by Dan Falk
12. SHAKESPEARE AND MEDICINE
“A body yet distempered…” Henry IV, Part 2 (3.1.40).
“Behold at Southwark…” http://www.thegarret.org.uk/pdfs/exhibitions/stthomashospitalmedieval.pdf
As Kirstin Olsen notes See Olsen, p. 473.
more than six hundred editions Hale, p. 557.
“an angry mob…” Olsen, vol. 1, p. 10.
“… a blood-letting lancet” quoted in Hale, p. 543.
“… usually failed to work” Olsen, vol. 1, p. 177.
“houses lately infected…” quoted in Ackroyd, p. 477.
“Mortality and anxiety…” Ackroyd, p. 119.
“simply wandered from…” Olsen, vol. 1, p. 398.
“unobtrusive” Pope, p. 287.
“The number of medical references…” Andrews, vol. 2, p. 98.
“several dignified … medical men” Bate, p. 46.
“Mrs Hall of Stratford…” quoted in Bate, p. 44.
“the intimate relationship…” Bate, p. 46.
“Then was a pigeon cut…” Kevin Flude, unpublished article.
“… at this particular stage” Flude, author interview, June 22, 2012.
“… from the reality” Flude, unpublished article.
13. LIVING IN THE MATERIAL WORLD
“Drawn with a team of little atomi…” Romeo and Juliet (1.4.58).
“Fly all around…” Lucretius, pp. 65–66.
“… risking eternal damnation” Bertram, p. 171.
“Of her own, by chance…” quoted in Hecht, p. 151.
“… in Einstein or Freud…” Flow, accessed online.
“There is no master plan…” Greenblatt, The Swerve, p. 6.
“For certainty not by design…” Lucretius, p. 32.
“… the taint of vile religion” quoted in Hecht, p. 150.
“the notion, intrinsic…” Hyman, p. 3.
“Lucretian thoughts percolated…” Greenblatt, The Swerve, p. 220.
Some thirty Latin editions Palmer, p. 414.
he had a medal struck Burke, p. 14.
“a thorny undertaking” quoted in Bakewell, p. 33.
“I turn my gaze inward…” quoted in Bakewell, p. 224.
“What kind of Good…” Montaigne (ed. Screech), p. 653.
“The fury of the mob…” Montaigne (ed. Screech), p. 656.
“… to roast someone alive” quoted in Jacob, p. 35.
“monstrous thing” / “… darkness of irreligion” Montaigne (ed. Screech), pp. 498, 500.
“The wise man ought…” quoted in Jacob, p. 37.
“… as a social ripple” Jacob, p. 37.
“has convinced [himself] that…” Montaigne (ed. Screech), p. 502.
“atheistic naturalism” Montaigne (ed. Screech), p. xli.
“anthropological curiosity” Friedrich, p. 134.
“erroneous conclusion” Friedrich, p. 137.
goat’s blood was probably … Sayce, p. 186.
“points to the scientific method…” Sayce, p. 187.
“[Diagoras] was shown…” Montaigne (ed. Screech), p. 44.
“We have formed a truth…” quoted in Bakewell, p. 129.
If colored glass is used … Montaigne (ed. Screech), p. 676.
“So whoever judges…” quoted in Jacob, p. 36.
“… inevitably swept away” Montaigne (ed. Screech), p. 676.
“When I play with my cat…” Montaigne (ed. Screech), p. 505.
“it was the earth that moved…” Montaigne (ed. Florio), p. 514.
“one of the first in France…” Friedrich, p. 140.
“Montaigne shows…” / “the theories of Copernicus…” Sayce, pp. 79, 110.
“Is it not more likely…” Montaigne (ed. Screech), pp. 644–5.
“raised a huge question mark…” Bakewell, p. 139.
“Montaigne’s preference for details…” Bakewell, p. 275.
“hidden Englishman” Bakewell, p. 276.
“that hath no kinde of traffike…” quoted in Vaughan and Vaughan, p. 61.
“Montaigne’s fingerprints are…” Stephen Greenblatt, author interview, May 1, 2012.
“rhetorical strategy of exploring…” Vaughan and Vaughan, p. 61.
the British Museum has a copy See, for example, Bell, p. 20.
“held up as modern writers…” Bakewell, p. 279.
“seems indebted to the French essayist…” Halio, p. 9.
contains more than a hundred words Bell, pp. 17, 146.
“skeptic philosopher” Bell, p. 169.
“Edmond is an adventurer…” Bradley, pp. 249–50.
