p. 268 Romantic Legends of Sakya Buddha: A Translation of the Chinese Version of the Abhiniskramana Sutra, Samuel Beal (original edition1875; reprinted Kila, MT, 2003), p. 130
p. 321 Hsuan-tang, Great Tang Records of the Western Regions, translated in Aurel Stein, Sand-Buried Ruins of Ancient Khotan (London, 1904; reprinted New Delhi, 2000), p. 229
p. 324 Stein, Aurel, Sand-Buried Ruins of Ancient Khotan (London, 1904; reprinted New Delhi, 2000), P. 251
p. 328 Stephens, John Lloyd, Incidents of Travel in Central America, Chiapas and Yucatan (New York, 1841)
p. 330 Diego de Landa, Relación De Las Cosas De Yucatán, translated in William Gates, Yucatan Before and After the Conquest (New York, 1978)
p. 333 Haddawy, H. (trans.), The Arabian Nights: Based on the Text Edited by Muhsin Mahdi (New York, 2008), p. 153
p. 336 Al-Shābushti, Abūal-Hasan Ali b. Muhammad, Kitāb al-Diyārāt, ed. K. ‘Awwād (Baghdad, 1986), pp. 160–61; translated in Alastair Northedge, ‘The Palaces of the Abbasids at Samarra’, in Chase F. Robinson (ed.), A Medieval Islamic City Reconsidered: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Samarra, Oxford Studies in Islamic Art XIV (Oxford, 2001), 29–67
p. 338 Ibn al-Mu’tazz, ‘Abd Allah, Dīwān (Cairo, 1977), vol. 2, p. 217; translated in Julie Scott-Meisami, ‘The Palace Complex as Emblem: Some Samarran Qaşīdas’, in Chase F. Robinson (ed.), A Medieval Islamic City Reconsidered: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Samarra, Oxford Studies in Islamic Art XIV (Oxford, 2001), 69–78
p. 341 The Chronicle of Waulsort, translated in Genevra Kornbluth, Engraved Gems of the Carolingian Empire (Pennsylvania, 1995), p. 33
p. 344 Sedulius Scottus, De Rectoribus Christianis, translated in Genevra Kornbluth, Engraved Gems of the Carolingian Empire (Pennsylvania, 1995), p. 47
p. 364 Ibn Fadlan, Ahmad, Kitāb ilā Mulk al-Saqāliba, translated in J. Brønsted, The Vikings (London, 1960), p. 265
p. 373 Ōkagami, the Great Mirror: Fujiwara Michinaga (966–1027) and His Times, translated Helen Craig McCullough (Princeton, 1980), p. 86
p. 375 From the diary of Murasaki Shikidu’, translated in Annie Shepley Omori and Koci Doi, Diaries of Court Ladies of Old Japan (Boston, 1920)
p. 380 Raffles, Thomas Stamford, The History of Java, vol. 2 (1817)
p. 387 Corrêa, Gaspar, The Three Sea Voyages of Vasco de Gama (London, 18690, pp. 291–2
p. 395 Clancy, T. O., The Triumph Tree: Scotland’s Earliest Poetry AD 550–1350 (Edinburgh, 1998), p. 288
p. 420 Bartolomé de las Casas, Historia de las Indias, translated in Jose R. Oliver, Caciques and Cemi Idols (Tuscaloosa, 2009), p. 83
p. 446 Bernardino de Sahagún, Historia general de las cosas de Nueva España (1550), translated as Florentine Codex: General History of the Things of New Spain, by C. E. Dibble and A. J. O. Andrerseon (Salt Lake City, 1950–82), vol. 1, p. 23
p. 468 Translated in Felicia J. Hecker, ‘A fifteenth-century Chinese Diplomat in Herat’, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, third series, 3 (1993), 85–98
p. 474 Garcilaso de la Vega (‘el Inca’), Comentarios reales de los Incas (1609), translated as: H. V. Livermore, Royal Commentaries of the Incas and general History of Peru (Austin, 1966), vol. 1, pp. 360–62
p. 475 Ibid., p. 550
p. 486 Antonio Sanfelice, translated in Silvio A. Bendini, The Pope’s Elephant (Manchester, 1997), p. 129
p. 494 Translated in J. J. Leopold, ‘The Construction of Schlottheim’s Nef’, in J, Fritsch (ed.), Ships of Curiosity: Three Renaissance Automata (Paris, 2001), at pp. 68–9
pp. 499–500 Dapper, Olfert, Description of Benin, translated in Henry Ling Roth, Great Benin: Its Customs, Arts and Horrors (Halifax, 1903), p. 160
p. 501 Read, C. H., and O. M. Dalton, ‘Works of Art from Benin City’, Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, 27 (1898), 362–82
p. 507 (1) Bernal Díaz del Castillo, The Discovery and Conquest of Mexico, translated A. P. Maudslay (New York, 1956), p. 190
p. 507 (2) Fray Diego Durán, Historia de las Indias de Nueva Espana, y Islas de la Tierra Firme, translated in Michael E. Smith, ‘The Role of Social Stratification in the Aztec Empire: A View from the Provinces’, American Anthropologist, 88 (1986), 70–91
p. 513 Letter of Filippo Sassetti, translated in R.W. Lightbown, ‘Oriental Art in Late Renaissance and Baroque Italy’, Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, 32 (1969), pp. 228–79
p. 518 Alvaro Alonso Barba, El Arte de los Metales (The Art of Metals) (1640) translated in A Collection of Scarce and Valuable Treatises Upon Metals, Mines, and Minerals (1738, reprinted 2008)
