-49, 195, 213
and wife’s career sacrifice, 152-53
American Council of Education, 255
Arendell, Terry, 244-45
au pairs, 66. See also baby-sitters and day-care workers
baby-sitters and day-care workers
and capitalism, 269
and class issues, 161, 241
and cultural changes, 158, 227-28, 239
interviews of, 5, 25
and the Livingstons, 160-61, 164-72, 227, 228
and men’s gender strategies, 228-30
and the Myersons, 104
and the new man, 178
as second income, 65-66, 72
and the Steins, 121-23
Baranskaya, Natalya, 24-25
Barnett, R. C., 3
Baruch, Grace, 3
Beaumont, Bill, 51-52, 54
Berg, Barbara, 243
Bernard, Jessie, 107
Bianchi, Suzanne, 265-66
blacks, 6, 12n, 14, 23-25, 184, 186, 251. See also specific individuals
Blades, Joan, 268
blue-collar families, 62, 250. See also class, social
Bonds of Womankind (Cott), 237
Bourdieu, Pierre, 223
Brown, Helen Gurley, 26
Bureau of the Census, 244
Canada, 259-60
Catholicism, 106-7, 108, 162
Changing Times, 227
Charles, Maria, 289n5
Chicana women, 242-43
children and child care
and the Alstons, 148-52
and child welfare, 266-67
and divorce, 211-12
and fatherhood, 231-34
and gender ideology, 14, 15, 78
and gender roles, 27, 58, 104, 116-17, 158, 181-82, 205-7, 223, 228-31
and gender strategies, 195-96
and housework sharing, 177
latch-key children, 227
and marital tensions, 164-72
and the Myersons, 102, 104, 156, 227
and parenting roles, 225-28
research on, 271-87
shared responsibility for, 20
and the Steins, 117, 123-24
time spent on, 9
and the Winfields, 156-57, 181-85
and women’s careers, 81-88, 90-91, 92, 94, 97-99, 113, 114-15, 136
and workplace pressures, 169-70
Chodorow, Nancy, 155-57
class, social
and baby-sitters, 161, 241
and changes in the workforce, 12n
and corporate hierarchies, 287n4
and the Delacortes, 62-63, 241, 242
and divorce, 88
and economic logic of gender roles, 222-23
and family myths, 19
and fatherhood, 232
and gender ideologies, 188-89
and job types, 136-37
and the Judsons, 130
and marriage trends, 257-58
and men, 62-63
and sleep patterns, 279n2
and traditionalism, 204-5
and women in the workforce, 241-42
and working-mother image, 23
Clinton, Bill, 259
Collins, Dennis, 52
comparison groups, 5, 51-57, 253
corporate hierarchies, 287n4
Cosell, Hilary, 30
Cott, Nancy, 237
Courtney, Olive, 26
Cowen, Carolyn, 233
Cowen, Paul, 125
Cowen, Phil, 233
Cowen, Rachel, 125
cultural pressures
and child care, 158, 227-28, 239
and the Delacortes, 64, 106-7
and divorce, 134
and domestic heritage, 242-43
and education, 107, 114, 152-53
and family myths, 45
and fatherhood, 231
and gender ideologies, 42, 106-7, 250, 252
and the Holts, 52, 57, 64, 240
and homes, 101
and housework sharing, 213-14
and incompetence strategy, 74
and the Judsons, 130
and the Steins, 115-16, 125
and supermom strategy, 22-33
and women’s careers, 23-34, 85-86, 106-10, 180-81, 200, 202-3, 205-7, 239-41, 255-56, 264 (see also supermom(s))
Dale, Barbara, 29
Dale, Jim, 29
Delacorte, Carmen
and class issues, 62-63, 241, 242
and cultural pressures, 64, 106-7
and economic pressures, 62-64, 189
and gender ideology, 190
and generational changes, 257
and incompetence strategy, 73-76, 193, 199
and marital tensions, 201, 207
as “new peasantry,” 242
and primary parenting role, 156
and traditionalism, 61-71, 71-73, 204-5
Delacorte, Delia, 66
Delacorte, Frank
and child care, 81
and cultural pressures, 64, 106-7
and economic pressures, 62-64, 189
and incompetence strategy, 73-76, 193, 199
and marital tensions, 201, 207
