Menzler, K., ‘Men and Women Are Different: Diffusion Tensor Imaging Reveals Sexual Dimorphism in the Microstructure of the Thalamus, Corpus Callosum and Cingulum’, NeuroImage 54 (2011), 2557–62
NeuroImage, Virtual Special Issue on Neuroimaging Gender Differences, 2012
Ngun, T. C., N. Ghahramani, F. J. Sánchez, S. Bocklandt and E. Vilain, ‘The Genetics of Sex Differences in Brain and Behaviour’, Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology 32 (2011), 227–46
Pfaff, D. W., Man and Woman, Oxford University Press, 2011
Savic, I. (ed.), Sex Differences in the Human Brain: Their Underpinnings, and Implications, Elsevier, 2010
Savic, I., A. Garcia-Falgueras and D. F. Swaab, ‘Sexual Differentiation of the Human Brain in Relation to Gender Identity and Sexual Orientation’, Progress in Brain Research 186 (2010), 41–62
Stevens, J. S., and S. Hamann, ‘Sex Differences in Brain Activation to Emotional Stimuli: A Meta-analysis of Neuroimaging Studies’, Neuropsychologia 50 (2012), 1578–93
Tomasi, D., and N. D. Volkow, ‘Gender Differences in Brain Functional Connectivity Density’, Human Brain Mapping 33 (2011), 849–60
Trabzuni, D., A. Ramasamy, S. Imran, R. Walker, C. Smith, M. E. Weale, J. Hardy and M. Ryten, ‘Widespread sex differences in gene expression and splicing in the adult human brain’, Nature Communications 22 (2013), 2771
Westerhausen, R., K. Kompus, M. Dramsdahl, L. E. Falkenberg, R. Grüne, H. Hjelmervik, K. Specht, K. Plessen and K. Hugdahl, ‘A Critical Re-examination of Sexual Dimorphism in the Corpus Callosum Microstructure’, NeuroImage 56 (2011), 874–80
Zaidi, Z. F., ‘Gender Differences in Human Brain: a Review’, Open Anatomy Journal 2 (2010), 37–55
6 Children
Ardila, A., M. Rosselli, A. Matute and O. Inozemtseva, ‘Gender Differences in Cognitive Development’, Developmental Psychology 47 (2011), 984–90
Benenson, J. F., R. Tennyson and R. W. Wrangham, ‘Male More Than Female Infants Imitate Propulsive Motion’, Cognition 21 (2011), 262–7
Berenbaum, S. A., and A. M. Beltz, ‘Sexual Differentiation of Human Behaviour: Effects of Prenatal and Pubertal Organizational Hormones’, Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology 32 (2011), 183–200
Cheslack-Postava, K. and R. M. Jordan-Young, ‘Spectrum Disorders: Toward a Gendered Embodiment Model’, Social Science and Medicine 74 (2012), 1667–74
Connellan, J., S. Baron-Cohen, S. Wheelwright, A. Batki and J. Ahluwalia, ‘Sex Differences in Human Neonatal Social Perception’, Infant Behavior and Development 23 (2000), 113–18
Dedovic, K., M. Wadiwall, V. Engert and J. C. Pruessner, ‘The Role of Sex and Gender Socialization in Stress Reactivity’, Developmental Psychology 45 (2009), 45–55
Eliot, L., Pink Brain, Blue Brain: How Small Differences Grow into Troublesome Gaps–and What We Can Do About It, Oneworld, 2010
Hines, M., ‘Sex-related Variation in Human Behaviour and the Brain’, Trends in Cognitive Sciences 14 (2010), 448–56
Jadva, V., M. Hines and S. Golombok, ‘Infants’ Preferences for Toys, Colors, and Shapes: Sex Differences and Similarities’, Archives of Sexual Behavior 39 (2010), 1261–73
Lippa, R. A., Gender, Nature, and Nurture, Psychology Press, 2nd edition, 2005