p. 518–19 Capoche, Luis, Relación general de la Villa Imperiale de Potosi (1585), translated in P. Vilar, A History of Gold and Money (London, 1991), p. 127
P. 522 Gonsalez de Cellorigo, Memorial de la Politica necesaria y util a la Republica de Espana (Valladolid, 1600) translated in Jon Cowans, Early Modern Spain: A Documentary History (Philadelphia, 2003), pp.133–41
p. 535 The Tūzuk-i-Jahangiri, or Memoirs of Jahangir, translated Alexander Rogers (London, 1909–14), vol. 1, p. 37
p. 535–6 (1) The Embassy of Sir Thomas Roe to the Court of the Great Mogul 1615–1619, as Narrated in His Journal and Correspondence, edited by William Foster (London, 1899), vol. 2., p. 382
p. 536 (2) The Tūzuk-i-Jahangiri, or Memoirs of Jahangir, translated by Alexander Rogers (London, 1909–14), vol. 1, p. 355
p. 548–9 Letter of Juan de Zumàrraga, translated in Martin Austin Nesvig, ‘The “Indian Question” and the Case of Tlatelolco’, in Martin Austin Nesvig (ed.), Local Religion in Colonial Mexico (Alburquerque, 2006), p. 79
p. 558 John Locke, A Letter Concerning Toleration (Huddersfield, 1796), pp. 9–10
p. 563–4 Chambers, Ephraim, Cyclopaedia; or An Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences (London, 1728), vol. 2, p. 623
p. 570–71 Samwell, David, A Narrative of the Death of Captain James Cook (London, 1786)
p. 575 Published in American State Papers, Documents, Legislative and Executive, of the Congress of the United States from the Second Session of the Eleventh to the Third Session of the Thirteenth Congress Inclusive, Class ii: Indian Affairs (Washington, 1834), pp. 339–40
p. 577 Diagram from Lewis, G. Malcom, ‘An Early Map of Skin of the Area Later to Become Indiana and Illinois’, British Library Journal, 22 (1996), 66-87
p. 602 Johnson, Samuel, ‘Review of “A Journal of Eight Days Journey” ’, The Literary Magazine, 2, no.13 (1757)
p. 603 English translation of Geijer quoted in Alan and Iris Macfarlane, Green Gold: The Empire of Tea (London, 2003), pp. 71–2
p. 605 H. Evershed, ‘The Farming of Surrey’, Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England, 1st series, 14 (1853), pp. 402–3
p. 611 Online source: http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/japan/japanworkbook/modernhist/perry.html#document
p. 621–2 ‘Scrapbook for 1912: Vera Brittain Introduces Dame Ethel Smyth’, National Programme (BBC, first broadcast 9 March 1937)
p. 623 Female Suffrage: A Letter from the Right Hon. W. E. Gladstone, M. P. to Samuel Smith, M. P. (London, 1892)
p. 624 (1) Transcript of a speech made by Christabel Pankhurst, 1908 (Copyright © British Library)
p. 624 (2) Mary Richardson quoted in ‘National Gallery Outrage. Suffragist Prisoner in Court. Extent of Damage’, The Times, 11 March 1914
p. 631 Letter from the State Porcelain Factory, 4 June 1920, translated in Tamara Kudryavtseva, Circling the Square: Avant-garde Porcelain from Revolutionary Russia (London, 2004), p. 27
p. 637 Cavafy, Constantine, ‘In the Dreary Village’, translated by John Mavrogordato (London, 1974)
p. 638 Hockney, David, Hockney by Hockney (London, 1979), p. 23
Picture Credits and Text Acknowledgements
p. 167 (tomb of Cyrus) copyright © Robert Harding Picture Library Ltd / Alamy
p. 189 (La Venta) copyright © Danita Delimont / Alamy
p. 246 (Two ballp
layers at the court of King Charles V, by Christoph Weiditz (1528)) photograph courtesy of Germanisches Nationalmuseum, Nuremberg
p. 275 (Neasden temple) copyright © David Churchill / arcaidimages.com
p. 381 (Borobodur) copyright © ImageState / Alamy
p. 383 (ship detail from Borobodur) copyright © Wolfgang Kaehler / Alamy
p. 429 (Sainte-Chapelle window) photograph Bernard Acloque copyright © Centre des monuments nationaux, Paris
p. 526 (interior of cathedral at Isfahan) copyright © Arkreligion.com / Michael Good
p. 529 (detail of mosque at Isfahan ) copyright © Arkreligion.com / Tibor Bognar
p. 551 (pilgrims at Virgin of Guadalupe) copyright © Juan Barreto / AFP / Getty Images
p. 588 (the Qianlong emperor) reproduced courtesy of the Palace Museum, Beijing
p. 590 (the Qianlong emperor’s white bowl) reproduced courtesy of the Palace Museum, Beijing
p. 625 (50p coin) reproduced by courtesy of the Royal Mint
Acknowledgements
A History of the World in 100 Objects has been created in partnership with BBC Radio 4. Without Mark Damazer’s championing, this project would not have happened. I would like to extend my warmest thanks to him.