and second-shift work, 188
and traditionalism, 61-71, 71-73, 204-5
Denmark, 268
divorce, 201-12
and the Alstons, 146
and housework, 207-12
impact on daughters, 257
and interview subjects, 5
and the Judsons, 130, 133-34, 141-42
and the leisure gap, 4
and marriage standards, 168-69
and national priorities, 259
and the Tanagawas, 88-90, 203
and wage inequality, 244-45
and women’s’ entrance into workforce, 12
Divorce: Women and Children Last (Arendell) 244
domestic help. See baby-sitters and day-care workers; housekeepers “Doonesbury” (Trudeau), 200
Eastern Europe, 3
economic pressures. See also wages and income
and changes in the workplace, 250-51
and changes in women’s lives, 11-12
and child care, 158, 181-82, 223
and the Delacortes, 62-64, 188-89
and divorce, 210
economic logic of gender roles, 217-24
and gender ideology, 130-31
and gender strategies, 75-76
and the Holts, 8, 38-44, 57, 188, 189, 223
and housework sharing, 215-17
and the Livingstons, 163, 217
and marital tensions, 11, 169-70, 202
marriage as redistribution mechanism, 245-46
and the recession of 2008, 141, 265
and traditionalism, 68-69, 71-72, 204-5
and women’s financial dependence, 140-42
and workplace pressures, 184
Edder, Janet, 227
education
and cultural pressures, 107, 114, 152-53
and economic logic of gender roles, 219-20
and family histories, 57-58
and gender ideology, 152-53
and the Holts, 42-43, 57-58
and Nina Tanagawa, 81
education (cont.)
and race issues, 23
and the Shermans, 173, 174-75, 176
and traditionalism, 67
and women’s ambitions, 255
and working mothers, 232
egalitarian gender ideology
and clashing couples, 201
and class issues, 188
and cutting back strategy, 195
and depth of gender ideologies, 14, 15-17
egalitarian essentialism, 289n5
and female helplessness strategy, 73
and housework sharing, 276
and ideological contradictions, 190
and incompetence strategy, 74
and the Judsons, 140
and marital mix of ideologies, 282-83n1
and mismatch of gender ideologies, 58
and second shift participation, 75
and strength of relationships, 215
Ehrenreich, Barbara, 13, 226, 240-41
emotional and mental health
and anxiety, 4, 27, 42, 115, 184
and depression, 47-48, 83, 88-90
emotional absenteeism, 122-23
and fatigue, 50, 84
and stress, 138-39, 167-68, 216, 263
and support strategies, 78-81
English, Deirdre, 226, 240-41
Family and Medical Leave Act, 259
family backgrounds
and the Alstons, 157-58
and the Delacortes, 69
and fatherhood role, 224-25, 234
and gender ideology, 14, 190-91
and the Holts, 47-48, 50-51, 57-58
and housework sharing, 213-15
and the Judsons, 130-31, 132-33, 134
and the Livingstons, 162, 163-64, 172
and the Myersons, 101, 108
and parenting patterns, 155-57
and the Shermans, 173-74
and the Steins, 115-16, 116-17, 125
and the Tanagawas, 88
and traditionalism, 61-62
and the Winfields, 184-85
and women in the workforce, 235
family leave legislation, 259-60
family myths
and comparison groups, 54
described, 18-21
and division of labor, 94, 102
and gender strategies, 19, 45, 127
and incompetence strategy, 75
and the Judsons, 140
and marital tensions, 203-4
strategies to sustain, 47-51
and the Tanagawas, 81, 127-28
upstairs-downstairs myth, 44-46, 48, 54-55, 58-59, 75, 102, 112, 203
and workplace pressures, 180
fatherhood
and academic achievement of children, 285-86n7
limiting idea of, 224-25
research on, 231-34
and the stalled gender revolution, 263
third stage of, 185-87
and the Winfields, 181-85
feminism
and the Alstons, 144
