by Tom Holland
Herakleopolis
Hijaz region of Arabia, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 7.1, 7.2
Himyar, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5*, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2
Hindu Kush, 2.1, 7.1
Hira (city), 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4
Hisham, Caliph, 7.1, 7.2
Holy Land: Arab conquest of, 1.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3; Jesus and, 4.1, 4.2; New Testament and, 4.3; Christian pilgrimages to, 4.4, 4.5; tourist boom after Constantine’s conversion, 4.6, 4.7; Christian settlers in, 4.8, 4.9, 4.10, 4.11; as holy to peoples everywhere, 4.12; cosmopolitan nature of, 4.13, 4.14; first century rebellions against Roman rule, 4.15, 4.16; Romans name as “Palestine”, 4.17; rabbis in Palestine, 4.18, 4.19, 4.20, 4.21; Jews as embattled minority in, 4.22; map of, 4.23; city of Tiberias, 4.24, 4.25, 4.26, 5.1, 6.4; Galilee as stronghold of rabbis, 4.27, 4.28, 4.29; hybrid beliefs in, 4.30, 4.31; Samaritan revolts (484-529), 4.32, 4.33; Jerusalem-Jericho road (“Bloody Way”), 4.34; wilderness on borders, 4.35, 4.36, 4.37, 6.5; Christian ascetics in remote areas, 4.38, 4.39; eastern-border monasteries (lavras), 4.40, 4.41; “polytheists” in, 4.42; mysterious scrolls in wilderness, 4.43; survival of paganism in, 4.44, 4.45; plague in Galilee (600), 5.2; border zone heads south, 5.3; effects of plague on, 5.4; annexed by Khusrow II, 5.5, 6.6; raids on by barbarian horsemen (632), 5.6; Roman loss of to Arabs, 6.7; Arab mercenaries patrol frontier, 6.8; Arab mass emigration north towards, 6.9, 6.10; Saracen invasion of (634), 6.11, 6.12; Muhammad and southern border zone, 6.13, 7.1; Jewish enthusiasm for Arab capture of, 6.14, 6.15, 6.16; as obsession for Islamic Empire, 6.17; Islamic anti-Christian regulations, 7.2
Homer, the Iliad, 1.1
Hormizd (King of Persia)
Hunayn
Huns, 2.1, 2.2
Husayn (grandson of the Prophet), 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3
Ibn al-Mubarak
ibn al-Zubayr, Abdullah, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4; “House of God”, 7.5, 7.6, 7.7, 7.8, 7.9, 7.10, 7.11; End Days and, 7.12; sends Mus’ab to Iraq, 7.13, 7.14; proclaims Muhammad as Prophet of God, 7.15; Abd al-Malik’s campaign against (691), 7.16, 7.17; death of (692), 7.18
Ibn Hisham, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 6.1, bm1.1
Ibn Ishaq, 1.1, 1.2, 6.1, bm1.1
Ibn Khaldun, A Universal History, 1.1
Ibn Mujahid
Ignatius, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3
Iran, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3*, 2.4, 7.1; revolt against Islamic Empire, 6.1; eastern frontiers of, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4; see also Persian Empire
Iraq, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 7.1; revolt against Yazid, 7.2; ibn al-Zubayr sends Mus’ab to, 7.3, 7.4; Abd al-Malik invades (689), 7.5; Abd al-Malik’s re-minting of coins, 7.6, 7.7; Al-Hajjaj as governor of, 7.8; great garrison cities of, 7.9, 7.10, 7.11; new Islamic cities in, 7.12; lifestyles of Arab ruling classes, 7.13; slave markets in, 7.14; free market in faiths in, 7.15, 7.16; ulama (scholarly legal experts), 7.17, 7.18, 7.19, 7.20, 7.21, bm1.1; Shi’a uprising in (740), 7.22; Kharijite revolt (745), 7.23, 7.24, 7.25; see also Mesopotamia