I am grateful to Jane Ellison, Commissioning Editor at Radio 4 and Joanna Mackle, Director of Public Engagement at the British Museum, for bringing the BBC and BM together to realize the full potential of this ambitious project, not just on Radio 4. My extended thanks to Rob Ketteridge and the BBC editorial and production team in the Documentaries Unit, BBC Audio & Music Production – Philip Sellars, Anthony Denselow, Paul Kobrak, Rebecca Stratford, Jane Lewis and Tamsin Barber – for bringing the programmes to life so vividly on radio.
Although I appear as the author of the series and this book, they are in fact the work of many hands. A History of the World in 100 Objects has been in every sense a team effort, which would not have been possible without the knowledge and skills, hard work and dedication of many colleagues. This book is the culmination of many people’s work, and I would like to take this opportunity to thank those who were most closely connected with the project. For their extensive curatorial research and guidance: J. D. Hill, Barrie Cook and Ben Roberts; for working closely with me and the curatorial team in shaping the scripts for broadcast on which these chapters are based, Patricia Wheatley; for managing the History of the World project at the British Museum, including this book, Emma Kelly; for their support in every element of this book and the wider project, Rosalind Winton and Becky Allen; for their boundless patience, my closest colleagues – Kate Harris, Polly Miller and Lisa Shaw, and my Deputy Director Andrew Burnett.
I should also like to thank curatorial colleagues and the scientists and conservation experts whose research and knowledge underpin every chapter in this book. Thanks to the Museum Assistants who have given their time to provide ongoing and unprecedented access to these objects over the last few years and to the photography team for the images in this book.
I would like to thank the many people who have contributed to the wider project and its groundbreaking website. It is due to the energy, dedication and support of Museum professionals and BBC teams across England, Wales, Northern Ireland and Scotland that the ideas which underpin this project have reached such a wide audience.
My thanks too must be extended to CBBC, who worked in partnership with the Museum to bring thirteen of the objects from the series to life for children in a unique series of TV programmes, supported by a schools initiative.
From the British Museum, I would like to thank Hannah Boulton, Frances Carey, Sara Carroll, Katie Childs, Matthew Cock, Holly Davies, Sonia D’Orsi, Rosemary Folkes, David Francis, Lynne Harrison, Caroline Ingham, Rosanna Kwok, Susan La Niece, Ann Lumley, Sarah Marshall, Pippa Pearce, David Prudames, Susan Raikes, Olivia Rickman, Margaux Simms, Clare Tomlinson and Simon Wilson.
From the BBC, I would like to thank Seamus Boyd, Claire Burgoyne, Katherine Campbell, Andrew Caspari, Tony Crabb, Sian Davis, Craig Henderson, Susan Lovell, Christina Macaulay, Claire McArthur, Kathryn Morrison, Jamie Rea, Angela Roberts, Paul Sargeant, Gillian Scothern, Shauna Todd and Christine Woodman.
And finally, my thanks to Stuart Proffitt, Publishing Director of Allen Lane, who was able to re-imagine this series as a book, and to the team at Penguin: Andrew Barker, James Blackman, Janet Dudley, Richard Duguid, Caroline Hotblack, Claire Mason, Donna Poppy, Jim Stoddart, Shan Vahidy and especially John Gribbin, who did much of the work turning the radio scripts into book prose.
A special debt of thanks to all the outside contributors to the series and the book, whose voices have so enriched our understanding of the objects and who have given so generously of their time, knowledge and insight. It has not been possible, for reasons of space, to include all the radio contributions in the book, but that does not lessen my gratitude for them.
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