Martin, C. L., and D. N. Ruble, ‘Patterns of Gender Development’, Annual Review of Psychology 61 (2009), 353–81
Pasterski, V., M. E. Geffner, C. Brain, P. Hindmarsh, C. Brook, and M. Hines, ‘Prenatal Hormones and Childhood Sex Segregation: Playmate and Play Style Preferences in Girls with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia’, Hormones and Behaviour 59 (2011), 549–55
Richardson, H. L., ‘Sleeping Like a Baby: Does Gender Influence Infant Arousability?’, Sleep 33 (2010), 1055–60
Schumm, W. R., ‘Re-evaluation of the “No Differences” Hypothesis Concerning Gay and Lesbian Parenting as Assessed in Eight Early (1979–1986) and Four Later (1997–1998) Dissertations’, Psychological Reports 103 (2008), 275–30
Zakriski, A. L., J. C. Wright, and M. K. Underwood, ‘Gender Similarities and Differences in Children’s Social Behavior: Finding Personality in Contextualized Patterns of Adaptation’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 88 (2005), 844–55
Zosuls, K. M., D. N. Ruble, C. S. Tamis-Lemonda, P. E. Shrout, M. H. Bornstein and F. K. Greulich, ‘The Acquisition of Gender Labels in Infancy: Implications for Gender-typed Play’, Developmental Psychology 45 (2009), 688–701
7 Sex
Bancroft, J., and C. A. Graham, ‘The Varied Nature of Women’s Sexuality: Unresolved Issues and a Theoretical Approach’, Hormones and Behaviour 59 (2011), 717–29
Bao, A.-M., and D. F. Swaab, ‘Sex Differences in the Brain, Behavior, and Neuropsychiatric Disorders’, Neuroscientist 16 (2010), 550–65
Berenbaum, S. A., and A. M. Beltz, ‘Sexual Differentiation of Human Behaviour: Effects of Prenatal and Pubertal Organizational Hormones’, Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology 32 (2011), 183–200
Diamond, L. S., Sexual Fluidity: Understanding Women’s Love and Desire, Harvard, 2008
Garcia-Falgueras, A., and D. F. Swaab, ‘A Sex Difference in the Hypothalamic Uncinate Nucleus: Relationship to Gender Identity’, Brain 131 (2008), 3132–46
Garcia-Falgueras, A., and D. F. Swaab, ‘A Sex Difference in the Hypothalamic Uncinate Nucleus: Relationship to Gender Identity’, Brain 131.12 (2008), 3132–6
Goode, S. D., Paedophiles in Society: Reflecting on Sexuality, Abuse and Hope, Palgrave Macmillan, 2011
Hamann, S., ‘Sex Differences in the Responses of the Human Amygdala’, Neuroscientist 11 (2005), 288–93
LeVay, S., Gay, Straight, and the Reason Why: the Science of Sexual Orientation, Oxford University Press, 2011
Lloyd, E. A., The Case of the Female Orgasm: Bias in the Science of Evolution, Harvard, 2005
Ngun, T. C., N. Ghahramani, F. J. Sánchez, S. Bocklandt and E. Vilain, ‘The Genetics of Sex Differences in Brain and Behaviour’, Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology 32 (2011), 227–46
Perrett, D., In Your Face: The New Science of Human Attractiveness, Palgrave Macmillan, 2010
Shanley, D. P., R. Sear R. Mace and T. B. Kirkwood, ‘Testing evolutionary theories of menopause’, Proceedings of the Royal Society B 274, no. 1628 (7 Dec. 2007) 2943–9
Swami, V., and M. J. Tovée, ‘Female physical attractiveness in Britain and Malaysia. A Cross-cultural Study’, Body Image 2 (2005) 115–28
Thornhill, R., and S. W. Gangestad, ‘Facial Attractiveness’, Trends in Cognitive Sciences 3 (1999), 452–60.