Isaac (son of Abraham), 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5
Isaiah (prophet)
Ishmael (son of Abraham and Hagar), 4.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 7.1, 7.2
Islam: faith leading to glory, 1.1, 1.2; remoteness of Mecca and, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 6.1; shirk (mortal offence), 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5; Muslim calendar, 1.10, 1.11; social justice and, 1.12, 1.13, 1.14, 7.1; consecration of Mecca, 1.15; non-Arabic believers, 1.16; Muslim chronicles, 1.17, 1.18, 6.6; spread beyond Arabia, 1.19, 1.20, 1.21, 1.22, 1.23; “golden age”, 1.24; Sahabah (“Companions”) of Muhammad, 1.25, 6.7, 7.2; era of the Rashidun ends (661), 1.26; decline following “golden age”, 1.27; “qur’an” (recitation), 1.28; scholars of “qur’an”, 1.29; eighteenth century Muslim jurists, 1.30; “gate of interpretation” closed in eighteenth century, 1.31; depth and detail of Muslim writings on origins of, 1.32, 6.8; nineteenth century issues over Hadiths, 1.33; reliability of historical tradition, 1.34; hadiths as problematic source for origins of, 1.35, 1.36; lack of extant/contemporary accounts of origins, 1.37, 1.38, 6.9; history as literature, 1.39; absence of early Muslim references to Muhammad, 1.40, 1.41, 1.42; modern debate origins of, 1.43; denial of Jesus’ divinity, 1.44; modern sensitivity over, 1.45, 6.10; Western scholars’ questioning of traditional narratives, 1.46; scholarly need for veracity of early sources, 1.47; as culmination of “late antiquity”, 1.48; attitude to pre-Islamic times, 1.49; Jahiliyyah (“Age of Ignorance”), 1.50; origins in late antiquity Near East, 1.51, 1.52; fifth-sixth century sources, 1.53; secular enquiry into origins of, 6.11, 6.12; attitudes to Zoroastrians, 6.13, 7.3; ibn al-Zubayr’s “House of God”, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6, 7.7, 7.8, 7.9, 7.10; location of “House of God”, 7.11, 7.12, 7.13; qiblas reoriented to the south (after 694), 7.14; faith proclaimed/named as Islam, 7.15; self-confidence of, 7.16; attitudes to slavery, 7.17, 7.18; natives eager to convert to, 7.19; Zoroastrian converts to, 7.20, 7.21; influence of Zoroastrian converts, 7.22, 7.23; rabbi converts to, 7.24; Caliphate-lawyer conflict, 7.25; ascetics (Zuhhad), 7.26; fate of Constantinople and, 7.27; warrior-scholars, 7.28, 7.29; jihad concept, 7.30
Islamic Empire: as God’s will, 1.1, 1.2, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1; Muslim accounts of, 1.3; title of “Caliph”, 1.4, 7.2; Abbasid dynasty, 1.5, 7.3, 7.4, bm1.1; origins of in history of late antiquity, 1.6; conquest of former Roman provinces, 1.7, 5.1; conquest of former Persian provinces, 1.8; fall of Persian Empire and, 6.3; as threat to Roman Empire, 6.4; capture of Roman provinces, 6.5; Arab empire defined as Dar al-Islam, 6.6; low profile of Mecca in early decades of, 6.7; low profile of Qu’ran in early decades of, 6.8, 6.9, 7.5; Saracen invasion of Holy Land/Syria (634-6), 6.10, 6.11; map of early conquests, 6.12; Saracen victory at the Yarmuk, 6.13, 6.14; victory over Persians at Qadisiyya, 6.15, 6.16; Mesopotamia falls to, 6.17; Saracen capture of Ctesiphon, 6.18; Umar as supreme exemplar of, 6.19; Quraysh motives and, 6.20; initial aims of Muhajirun/Quraysh, 6.21, 