“I think of Edmond…” Stephen Greenblatt, author interview, May 1, 2012.
“Edmond is the embodiment…” Bate, p. 65.
“dangerously attractive” Harold Bloom, King Lear in the 20th Century, p. 314.
“Lear’s resort to natural, rather than divine…” Elton, King Lear and the Gods, p. 220.
“Lear aptly summarizes…” Halio, p. 167.
“is like his brother Edmond…” Bevington, Shakespeare’s Ideas, p. 172.
14. THE DISAPPEARING GODS
“As flies to wanton boys…” King Lear (4.1.36).
“… his multitudinous powers” Bradley, p. 200.
“for the immediate future…” quoted in Halio, p. 54.
“natural ideas of justice” quoted in Halio, p. 24.
“horror is piled upon horror…” Wilson, p. 120.
“how much misery…” McAlindon, p. 181.
even very young children See Paul Bloom, “The Moral Life of Babies.”
as one psychologist puts it This summary of Lerner’s work is from Furnham, p. 795.
“the BJW seems to provide…” Furnham, p. 796.
“threatens deeply held beliefs…” Feinberg and Willer, p. 34.
“a battleground over which…” Bevington, Shakespeare’s Ideas, p. 169.
“essentially moral, dictating altruism…” McAlindon, p. 173.
“… in which the wicked prosper” quoted in Bradley, p. 252.
“pose disturbing questions…” Bevington, Shakespeare’s Ideas, p. 171.
“a gesture, however inadequate…” Greenblatt, Will in the World, p. 180.
“What is truly frightening…” Bevington, Shakespeare’s Ideas, pp. 169–70.
“the stage panache…” Bate, p. 308.
“an intrinsically modern disposition” / “roughly contemporaneous…” Hyman, pp. xviii, 2.
“the notion of a worldview…” Hyman, p. 4.
A similar piece of legislation The laws are quoted in Berman, pp. 48–49.
“must have flourished in…” Bertram, p. 167
“… were deeply upsetting” Greenblatt, The Swerve, p. 252.
“to exorcise atomism” Greenblatt, The Swerve, p. 250.
“whether human souls…” quoted in Allen, p. 56.
“great many in England…” quoted in Buckley, p. 30; I have modernized the spelling.
“Others grant God to be…” quoted in Buckley, pp. 65–66.
“… no simple morality play” Brigden, p. 308.
“That which nourishes me…” from Brigden, p. 309.
“that Moses was but a Jugler…” quoted in Buckley, p. 130.
“no evidence of religious incredulity” Buckley, p. 146.
“Not inferior to any of the former…” quoted in Buckley, p. 91.
“Marlowe is able to show more…” quoted in Marlowe, p. xii.
“a temper of mind…” Buckley, p. 129.
“… and followed Machiavelli” Bertram, p. 170.
a French poet … named Théophile de Viau Grayling, p. 121.
“taken to be expressive of…” Grayling, p. 122.
“religion as terrified sadism…” Mallin, p. 9.
“Aaron arranges things…” Eric Mallin, author interview, June 14, 2013.
“… particularly in his tragedies” Eric Mallin, author interview, June 14, 2013.
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“their presence is…” / “… devastatingly silent” Halio, p. 15; Greenblatt, Will in the World, p. 357.
“with the death of the good…” Elton, King Lear and the Gods, p. 337.
“The gods perdie doe reckon…” quoted in Halio, p. 207.
“Lear’s disillusionment…” Elton, King Lear and the Gods, p. 230.
“must have at least evoked…” McAlindon, p. 195.
“Human beings are here left…” McAlindon, p. 195.
“essentially a godless document…” Eric Mallin, author interview, June 14, 2013.
“pagan atheist and libertine naturalist” Harold Bloom, King Lear/Bloom’s Shakespeare Through the Ages, p. 317.
“fraught with danger…” Elton, King Lear and the Gods, p. 337.
“For Shakespeare, in the matter of…” quoted in Mallin, p. 6.
“… strikes me as pretty modern” Eric Mallin, author interview, June 14, 2013.
“entirely secular…” / “He is simply saying…” McGinn, pp. 15, 185–6.
“justice is entirely man-made” Colin McGinn, author interview, March 12, 2012.
“disturbingly amoral” Orgel, p. 41.
“seems at once Catholic, Protestant…” / “William Shakespeare was…” Greenblattt, Will in the World, pp. 103, 113.
“… faith and scepticism” Bate, p. 12.
