15. Schwering, Berlin Court Under William II, p. 62.
16. Röhl, Wilhelm II, p. 639.
17. MacDonogh, The Last Kaiser, p. 252.
18. Carter, George, Nicholas and Wilhelm, p. 186.
19. MacDonogh, The Last Kaiser, p. 256.
20. Clark, Kaiser Wilhelm II, p. 126.
21. New York Times, March 25, 1905.
22. Gelardi, In Triumph’s Wake, p. 337.
23. Diary entry of Grand Duchess Xenia, June 5, 1901, in Lifelong Passion, Maylunas and Mironenko, p. 206.
24. Daily Mail, June 19, 1901.
25. Gill, We Two, p. 289.
26. Georgina Battiscombe, Queen Alexandra (London: Constable, 1969), p. 254.
27. Erickson, Alexandra, p. 145.
28. Grand Duchess Marie of Russia, Education of a Princess: A Memoir (New York: Viking Press, 1931), p. 56.
29. George, Prince of Wales, to Tsar Nicholas II, December 21, 1901, in George, Nicholas and Wilhelm, Carter, p. 198.
30. Gelardi, From Splendor to Revolution, pp. 174–175.
31. Erickson, Alexandra, p. 127.
32. Hall, Little Mother of Russia, p. 192.
33. Gelardi, From Splendor to Revolution, p. 209.
34. Duff, Queen Mary, p. 117.
35. Woodward, Queen Mary, p. 139.
36. Duff, Queen Mary, pp. 117–118.
37. Woodward, Queen Mary, p. 142.
38. Joseph Pope, The Tour of Their Royal Highnesses the Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and York Through the Dominion of Canada in the Year 1901 (Ottawa: S. E. Dawson, 1908), p. 64.
39. Ibid., pp. 73–74.
40. George, Duke of York, to Queen Alexandra, undated, 1901, GV/PRIV/AA 36/53, King George V Papers, the Royal Archives, in Queen Mary, Pope-Hennessy, pp. 362–363.
41. Pope, The Tour of Their Royal Highnesses, p. 80.
42. Clay, King, Kaiser, Tsar, p. 210.
43. Royal address of George, Duke of York, November 3, 1901, in The King to His People: Being the Speeches and Messages of His Majesty George V as Prince and Sovereign (London: Williams & Norgate, 1911), King George V of Great Britain, p. 79.
44. Carter, George, Nicholas and Wilhelm, p. 196.
45. Duff, Queen Mary, p. 120.
46. Clay, King, Kaiser, Tsar, p. 207.
47. The calculation is based on http://www.measuringworth.com/calculators/exchange/result_exchange.php (viewed on April 14, 2011).
48. Thomas, “Empress Zita,” The Catholic Counter-Reformation, p. 1.
49. James and Joanna Bogle, A Heart for Europe: The Lives of Emperor Charles and Empress Zita of Austria-Hungary (London: Gracewing, 1990), p. 32.
50. Robert George, Heirs of Tradition: Tributes of a New Zealander (Manchester, NH: Ayer Publishing, 1971), p. 201.
51. Ibid., p. 202.
52. Gelardi, Born to Rule, p. 94.
53. Ibid.
54. Paul Vassili, Confessions of the Czarina (New York: Harper & Bros., 1918), p. 52.
55. Carter, George, Nicholas and Wilhelm, p. 103.
56. Ibid., p. 270.
57. Gelardi, From Splendor to Revolution, p. 293.
58. Gelardi, Born to Rule, p. 66.
59. Kurth, Tsar, p. 54.
60. Erickson, Alexandra, p. 158.
61. Gelardi, From Splendor to Revolution, p. 182.
62. Gelardi, Born to Rule, p. 107.
63. Erickson, Alexandra, p. 159.
64. Mouchanow, My Empress, p. 155.
65. Diary entry of Tsar Nicholas II, July 30, 1904, in A Lifelong Passion, Maylunas and Mironenko, p. 243.
66. Rappaport, Last Days of the Romanovs, p. 88.
67. Diary entry of Tsar Nicholas II, September 8, 1904, in Black Night, White Snow: Russia’s Revolutions 1905–1917 (New York: Doubleday, 1977), Harrison E. Salisbury, p. 110.