6.22; Palestine as transcendent prize, 6.23; evolving pretensions of, 6.24; Arabs enter Egypt (639), 6.25; capture of Alexandria (642), 6.26; conquest of Persia, 6.27; inherited bureaucrats and officials from Rome/Persia, 6.28, 6.29, 7.6, 7.7; tax/tribute from conquered provinces, 6.30, 6.31, 7.8, 7.9; lessening of Prophet’s influence, 6.32; centralised administration, 6.33, 7.10, 7.11; Medina as original capital of, 6.34; capital moved to Kufa, 6.35; factionalism/fragmentation in, 6.36, 7.12, 7.13, 7.14; Mu’awiya-Ali battle in Syria, 6.37; Kharijites (deserters), 6.38, 6.39, 7.15, 7.16, 7.17, 7.18, 7.19, 7.20, 7.21; siege of Constantinople (674-8), 6.40; coinage of, 6.41, 7.22, 7.23, 7.24, 7.25, 7.26; peace under Mu’awiya, 6.42; rule of Jerusalem, 7.27, 7.28; cannibalising of Roman monuments, 7.29; doctrines and beliefs within, 7.30; revolt against Yazid, 7.31; revolt of Husayn, 7.32; revolt of Ibn al-Zubayr, 7.33, 7.34; plague and famine in Iraq, 7.35; Abd al-Malik invades Iraq (689), 7.36; Abd al-Malik and authentic religion of God, 7.37, 7.38, 7.39, 7.40; Abd al-Malik invades Arabia (691), 7.41, 7.42; Arabic language and, 7.43; bureaucratic reforms of Abd al-Malik, 7.44, 7.45; Abd al-Malik as “Deputy of God”, 7.46, 7.47, 7.48; map(s) of Caliphate under Umayyads, 7.49; mosque in Damascus, 7.50, 7.51, 7.52; advance into Spain, 7.53; expansion of (up to 715), 7.54; eastern frontiers of Iran, 7.55, 7.56, 7.57; slavery in, 7.58, 7.59, 7.60; slave revolts in, 7.61, 7.62; anti-Christian regulations, 7.63; lifestyles of Arab ruling classes, 7.64; natives eager to convert to Islam, 7.65; advance on Constantinople (716-7), 7.66; siege of Constantinople (717), 7.67; defeat at Acroinum (740), 7.68, 7.69; failures in 717-40 period, 7.70, 7.71; grinding stalemate in war with Rome, 7.72; revolt in North Africa (739), 7.73; unrest during Hisham’s reign, 7.74; Kharijite revolt (745), 7.75; capital moved to Harran, 7.76; unrest in Khorasan, 7.77; Abu Muslim rebellion (747), 7.78, bm1.2; Haroun al-Rashid’s campaign against Rome (806), bm1.3; see also Caliphate
Istakhr (Persian city), 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 6.1, 6.2
Italy, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3; liberation of Rome (536), 5.4; Ostrogoths destroy Milan (539), 5.5; siege of Rome (537-8), 5.6; Justinian’s
peace offer to Ostrogoths (539), 5.7; Belisarius seizes Ravenna (539), 5.8; plague epidemic (543), 5.9; Justinian’s “victory” in, 5.10; invasion of the Lombards (559), 5.11; slave revolts in, 7.1
Jabiya (Arab settlement), 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 7.1
Jacob (son of Isaac)
Jacob of Serugh
Jamshid (legendary Persian king)
Jericho (Canaanite city), 4.1, 4.2
Jerome (monk), 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 6.1
Jerusalem: Babylonian sacking of (586 BC), 2.1, 4.1, 4.2; as Jewish sacred place, 2.2, 4.3; Cyrus permits Jewish return to, 2.3; Roman mastery of, 2.4; as David’s capital, 4.4; sacred Christian sites in, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7; Helena finds True Cross, 4.8, 7.1; as centre of Christian world, 4.9, 4.10; excavations at Christian sites, 4.11, 4.12; as cosmopolitan city, 4.13; construction of churches in, 4.14, 4.15; as possession of the Caesars, 4.16; map of, 4.17; Church of the Resurrection, 