“… but similar to a clock” quoted in Shapin, p. 33.
“… a great piece of clock-work” quoted in Shapin, p. 34.
“no difference between…” quoted in Shapin, p. 32.
“it is not less natural for a clock…” quoted in Shapin, p. 32.
“nothing but a statue…” quoted in Grayling, p. 158.
“… configuration of its wheels” quoted in Maisano, “Descartes avec Milton,” p. 38.
“depending on the various…” quoted in Grayling, p. 158.
“a vehicle for ‘taking the wonder out’…” Shapin, p. 36.
As Scott Maisano points out Maisano, “Shakespeare’s science fictions,” pp. 102–3. Note that Maisano develops these arguments further in “Infinite Gesture.”
Shakespeare may well have had Maisano, “Shakespeare’s science fictions,” p. 80
“Any sufficiently advanced technology…” http://edge.org/response-detail/11150.
“… forward-looking speculations” Maisano, “Shakespeare’s science fictions,” p. vi.
“… inventing science fiction” Nuttall, p. 361.
“When I consider the short duration…” Pascal’s Pensées, accessed online at http://www.gutenberg.org/files/18269/18269-h/18269-h.htm#p_205.
“… it also seems pointless” Weinberg, p. 154.
CONCLUSION
“They say miracles are past…” All’s Well That Ends Well (2.3.1).
“no longer had its origins…” Findlen, p. 669.
Howard Margolis lists … the discoveries Margolis, p. 5.
“you will learn more about…” quoted in Bouwsma, p. 66.
“surpass by far any Latin and Greek…” quoted in Hale, p. 589.
“one of the most vivid…” Shapin, p. 20.
“… central, immovable earth” Stimson, p. 50.
“was no amateur of…” Boas Hall, p. 140.
“no sign of [the Copernican] revolution…” McAlindon, p. 4.
“among Shakespeare’s myriad…” Hotson, p. 123.
“Even if Shakespeare had…” Levy, Starry Night, p. 69; see also Maisano, “Shakespeare’s Last Act,” p. 404.
“… the new heliocentric astronomy” Bate, p. 62.
“… by the Copernican revolution” Shapiro, p. 299.
“laments for a dying world…” Byard, pp. 122–3.
“And freely men confesse…” quoted in Byard, p. 123.
“an intelligent student of science” / “The discoveries of Galileo…” Johnson, Astronomical Thought, p. 243.
Donne had connections … Byard, p. 122.
“For of Meridians, and Parallels…” quoted in Byard, p. 123.
“Only the Earth doth stand…” quoted in Cheney, p. 189.
“a proficient and intimate acquaintance…” Orchard, p. 52.
“By the end of the 17th century…” Byard, p. 129.
applied … physics to the Last Judgment See Allen, p. 101.
“a late-medieval worldview…” Stephen Greenblatt, author interview, May 1, 2012.
“is actually surprisingly alert…” Stephen Greenblatt, author interview, May 1, 2012.
“is neither ignorant nor indifferent…” Scott Maisano, author interview, June 4, 2012.
“the privileging of scientism…” Mazzio, p. 1.
“… of science over literature” quoted in Mazzio, p. 18.
“… a Shackleton or an Einstein” Wilson, p. 124.
Bibliography
SHAKESPEARE EDITIONS CITED
NOTE: Quotations from Shakespeare (along with the cited line numbers) are taken from the editions marked with a . In all other cases, they are from The Arden Shakespeare: The Complete Works, Revised Edition, edited by Richard Proudfoot, Ann Thompson, and David Scott Kastan. London: Methuen Drama, 2001.
Bate, Jonathan, ed. Cymbeline. The RSC Shakespeare. New York: Modern Library, 2011.
Bevington, David, ed. Henry IV, Part 2. The Oxford Shakespeare. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998.
Bevington, David, ed. Troilus and Cressida. The Arden Shakespeare. London: Thomson Learning, 2006.
Braunmuller, A. R., ed. Macbeth. Updated edition. The New Cambridge Shakespeare. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
Brooke, Nicholas, ed. William Shakespeare: The Tragedy of Macbeth. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990.
Butler, Martin, ed. Cymbeline. The New Cambridge Shakespeare. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
Daniell, David, ed. Julius Caesar. The Arden Shakespeare. London: Thomson Learning, 1998.
Dawson, Anthony B., and Paul Yachnin, eds. William Shakespeare: Richard II. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.
Edwards, Philip, ed. Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. The New Cambridge Shakespeare. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
Furness, Horace Howard, ed. Othello: The New Variorum Edition. New York: Dover, 2000. Original publication 1886.