and the Delacortes, 64, 65, 68, 75
and the Holts, 47-48, 54, 58, 59, 75
and sexual strategies, 43-44
and the Shermans, 179
Fernandez, Alicia, 230
Fey, Tina, 264
Finland, 268
Finley, Shawn Dickinson, xxiii-xxiv
Ford, Betty, 68
For Her Own Good (Ehrenreich and English), 226, 240-41
France, 208, 268
Furstenberg, Frank, 244
gay couples, 5, 52
gender ideologies. See also egalitarian gender ideology; traditional gender ideology; transitional gender ideology
and changes in the workplace, 250-51
and child care, 8, 78, 108, 148-49
and comparison groups, 58
contradictions in, 15-16
and coping with feelings, 190-92
and cultural pressures, 42, 106-7, 252
and “deep ideologies,” 14
and the Delacortes, 61-71, 71-73, 73-76, 193, 199, 205
described, 15-17
and disparities in second shift work, 14
and economy of gratitude, 18
and education, 152-53
and family myths, 19, 45, 127
and fatherhood, 224-25, 231-34
and gender strategies, 17-18
and the Holts, 16, 40-42, 45, 54, 58, 190
and housework sharing, 183, 276
and incompetence strategy, 74-76, 76
and the Judsons, 132-42
and marital tensions, 201-2
and play styles, 151-52
responsibility for home life, 8
and the Tanagawas, 87
and traditionalism, 65-71
and women’s careers, 84-85, 99, 112-13
gender strategies. See also superdad(s); supermom(s)
and the Alstons, 147, 153-59, 192
and careers, 126-27, 194-95
cutting back on housework, 195-96
> described, 17-18
direct approaches, 192-93
and domestic help, 196-97
and Enlightenment ideas, 258
and gender ideology, 192
and incompetence, 72-73, 73-76, 193, 199, 205
indirect approaches, 193
and the Judsons, 132-42, 195, 198, 257
men’s strategies, 197-200
and national priorities, 259
origin of term, 280n2
and roles in marriage, 3
and the Steins, 125-26
and the Tanagawas, 78-81, 112, 125, 147, 194, 198-200, 252
and women’s careers, 112-14
General Social Survey, 289n5
generational changes, 12, 21, 40-41, 172, 256, 264-65
Germany, 208, 259-60, 268
Goode, William, 207-8
Good Morning, Merry Sunshine (Greene), 31
government policy, 259-61
gratitude
an gender ideology, 18
and comparison groups, 53-54
and the Delacortes, 64
gratitude (cont.)
and gender strategies, 153, 157-59, 200
and marital tensions, 202, 204
and the Myersons, 118-19
and the Shermans, 180
and the Steins, 118-19, 128
and the Tanagawas, 84-86, 118
Great Recession of 2008, 141, 265
Greene, Bob, 31-32
Greene, Susan, 31
Grusky, David, 289n5
Hartmann, Heidi, 245
Hatch, Diane, 210
Having It All (Brown), 26, 28
Hayden, Dolores, 12, 260
The Hearts of Men (Ehrenreich), 13
helplessness strategy, 72-73, 73-76, 193, 199, 205
Hite, Shere, 13
hobbies, 100-104, 105, 147, 197, 214-15
Hochschild, Adam, xv
Hochschild, David, xi-xii, xv
Hochschild, Gabriel, xv
Hoffman, Lois, 232
Holt, Evan
and changes in the workplace, 250
and child care, 156, 254
and comparison of responsibilities, 51-57
daily routines, 34-38
and economic logic of gender roles, 223
and family myths, 19, 127
and gender ideology, 16, 40-42, 45, 54, 58, 190
and gender strategies, 125, 198, 199
and housework sharing, 38-44, 44-51, 103, 173, 188, 189
and leisure time, 38, 49-50, 55, 56, 197, 214-15
and marital tensions, 11, 201, 207
and repercussions of second shift, 8
sacrifices of, 180
and upstairs-downstairs myth, 44-46, 48, 54-55, 57-60, 75, 102, 112, 203
Holt, Joey
and family myths, 47-51
and the Holt’s marriage dynamic, 34-39, 43, 46, 51, 55-57, 60, 75, 223, 235
The Second Shift: Working Families and the Revolution at Home Page 33