4.18, 7.2, 7.3; rock of Golgotha, 4.19, 4.20, 6.1, 7.4; Jewish temples on Temple Mount, 4.21; destruction of second Temple (70 AD), 4.22, 4.23, 4.24; Jews banned from, 4.25; rebuilt as pagan city by Romans, 4.26; use of Temple Mount to humiliate Jews, 4.27; Temple Mount as Jewish centre of world, 4.28; plague epidemic (543), 5.1; Persian removal of True Cross (614), 5.2; sack of by Shahrbaraz (614), 5.3; Jews’ temporary return to Temple Mount, 5.4, 6.2; Heraclius returns True Cross (630), 5.5, 6.3; Arabs revoke ban on Jews, 6.4; Umar’s cleansing of Temple Mount, 6.5, 6.6; Mu’awiya at Temple Mount, 6.7; under Islamic rule, 7.5, 7.6; mosque on Temple Mount, 7.7, 7.8; Dome of the Rock, 7.9, 7.10, 7.11, 7.12
Jesus: Christian debates over nature of, 1.1, 1.2, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 6.1; late Roman politics and, 1.3; views on earthly life, 1.4; secular biographies of, 1.5; Muslim denial of divinity of, 1.6; birth of, 1.7; in Qur’an, 1.8; rabbis of Mesopotamia on, 2.1; Jewishness of early adherents of, 3.5, 3.6; “the Holy Spirit” and, 3.7, 3.8; Jewish scripture and, 3.9; “biographies” of at remove of time, 3.10; sacred sites in Jerusalem, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3; Holy Land and, 4.4, 4.5; foretells End Days, 5.1, 5.2
John of Damascus
Joshua, 4.1, 4.2, 7.1
Judah, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3; Babylonian invasion of (586 BC), 2.4, 4.1, 4.2; see also Holy Land
Judaism: Jewish kings in Arabia, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 4.1, 5.1, 6.1; scholars in late antiquity, 1.4, 1.5, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 7.1, 7.2; Jews of Yathrib, 1.6; nineteenth-century scholarly contextualising of, 1.7, 1.8; origins of, 1.9, 1.10, 2.2; origins in Judah, 2.3; Daniel’s vision and, 2.4, 3.3, 3.4, 5.2, 5.3, 6.2; Jews exiled in Mesopotamia, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 3.5, 3.6; Jews as God’s Chosen People, 2.9, 2.10, 2.11, 2.12; Jerusalem as sacred place, 2.13, 4.2; Jewish origins in Mesopotamia, 2.14, 2.15; Tanakh (compendium of holiest scriptures), 2.16, 2.17, 2.18, 2.19, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 6.3; Abraham as father of the Jews, 2.20; Canaan as Promised Land, 2.21, 2.22, 3.10, 4.3; Cyrus permits return to Jerusalem, 2.23; circumcision, 2.24, 3.11; diet restrictions, 2.25, 3.12; law as derived from God alone, 2.26; “exilarch” in Sasanian Empire, 2.27, 2.28, 2.29; Persian toleration of Jews, 2.30, 2.31; Zoroastrian intolerance of, 2.32; Jewish support for Kavad, 2.33; Peroz’s persecution of Jews, 2.34, 2.35; yeshivas (“schools”), 2.36, 3.13, 3.14, 7.3, 7.4; talmud (written record of rabbis’ learning), 2.37, 2.38, 2.39, 3.15, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 7.5; “The Anointed One” (Mashiach or “Messiah”), 2.40, 2.41; minim in Mesopotamia, 2.42, 3.16, 3.17; Roman hostility to, 2.43, 3.18, 4.7, 4.8, 4.9, 4.10, 5.4, 6.7, 6.8; Roman conversion to Christianity and, 2.44; proselytes (converts), 3.19, 3.20, 3.21, 3.22; Jews as universal exiles, 3.23; definitions of Jewishness, 3.24, 3.25; synagogues, 3.26, 3.27, 4.11; Jewishness of early Christians, 3.28, 3.29; Paul declares Christians children of Abraham, 3.30; Christian Church’s rejection of, 3.31, 3.32; Jewish-Christian competition