Wallen, K., and K. A. Lloyd, ‘Female Sexual Arousal: Genital Anatomy and Orgasm in Intercourse’, Hormones and Behaviour 59 (2011), 780–92
8 Emotions
Azim, E., D. Mobbs, B. Jo, V. Menon and A. L. Reiss, ‘Sex Differences in Brain Activation Elicited by Humor’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 102 (2005), 16496–501
Baillargeon, R. H., M. Zoccolillo, K. Keenan, S. Côté, D. Pérusse, H. Wu, M. Boivin and R. E. Tremblay, ‘Gender Differences in Physical Aggression: a Prospective Population-based Survey of Children Before and After Two Years of Age’, Developmental Psychology 43 (2007), 13–26
Baron-Cohen, S., The Essential Difference: Men, Women and the Extreme Male Brain, Penguin, 2003
Baron-Cohen, S., and S. Wheelwright, ‘The Empathy Quotient: An Investigation of Adults with Asperger Syndrome or High Functioning Autism, and Normal Sex Differences,’ Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 34, no. 2 (2004), 163–75
Bianchin, M., and A. Angrilli, ‘Gender Differences in Emotional Responses: A Psychophysiological Study’, Physiology and Behavior 105 (2011), 925–32
Böhnke, R., K. Bertsch, M. R. Kruk, S. Richter and E. Naumann, ‘Exogenous Cortisol Enhances Aggressive Behaviour in Females, but Not in Males’, Psychoneuroendocrinology 35 (2010), 1034–44
Chapman, E., S. Baron-Cohen, B. Auyeung, R. Knickmeyer, K. Taylor and G. Hackett, ‘Fetal Testosterone and Empathy: Evidence from the Empathy Quotient (EQ) and the
“Reading the Mind in the Eyes” Test’, SocialNeuroscience 1 (2006), 135–48
Cross, C. P., L. T. Copping and A. Campbell, ‘Sex Differences in Impulsivity: A Meta-analysis’, Psychological Bulletin 137 (2011), 97–130
Del Giudice, M., T. Booth and P. Irwing, ‘The Distance Between Mars and Venus: Measuring Global Sex Differences in Personality’, PLoS ONE 7.1 (2012), e29265
Derntl, B., A. Finkelmeyer, S. Eickhoff, T. Kellermann, D. I. Falkenberg, F. Schneider and U. Habel, ‘Multidimensional Assessment of Empathic Abilities: Neural Correlates and Gender Differences’, Psychoneuroendocrinology 35 (2010), 67–82
de Vignemont, F., and T. Singer, ‘The Empathic Brain: How, When and Why’, Trends in Cognitive Sciences 10 (2006), 435–41
Geary, D. C., Male, Female: the Evolution of Human Sex Differences, American Psychological Society, 1998
Ginsburg, J., ‘Sex Differences in Children’s Physical Risktaking Behaviors: Natural Observations at the San Antonio Zoological Gardens’, North American Journal of Psychology 9 (2007), 407–14
Goldstein, J. M., M. Jerram, B. Abbs, S. Whitfield-Gabrieli and N. Makris, ‘Sex Differences in Stress Response Circuitry Activation Dependent on Female Hormonal Cycle’, Journal of Neuroscience 30 (2010), 431–8
Hamann, S., ‘Sex Differences in the Responses of the Human Amygdala’, Neuroscientist 11 (2005), 288–93
Hertenstein, M. J., and D. Keltner, ‘Gender and the Communication of Emotion Via Touch’, Sex Roles 64 (2011), 70–80
Knickmeyer, R., S. Baron-Cohen, P. Raggatt and K. Taylor, ‘Foetal testosterone, social relationships and restricted interests in children’, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 46:2 (2005) 198–210
Kohn, N., T. Kellermann, R. C. Gur, F. Schneider and U. Habel, ‘Gender Differences in the Neural Correlates of Humor Processing: Implications for Different Processing Modes’, Neuropsychologia 49 (2011), 888–97
Kret, M. E., S. Pichon, J. Grèzes and B. de Gelder, ‘Men Fear Other Men Most: Gender Specific Brain Activations in Perceiving Threat from Dynamic Faces and Bodies–an fMRI Study’, Frontiers in Emotion Science 2 (2011), 1–11
Kuschel, R., ‘ “Women Are Women and Men Are Men”: How Bellonese Women Get Even’, in K. Bjorkqvist and P. Niemele (eds), Of Mice and Women: Aspects of Female Aggression, Academic Press, 1992, 173–85
Lawrence, E. J., P. Shaw, D. Baker, S. Baron-Cohen and A. S. David, ‘Measuring Empathy: Reliability and Validity of the Empathy Quotient’, Psychological Medicine 34 (2004), 911–24