Halio, Jay L., ed. King Lear. Updated Edition. The New Cambridge Shakespeare. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
Hibbard, G. H., ed. Hamlet. The Oxford Shakespeare. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987.
Honigmann, E. A. J., ed. Othello. The Arden Shakespeare. London: Thomson Learning, 1997.
Hoy, Cyrus, ed. Hamlet. A Norton Critical Edition. New York: W. W. Norton, 1992.
Humphreys, Arthur, ed. Julius Caesar. The Oxford Shakespeare. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984.
Jenkins, Harold, ed. Hamlet. The Arden Shakespeare. London: Thomson Learning, 1982 (1990 ed).
Neill, Michael, ed. Othello. The Oxford Shakespeare. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.
Orgel, Stephen, ed. The Winter’s Tale. The Oxford Shakespeare. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.
Pitcher, John, ed. Cymbeline by William Shakespeare. London: Penguin Books, 2005.
Spencer, T. J. B., ed. Hamlet by William Shakespeare. London: Penguin Books, 1996.
Thompson, Ann, and Neil Taylor, eds. Hamlet. The Arden Shakespeare. London: Thomson Learning, 2006.
Ure, Peter, ed. King Richard II. The Arden Shakespeare. London: Routledge, 1991.
Vaughan, Virginia Mason, and Alden T. Vaughan, eds. The Tempest. The Arden Shakespeare. London: Thomson Learning, 1999.
Warren, Roger, ed. Cymbeline by William Shakespeare. Oxford World’s Classics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.
Wilders, John, ed. Antony and Cleopatra. The Arden Shakespeare. London: Thomson Learning, 1995.
OTHER WORKS CITED
Ackroyd, Peter. London: The Biography. New York: Anchor Books, 2003.
Ackroyd, Peter. Shakespeare: The Biography. New York: Anchor Books, 2006.
Allen, Don Cameron. Doubt’s Boundless Sea: Skepticism and Faith in the Renaissance. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1964.
Aquilecchia, Giovanni. “Giordano Bruno as Philosopher of the Renaissance.” In Giordano Bruno: Philosopher of the Renaissance, edited by Hilary Gatti. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2002.
Bacon, Francis. The Advancement of Learning. New York: Modern Library, 2001.
Bacon, Francis. New Atlantis and the Great Instauration. Edited by Jerry Weinberger. Wheeling, IL: Harlan Davidson, 1989.
Bakewell, Sarah. How to Live: A Life of Montaigne in One Question and Twenty Attempts at an Answer. London: Vintage Books, 2011.
Ball, Philip. Curiosity: How Science Became Interested in Everything. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013.
Bate, Jonathan, and Dora Thornton. Shakespeare’s Britain. London: British Museum Press, 2012.
Bate, Jonathan. Soul of the Age: A Biography of the Mind of William Shakespeare. New York: Random House, 2009. Citations are to the 2010 edition.
Baumgardt, Carola. Johannes Kepler: Life and Letters. New York: Philosophical Library, 1951.
Bell, Millicent. Shakespeare’s Tragic Skepticism. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2002.
Berman, David. A History of Atheism in Britain: From Hobbes to Russell. New York: Croom Helm, 1988.
Bertram, Benjamin. The Time Is Out of Joint: Skepticism in Shakespeare’s England. Newark, DE: University of Delaware Press, 2004.
Bevington, David. Shakespeare’s Ideas: More Things in Heaven and Earth. Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2008.
Bloom, Harold. King Lear. Bloom’s Shakespeare through the Ages. New York: Bloom’s Literary Criticism, 2008.
Bloom, Paul. “The Moral Life of Babies.” New York Times, May 5, 2010. Accessed online at http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/09/magazine/09babies-t.html?pagewanted=all.
Boas Hall, Marie. “Scientific Thought.” In Shakespeare in His Own Age, edited by Allardyce Nicoll. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1964.
Boorstin, Daniel J. The Discoverers: A History of Man’s Search to Know His World and Himself. New York: Vintage Books, 1985.
Bouwsma, William James. The Waning of the Renaissance, 1550–1640. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2002.
Bradley, A. C. Shakespearean Tragedy. Greenwich, CT: Fawcett Publications, n.d. First published 1904.
Brecht, Bertolt. Life of Galileo. Translated by John Willett. London: Methuen, 1980.
Bryson, Bill. Shakespeare. London: Harper Perennial, 2008.