for proselytes, 3.33; paradox of enmity with Christianity, 3.34; porous dividing line with Christianity, 3.35; Children of Israel, 4.12; escape from Egypt of Children of Israel, 4.13; Moses as ultimate rabbi, 4.14; Torah received by Moses, 4.15, 7.6; temples on Temple Mount, 4.16; first century rebellions in Holy Land, 4.17, 4.18; Jews banned from Jerusalem, 4.19; use of Temple Mount to humiliate Jews, 4.20; concept of “Shekhinah”, 4.21; Temple Mount as centre of world, 4.22; Roman definitions of (Ioudaismos), 4.23; Roman regulation of, 4.24; Jews as embattled minority in Palestine, 4.25; Samaritans and, 4.26; hybrid beliefs in Holy Land and, 4.27; mysterious scrolls in wilderness, 4.28, 6.9; Sozomen suggests as option for Arabs, 4.29, 6.10; Khusrow II’s invasion and, 5.5; elation at fall of Jerusalem (614), 5.6; temporary return to Temple Mount, 5.7, 6.11; Heraclius decrees compulsory baptism (632), 5.8, 6.12, 6.13; “Dead Sea Scrolls”, 6.14; rejection of Manichaeism, 6.15; rumours of Messiah’s imminent arrival, 6.16, 6.17; rumours of Saracen prophet, 6.18; enthusiasm for Arab capture of Holy Land, 6.19, 6.20; Jews as members of Umma, 6.21; see also rabbis; Torah (“Instruction”) (body of law)
Judham (Arabian nomadic tribe)
Julian (Roman emperor), 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 3.1, 4.1, 5.1
Julian (Samaritan leader)
Justin (Roman emperor), 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 5.1
Justinian (Roman emperor), 3.1, 3.2; codification of laws, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6; Hippodrome revolt (14 January 532) and, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 5.1; rebuilds Constantinople as Christian capital, 3.10; rebuilding of Dara, 3.11, 3.12; Christian Church and, 3.13, 3.14, 3.15, 4.1; Theodora as consort of, 3.16, 5.2; campaign against paganism, 3.17, 5.3, 6.1; builds Church of Hagia Sophia, 3.18, 4.2, 4.3; Moses’ burning bush site and, 4.4, 4.5; Jerusalem and, 4.6, 4.7; Holy Land and, 4.8, 4.9; builds Church on Mount Berenice, 4.10; military employment of Arabs, 4.11, 4.12; peace treaty with Khusrow (532), 4.13, 5.4, 5.5; map of empire, 5.6; spread of Christianity beyond empire and, 5.7; proper ordering of lost provinces and, 5.8; sets sights on Carthage, 5.9; opens western front (533), 5.10, 5.11, 5.12; military campaigns in west (533-6), 5.13, 5.14; peace offer to Ostrogoths (539), 5.15; sack of Antioch and, 5.16; imposes patriarch on Alexandria, 5.17; closure of last temple to Amun, 5.18; recovers from the plague (542), 5.19; disposal of plague corpses and, 5.20; economic effects of plague epidemic, 5.21, 5.22, 5.23; defeat of Ostrogoths, 5.24; new peace with Khusrow, 5.25; death of (565), 5.26; critics believe him a demon, 5.27
Karin (Parthian dynasty), 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 7.1, 7.2
Kavad (King of Persia), 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4; support for Mazdak, 2.5, 2.6; forced abdication/imprisonment of (496), 2.7; Hephthalite support of, 2.8, 2.9; returns as king, 2.10; looks for victory over Rome, 2.11, 2.12, 2.13; love of bathing, 2.14; Anastasius refuses “loan” to, 2.15, 3.1; Mesopotamian irrigation and, 2.16, 6.1; siege of Amida, 2.17, 2.18, 2.19, 3.2, 3.3, bm1.1; campaign against Roman Empire, 2.20, 3.4, bm1.2; defeat of the Karin, 2.21; Khusrow as favoured son, 2.22; death of (531), 2.23; Jewish support for, 2.24; re-militarised Roman frontier and, 3.5; embassies to Constantinople, 3.6, 3.7; puts Edessa under siege (503), 3.8; escaped Samaritans and, 4.1; Lakhmids and, 4.2