68. Erickson, Alexandra, p. 161.
9: A Mother’s Heart
1. German Crown Prince, Memoirs, p. 68.
2. Erickson, Alexandra, p. 167.
3. Brook-Shepherd, Royal Sunset, p. 204.
4. Charles Hardinge, Old Diplomacy (London: John Murray, 1947), p. 114.
5. Carter, George, Nicholas and Wilhelm, p. 187.
6. Buxhoeveden, Alexandra Feodorovna, p. 109.
7. Kurth, Tsar, pp. 81-82.
8. Gelardi, From Splendor to Revolution, p. 188.
9. Ibid., p. 190.
10. Edward Crankshaw, Shadow of the Winter Palace: Russia’s Drift to Revolution, 1825–1917 (New York: Viking Press, 1976), p. 329.
11. Tsar Nicholas II to Emperor Wilhelm II, October 20, 1904, in The Willy-Nicky Correspondence: Being the Secret and Intimate Telegrams Exchanged Between the Kaiser and the Tsar (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1918), ed. Herman Bernstein, p. 67.
12. Gelardi, Born to Rule, p. 116.
13. Brook-Shepherd, Royal Sunset, p. 202.
14. Ian Vorres, The Last Grand Duchess: Her Imperial Highness Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrova (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1965), p. 113.
15. Schwering, Berlin Court Under William II, pp. 55–56.
16. Ibid., p. 57.
17. Eppinghoven, Private Lives, vol. 2, p. 335.
18. Cunliffe-Owen, Imperator et Rex, p. 257.
19. Schwering, Berlin Court Under William II, p. 55.
20. Cecil, Wilhelm II, p. 5.
21. Ernst von Heltzendorff and William Le Queux, The Secrets of Potsdam: A Startling Exposure of the Inner Life of the Courts of the Kaiser and Crown-Prince (London: London Mail, n.d.), p. 174.
22. Viktoria Luise, The Kaiser’s Daughter, p. 2.
23. Anonymous, Real Crown Prince, p. 15.
24. Schwering, Berlin Court Under William II, pp. 60–61.
25. German Crown Prince, Memoirs, p. 4.
26. Carter, George, Nicholas and Wilhelm, p. 274.
27. Röhl, Kaiser Wilhelm II, p. 104.
28. Cecil, Wilhelm II, p. 82.
29. Bothmer, Sovereign Ladies, p. 210.
30. Viktoria Luise, The Kaiser’s Daughter, p. 6.
31. New York Times, June 11, 1908.
32. Ibid., September 5, 1904.
33. Ibid., June 5, 1905.
34. Viktoria Luise, The Kaiser’s Daughter, p. 55.
35. German Crown Prince, Memoirs, p. 282.
36. Robert Zedlitz-Trützschler, Twelve Years at the Imperial German Court (London: Nisbet, 1924), p. 99.
37. Mme. la Marquise Fontenoy, Secret Memoirs of William II of Germany and Francis Joseph of Austria (London: Hutchinson, 1900), vol. 1, p. 193.
38. Catherine Radziwill, The Disillusions of a Crown Princess (New York: John Lane, 1919), p. 86.
39. Edwards, Matriarch, pp.142–143.
40. May, Princess of Wales, to George, Prince of Wales, undated, in Queen Mary, Pope-Hennessy, p. 386.
41. William Shawcross, Queen Elizabeth: The Queen Mother (Toronto: HarperCollins, 2009), p. 106.
42. Carter, George, Nicholas and Wilhelm, p. 199.
43. Cook, Prince Eddy (Kobo desktop version), ch. 12, para. 7.
44. Carter, George, Nicholas and Wilhelm, p. 198.
45. Edward, Duke of Windsor, A King’s Story (London: Cassell, 1951), pp. 24–25.
46. Eulalia, Infanta of Spain, Courts and Countries After the War (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1925), pp. 111–112.