Levy, K. N. and K. M. Kelly, ‘Sex differences in jealousy: a contribution from attachment theory’, 21:2 (2010) Psychological Science, 168–73
MacCoby, E., The Two Sexes: Growing Up Apart, Coming Together, Harvard University Press, 1998
Mercadillo, R. E., J. L. Díaz, E. H. Pasaye and F. A. Barrios, ‘Perception of Suffering and Compassion Experience: Brain Gender Disparities’, Brain and Cognition 76 (2011), 5–14
Mestre, M. V., P. Samper, M. D. Frías and A. M. Tur, ‘Are Women More Empathetic Than Men? A Longitudinal Study in Adolescence’, Spanish Journal of Psychology 12 (2009), 76–83
Nettle, D., ‘Empathizing and Systemizing: What Are They, and What Do They Contribute to Our Understanding of Psychological Sex Differences?’British Journal of Psychology 98 (2007), 237–55
Ohrmann, P., A. Pedersen, M. Braun, J. Bauer, H. Kugel, A. Kersting, K. Domschke, J. Deckert and T. Suslow, ‘Effect of Gender on Processing Threat-related Stimuli in Patients with Panic Disorder: Sex Does Matter’ Depress Anxiety 27 (2010), 1034–43
Proverbio, A. M., R. Adorni, A. Zani and L. Trestianu, ‘Sex Differences in the Brain Response to Affective Scenes With or Without Humans’, Neuropsychologia 47 (2009), 2374–88
Provine, R., Laughter: A Scientific Investigation, Penguin, 2009
Schulte-Rüther, M., H. J. Markowitsch, N. J. Shah, G. R. Fink and M. Piefke, ‘Gender Differences in Brain Networks Supporting Empathy’, NeuroImage 42 (2008), 393–403
Van Honk, J., D. J. Schutter, P. A. Bos, A. W. Kruijt, E. G. Lentjes and S. Baron-Cohen, ‘Testosterone Administration Impairs Cognitive Empathy in Women Depending on Second-to-Fourth Digit Ratio’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 108 (2011), 3448–52
Vigil, J. M., ‘A Socio-relational Framework of Sex Differences in the Expression of Emotion’, Behavioural and Brain Sciences 32 (2009), 375–428
9 Mathematics
Beilock, S. L., E. A. Gunderson, G. Ramirez and S. C. Levine, ‘Female Teachers’ Math Anxiety Affects Girls’ Math Achievement’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107 (2010), 1860–3
Ceci, S. J., and W. M. Williams, ‘Sex Differences in Maths-Intensive Fields’, Current Directions in Psychological Science 19 (2010), 275–9
Ceci, S. J., and W. M. Williams, ‘Understanding Current Causes of Women’s Underrepresentation in Science’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 108 (2011), 3157–62
Chen, J. C., S. Owusu-Ofori, D. Pai, E. Toca-McDowell, S.-L. Wang and C. K. A. Waters, ‘A Study of Female Academic Performance in Mechanical Engineering’, Proceedings of the Frontiers in Education 26th Annual Conference vol. 2 (1996), 779–82
Flory, J. A., A. Leibbrandt and J. A. List, Do Competitive Work Places Deter Female Workers? National Bureau of Economic Research, 2010
Halpern, D. F., C. F. Benbow, D. C. Geary, R. C. Gur, J. S. Hyde and M. A. Gernsbacher, ‘The Science of Sex Differences in Science and Maths’, Psychological Science in the Public Interest 8 (2007), 1–51
Haworth, C. M., P. S. Dale and R. Plomin, ‘Sex Differences in School Science Performance from Middle Childhood to Early Adolescence’, International Journal of Educational Research 49 (2010), 92–101
Lawrence, P. A., ‘Men, Women, and Ghosts in Science’, PLoS Biol 4.1 (2006), e19
Whaley, L. A., Women’s History as Scientists: A Guide to the Debates, ABC-Clio, 2003
10 Skills
Berenbaum, S. A., K. L. Bryk and A. M. Beltz, ‘Early Androgen Effects on Spatial and Mechanical Abilities: Evidence from Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia’, Behavioral Neuroscience 126 (2012), 86–96
Cohen, N. R., M. Pomplun, B. J. Gold and R. Sekuler,, ‘Sex Differences in the Acquisition of Complex Skilled Movements’, Experimental Brain Research 205 (2010), 183–93
Hahn, N., P. Jansen and M. Heil, ‘Preschoolers’ Mental Rotation: Sex Differences in Hemispheric Asymmetry’, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 22 (2010), 1244–50