Kavus (son of Kavid)
Kayanid kings, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6
Khorasan, 3.1, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2
Khusrow I (King of Persia), 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 3.2; defeats Kavus, 2.3; forms standing army, 2.4; welcomes exiled Athenian philosophers, 3.3; peace treaty with Justinian (532), 4.1, 5.1, 5.2; Aspebedes’ coup against, 5.3; Gothic agents appeal to (539), 5.4; desert of Strata dispute and (539-40), 5.5; invades Roman Empire (540), 5.6; destroys Antioch (540), 5.7; plague epidemic (from 545) and, 5.8; new peace with Justinian, 5.9; alliance with the Turks, 5.10; final defeat of Hephthalites (557), 5.11; death of (579), 5.12; direct rule over Himyar, 6.1
Khusrow II (King of Persia), 5.1, 5.2; invasion of Roman Empire (603-15), 5.3, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5; advance on Constantinople (626), 5.4; Heraclius captures palaces of (627), 5.5; murder of (626), 5.6
Kufa (city in Iraq), 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5; west-facing qibla, 7.6, 7.7; school of Islamic law at, 7.8, 7.9, bm1.1; Abbasids take (749), 7.10
“late antiquity”, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, bm1.1
Lombards
Lot (Abraham’s nephew), 4.1, 6.
1
MacCulloch, Diarmaid
Manichaeism, 6.1, 6.2
Marcion (Christian thinker), 3.1, 3.2, 3.3
Marwan I, Caliph, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3
Marwan II, Caliph, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3
Maslama (brother of Abd al-Malik)
Maurice (Roman emperor), 5.1, 6.1
Mavia (Arab queen)
Mazdak, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 5.1, 5.2; support for Kavus candidacy, 2.6; defeat and execution of, 2.7, 2.8; attitude to slavery, 7.1
Mecca: remoteness of, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 6.1; Ibn Hisham’s description of, 1.4; Ka’ba, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7*, 1.8, 1.9, 6.2*, 6.3, 7.1, 7.2; as pagan city, 1.10, 1.11, 6.4; Muhammad’s departure from, 1.12; Muhammad’s conquest of, 1.13; absence of in Qur’an, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7; lack of seventh-century accounts of, 6.8; low profile in early decades of empire, 6.9; doubts over as Qur’an’s city of origin, 6.10, 6.11, 6.12, 6.13, 6.14, 6.15, 7.3, 7.4; idol smashing of Muhammad and, 6.16, 6.17; qiblas reoriented towards (after 694), 7.5; Ka’ba restored by Abd al-Malik, 7.6, 7.7; Abd al-Malik enshrines as centre of cosmos, 7.8; “Black Stone” on wall of Ka’ba, 7.9; range of sacred stones attached to Ka’ba, 7.10
Medina (Yathrib), 1.1, 1.2, 6.1*, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4; Prophet’s flight to (hijra), 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 6.5; “Constitution of Medina”, 6.6, 6.7; as original capital of Empire, 6.8; Mu’awiya refuses to hail accession at, 6.9; distrust of Umayyads in, 7.1, 7.2; Yazid’s sacking of, 7.3; as necessary origin of hadiths, 7.4
Merv (city in Khorasan), 2.1, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2