47. May, Princess of Wales, to Hélène Bricka, September 13, 1904, in Queen Mary, Pope-Hennessy, p. 390.
48. May, Princess of Wales, to Hélène Bricka, December 19, 1905, in ibid, p. 391.
49. Edward Legge, King George and the Royal Family, (London: Grant Richards, 1918), vol. 1, p. 72.
50. Royal address of George, Prince of Wales, November 18, 1905, in The King to His People, King George V, p. 77.
51. Wakeford, Three Consort Queens, p. 170.
52. May, Princess of Wales, to Augusta, Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, April 7, 1906, in Queen Mary, Pope-Hennessy, p. 395.
53. Dennison, The Last Princess, p. 264.
54. Edwards, Matriarch
, p. 157.
55. Pope-Hennessy, Queen Mary, p. 400.
56. Gelardi, Born to Rule, p. 141.
57. Duff, Queen Mary, p. 126.
58. May, Princess of Wales, to Augusta, Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, May 31, 1906, in Queen Mary, Pope-Hennessy, pp. 401–402.
59. Duff, Queen Mary, p. 126.
60. Maud’s husband, King Haakon VII (1872–1957), was born Prince Carl of Denmark. His father, King Frederick VIII, was the eldest son of King Christian IX—the “grandfather of Europe.” King Frederick and Maud’s mother, Queen Alexandra, were siblings. This meant Haakon and Maud were first cousins. As a member of the Danish royal family, Haakon was also a first cousin to King George V, Tsar Nicholas II, and King Constantine I of Greece.
61. Pope-Hennessy, Queen Mary, pp. 401–402.
62. John Van der Kiste, Edward VII’s Children (Stroud, Gloucester: Alan Sutton Publishing 1989), p. 109.
63. Gelardi, Born to Rule, p. 147.
64. Wakeford, Three Consort Queens, p. 169.
65. Hough, Born Royal, p. 44.
10: Life’s Unexpected Trials
1. Norman Stone, Europe Transformed, 1878–1919, 2nd ed., (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 1999), p. 166.
2. W. Bruce Lincoln, In War’s Dark Shadow: The Russians Before the Great War (New York: Dial Press, 1983), p. 295.
3. Gelardi, Born to Rule, pp. 117–118.
4. Tsar Nicholas II to Empress Marie Feodorovna, October 19/November 9, 1905, in The Letters of Tsar Nicholas and Empress Marie, Bing, pp. 186–187.
5. Grand Duke Alexander, Once a Grand Duke, p. 225.
6. Elizabeth Narishkin-Kurakin, Under Three Tsars: The Memoirs of the Lady-in-Waiting Elizabeth Narishkin-Kurakin, ed. René Fülöp-Miller (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1931), p. 190.
7. V. N. Kokovtsov, Out of My Past: The Memoirs of Count Kokovtsov, trans. Laura Matveev, ed. H. H. Fisher (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1935), pp. 130–131.
8. Grand Duke Alexander, Once a Grand Duke, p. 227.
9. A. A. Mossolov, At the Court of the Last Tsar, trans. E. W. Dickes (London: Methuen, 1935), p. 139.
10. Gelardi, Born to Rule, p. 119.
11. Kurth, Tsar, p. 85.
12. Ibid., p. 120. Anna was originally born Anna Taneyeva but was married briefly to Alexander Viroubov. In an interesting twist, Anna was a descendent of Nicholas II’s great-great-grandfather Tsar Paul I. Through marriage, she and Alexandra were third cousins.
13. Ibid., p. 121.
14. Helen Rappaport, The Last Days of the Romanovs: Tragedy at Ekaterinburg (New York: Saint Martin’s Press, 2008), p. 60.
15. William Le Queux, Love Intrigues of the Kaiser’s Sons (New York: John Lane, 1918), p. 21.
16. Radziwill, Royal Marriage Market, p. 39.
17. Arthur Davis, The Kaiser As I Know Him (New York: Harper Brothers, 1918), p. 43.
18. Lowe, German Emperor William II, p. 29.
19. Anonymous, The Kaiser’s Heir, p. 28.
20. Empress Augusta Victoria to Emperor Wilhelm II, undated, 1892, in Wilhelm II, Röhl, p. 623.
21. Edward Lyell Fox, William Hohenzollern & Co (New York: Robert M. McBride, 1917), p. 33.
22. Radziwill, Disillusions of a Crown Princess, p. 90.
23. New York Times, November 6, 1907.
24. Diary entry of George, Prince of Wales, November 13, 1907, GV/PRIV/GVD, George V Papers, the Royal Archives, quoted in George, Nicholas and Wilhelm, Carter, pp. 297–298.