Hassan, B., and Q. Rahman, ‘Selective Sexual Orientation-related Differences in Object Location Memory’, Behavioral Neuroscience 121 (2007), 625–33
Hausmann, M., D. Slabbekoorn, S. H. Van Goozen, P. T. Cohen-Kettenis and O. Güntürkün, ‘Sex hormones affect spatial abilities during the menstrual cycle,’ Behavioral Neuroscience 114 (2000), 1245–50
Hines, M., B. A. Fane, V. L. Pasterski, G. A. Mathews, G. S. Conway and C. Brook, ‘Spatial Abilities Following Prenatal Androgen Abnormality: Targeting and Mental Rotations Performance in Individuals with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia’, Psychoneuroendocrinology 28 (2003), 1010–26
Hines, M., ‘Sex-related Variation in Human Behaviour and the Brain’, 194 Trends in Cognitive Sciences 14 (2010), 448–56
Hyde, J. S., ‘The Gender Similarities Hypothesis’, American Psychologist 60 (2005), 581–92
Lippa, R. A., M. L. Collaer and M. Peters, ‘Sex Differences in Mental Rotation and Line Angle Judgments Are Positively Associated with Gender Equality and Economic Development Across Fifty-three Nations’, Archives of Sexual Behavior 39 (2010), 990–7
Maylor, E. A., S. Reimers, J. Choi, M. L. Collaer, M. Peters and I. Silverman, ‘Gender and Sexual Orientation Differences in Cognition Across Adulthood: Age Is Kinder to Women Than to Men Regardless of Sexual Orientation’, Archives of Sexual Behaviour 36:2 (2007) 235–49
Mendrek, A., N. Lakis and J. Jiménez, ‘Associations of sex steroid hormones with cerebral activations during mental rot
ation in men and women with schizophrenia’, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 36 (2011), 1422–6
Rahman, Q., C. Newland and B. M. Smyth, ‘Sexual Orientation and Spatial Position Effects on Selective Forms of Object Location Memory’, Brain and Cognition 75 (2011), 217–24
Ruggieroa, G., I. Sergi and T. Iachini, ‘Gender Differences in Remembering and Inferring Spatial Distances’, Memory 16.8 (2008), 821–35
Wraga, M., M. Helt, E. Jacobs and K. Sullivan, ‘Neural basis of stereotype-induced shifts in women’s mental rotation performance’, Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 2.1 (2007), 12–19
Zündorf, I. C., H.-O. Karnath and J. Lewald, ‘Male Advantage in Sound Localization at Cocktail Parties’, Cortex (2011), 741–9
11 Language
Allendorfer, J. B., C. J. Lindsell, M. Siegel, C. L. Banks, J. Vannest, S. K. Holland and J. P. Szaflarski, ‘ Females and males are highly similar in language performance and cortical activation patterns during verb generation’, Cortex (2012), 1218–33
Barnes, D., ‘Language and Learning in the Classroom’, Journal of Curriculum Studies 3:1 (1971), 27–38
Burman, D. D., ‘Sex Differences in Neural Processing of Language among Children’, Neuropsychologia 46 (2008), 349–62
Burman, D. D., T. Bitan and J. R. Booth, ‘Sex Differences in Neural Processing of Language among Children,’ Neuropsychologia 46 (2008), 1349–62
Cameron, D., The Myth of Mars and Venus, Oxford University Press, 2007
Chiarello, C., S. E. Welcome, L. K. Halderman, S. Towler, J. Julagay, R. Otto and C. M. Leonard, ‘A Large-scale Investigation of Lateralization in Cortical Anatomy and Word Reading: Are There Sex Differences?’, Neuropsychology 23 (2009), 210–22
Diprete, T. A., and J. L. Jennings, ‘Social and Behavioral Skills and the Gender Gap in Early Educational Achievement’, Social Science Research 41 (2011) 1–15
Galsworthy, M. J., G. Dionne, P. S. Dale, and R. Plomin, ‘Sex Differences in Early Verbal and Non-verbal Cognitive Development’, Developmental Science 3 (2000), 206–15
Gauthier, C. T., M. Duyme, M. Zanca and C. Capron, ‘Sex and Performance Level Effects on Brain Activation During a Verbal Fluency Task: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study’, Cortex (2009) 164–76
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