25. Wilhelm II, German Emperor, King of Prussia, The Kaiser’s Memoirs, trans. Thomas R. Ybarra (London: Harper & Bros., 1922), p. 117.
26. New York Times, November 17, 1907.
27. Van der Kiste, Queen Victoria’s Children, pp. 185–186.
28. Carter, George, Nicholas and Wilhelm, pp, 297–298.
29. New York Times, October 22, 1908.
30. Viktoria Luise, The Kaiser’s Daughter, p. 8.
31. Radziwill, Royal Marriage Market, pp. 38–39.
32. New York Times, November 17, 1907.
33. The calculation is based upon http://www.measuringworth.com/ppowerus/?redirurl=calculators/ppowerus/ (viewed on April 2, 2011).
34. Diary entry of George, Prince of Wales, August 2, 1909, GV/PRIV/GVD, King George V Papers, the Royal Archives, quoted in George, Nicholas and Wilhelm, Carter, p. 319.
35. Massie, Nicholas and Alexandra, p. 182.
36. Ibid.
37. Edwards, Matriarch, p. 172.
38. Diary entry of May, Princess of Wales, May 4, 1910, in Queen Mary, Pope-Hennessy, p. 412.
39. Packard, Victoria’s Daughters, pp. 332–333.
40. Diary entry of Queen Mary, May 6, 1910, in Queen Mary, Pope-Hennessy, p. 412.
41. Diary entry of King George V, May 6, 1910, in Matriarch, Edwards, p. 180.
42. Brandreth, Philip and Elizabeth, p. 56.
43. John Van der Kiste, Crowns in a Changing World: The British and European Monarchies, 1901–36 (London: Grange Books, 1993), pp. 71–73.
44. Michael Farquhar, Behind the Palace Doors: Five Centuries of Sex, Adventure, Vice, Treachery, and Folly from Royal Britain (New York: Random House, 2011), pp. 277–278.
45. Duff, Queen Mary, p. 135.
46. Queen Mary to Augusta, Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, May 15, 1910 in Queen Mary, Pope-Hennessy, p. 417.
47. The scale of the funeral, up to and including the august personages in attendance, was literally unmatched in history. Nothing close to it was seen until 1971, when Iran celebrated the twenty-five-hundred-year anniversary of the Persian Empire. This celebration of monarchy remains the largest gathering of world leaders in human history. The guest list included more than two dozen monarchs, royals, and viceroys, along with another thirty presidents and prime ministers.
48. Gelardi, Born to Rule, p. 170.
49. Barbara Tuchman, The Guns of August (New York: Ballantine Books Presidio Press, 2004), p. 1.
50. Empress Marie Feodorovna to Tsar Nicholas II, May 7/20, 1910, in Tsar Nicholas and Empress Marie, Bing, p. 254.
51. Tuchman, Guns of August, p. 4.
52. Carter, George, Nicholas and Wilhelm, p. 196.
53. Wakeford, Three Consort Queens, p. 150.
54. Edwards, Matriarch, p. 185.
55. Hall, Little Mother of Russia, p. 231.
56. Wakeford, Three Consort Queens, p. 150.
57. Queen Mary to King George V, October 22, 1910, GV/PRIV/CC8/118, King George V Papers, the Royal Archives, quoted in Queen Mary, Pope-Hennessy, p. 424.
58. Queen Mary to Augusta, Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, December 2, 1910, in ibid.
11: “We Must Help Each Other Get to Heaven”
1. Timothy Snyder, The Red Prince: Secret Lives of a Habsburg Archduke (London: Bodley Head, 2008), p. 73.
2. Carter, George, Nicholas and Wilhelm, p. 82.
3. Thomas, “Empress Zita,” The Catholic Counter-Reformation, p. 2.
4. The term Austria-Hungary was an unofficial one. Following the formation of the dual monarchy in 1867, the formal name of the empire became the Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council and the Lands of the Holy Hungarian Crown of Saint Stephen. Like the empire itself, the name was oversized, vague, and verbose.
5. Thomas, “Empress Zita,” The Catholic Counter-Reformation, p. 2.
6. Snyder, The Red Prince, p. 230.
7. John Gunther, “Habsburgs Again?” Foreign Affairs (July, 1934), vol. 12, no. 4, p. 579.
8. Maria Theresa was Zita’s maternal aunt, the sister of her mother, Maria Antonia. She was also Charles’s step-grandmother, having married his grandfather Archduke Charles Louis in 1873.
9. Albert von Margutti, The Emperor Francis Joseph and His Times (New York: George H. Doran, 1921), p. 153.
10. Thomas, “Empress Zita,” The Catholic Counter-Reformation, p. 1.
11. Brook-Shepherd, The Last Habsburg, p. 15.
12. Bogle, A Heart for Europe, p. 29.
13. Beech and Mc
Intosh, Empress Zita of Austria, p. 8.
14. Margutti, Emperor Francis Joseph, p. 153.
15. Radziwill, Royal Marriage Market, p. 17.
16. New York Times, January 28, 1903.
17. Bogle, A Heart for Europe, p. 32.
18. Duff, Queen Mary, p. 144.
19. Bogle, A Heart for Europe, p. 33.
20. Edwards, Matriarch, p. 213.
21. Duff, Queen Mary, p. 145.
22. Queen Mary to Augusta, Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, June 25, 1911, in Queen Mary, Pope-Hennessy, pp. 438–439.
23. Brook-Shepherd, The Last Habsburg, p. 21.
24. Duff, Queen Mary, p. 146.
25. Bogle, A Heart for Europe, p. 34.
26. Duff, Queen Mary, p. 145.
27. Bogle, A Heart for Europe, p. 35.
28. Ibid., p. 36.
29. Brook-Shepherd, The Last Empress, p. 19.
30. New York Times, December 18, 1910.
31. Carter, George, Nicholas and Wilhelm, p. 28.
32. Letter of Sir Henry Ponsonby, January 27, 1873, in Queen Victoria, Hibbert, p. 407.
33. Carter, George, Nicholas and Wilhelm, p. 43.
34. Shawcross, Queen Elizabeth, p. 106.
35. Pope-Hennessy, Queen Mary, p. 428.
36. Cook, Prince Eddy (Kobo desktop version), ch. 12, para. 7.
37. Wakeford, Three Consort Queens, p. 172–173.
38. Woodward, Queen Mary, p. 125.
39. Edwards, Matriarch, p. 69.
40. Anthony J. Camp, Royal Mistresses and Bastards: Fact and Fiction, 1714–1936 (Marlborough, Wiltshire: Heraldry Today, 2007), p. 9; Gelardi, Born to Rule, p. 110.
41. Kenneth Rose, George V (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2000), p. 96.
42. John Fortescue, Narrative of the Visit to India of Their Majesties King George V. and Queen Mary and of the Coronation Durbar Held at Delhi 12th December 1911 (London: Macmillan, 1912), p. 79.
43. Tsar Nicholas II to King George V, January 15/26, 1911, GV/PRIV/AA/43/151, the Royal Archives, quoted in George, Nicholas and Wilhelm, Carter, p. 329.
44. Duff, Queen Mary, p. 150.
45. Queen Mary to Augusta, Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, December 6, 1911, in Matriarch, Edwards, pp. 222–223.
46. Pope-Hennessy, Queen Mary, p. 454.
47. The calculation is based on http://www.measuringworth.com/calculators/exchange/result_exchange.php (viewed on April 14, 2011).
48. Diary entry of King George V, December 12, 1911, in Queen Mary, Pope-Hennessy, p. 447.
Imperial Requiem: Four Royal Women and the Fall of the Age of Empires Page 73