Social Justice Isn't What You Think It Is

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Social Justice Isn't What You Think It Is Page 40

by Michael Novak


  Dionysius, Bishop of Alexandria, 256, 272

  distribution and redistribution, 21, 30, 41, 93, 263

  divorce, 51, 207, 215, 220, 221–23, 227, 229–31, 234. See also marriage

  Doctors Without Borders, 196

  Dzielski, Mirosław, 62

  earth, 59, 85

  Eberstadt, Mary, 184, 222, 232

  Ecclesiastes, 69

  égalité, 17

  Einstein, Albert, 73

  elderly, 36, 145, 158

  Emancipation Proclamation, 284

  empowerment, 214, 242, 243; regulatory process and, 246–51; social justice and, 244, 279; social work and, 154, 219, 230, 234, 260

  encyclicals, 3, 5, 6, 7. See also titles of encyclicals

  Engels, Friedrich, 71, 95

  Enlightenment, the, 51, 90

  equality, 31, 29–30, 102–4. See also inequality

  Esolen, Anthony, 228–29, 287n4

  ethics, 151, 254; Aristotle on, 119; Christian social, 258, 266; codes of, 207–9, 213–14, 260–61; of individuals, 19, 40, 41, 42; social work and, 200, 204–5, 279; society and, 54

  Europe, 5, 18, 28, 36, 61, 92, 95; American experiment and, 27, 173

  euthanasia, 205

  Evangelii Gaudium (Francis, 2014), 169; economic themes of, 167–69; Francis and, 161, 171

  family, families, 2, 3, 22, 31, 70, 119, 137, 175, 217, 227, 230, 247–51; in agricultural societies, 18, 75; blended, 220, 223; as community, 70, 187–88; failure of, 36, 176; human race as, 58, 59, 84, 85; individuals and, 7, 8; in industrial societies, 8, 18, 95, 97; living wage and, 111, 146, 149, 225, 238; poor, 24, 222, 259; religion and, 96, 97, 232; sex and, 185, 220, 234, 235; under socialism, 101, 113; state and, 51, 183–84, 231, 232, 244–47. See also marriage

  Family Group Conference, Conferencing (FGC), 241–42, 277, 278, 280; as part of restorative justice, 243, 249; regulatory pyramid and, 246, 247, 249, 250; use of, 242, 250–51, 280

  Fanfani, Amintore, 165, 173

  Fascism, Fascists, 4, 108; in Italy, 5, 173; Pius XI and, 112, 113

  federalism, 82, 122, 136–37, 186, 187. See also subsidiarity

  Federalist, The, 186

  Ferree, William, 89–90, 118

  Feser, Edward, 224, 226, 230

  Fisher, Antony, 52

  Fortin, Ernest, 89, 90–91

  France, French, 17, 23, 67, 96, 97, 130, 165, 169, 172, 176

  Francis, 9, 88; Evangelii Gaudium (2013), 161, 171; as self-described sinner, 181; on unreformed capitalism, 161–71. See also Evangelii Gaudium

  Franciscans, 70, 157, 238

  freedom: big government and, 25; of choice, 45; in human nature, 57, 59; moral responsibility and, 47; of religion, 66–67. See also liberty, liberties; rights

  free economy, 25, 26, 140; Hayek and, 37, 45–46, 53; John Paul II and, 129, 147, 151

  friendship: charity and, 259–60; of God, 56–59, 66, 178–79, 185–86, 192, 255–56, 266, 285; marriage and, 228

  Gaudium et Spes (Vatican II, 1965), 8, 58

  Gaulle, Charles de, 173

  gays, 33, 35

  Geach, Peter, 254, 255

  general justice, 19, 92, 108, 111, 266

  Genesis, 57, 85, 131

  George, Francis Cardinal, 206–7

  George, Robert P., 204, 207, 230

  Germany, 73, 92, 117, 165, 179; Hitler’s rise in, 17, 108, 109; Nazism in, 5, 173; post–World War I, 106, 108; post–World War II, 140; Weimar, 118

  Gibbon, Edward, 257

  globalization, 64, 71, 84, 86, 153, 159, 174; solidarity and, 85; subsidiarity and, 158–59

  God, 42, 103; caritas and, 56, 57, 58; condescension of, 260; as Creator, 18, 31, 55–60, 62, 66, 78, 85, 132, 178–79; death of, 43; as Father, 58; humans as image of, 257

  Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 30

  Gonzalez, Felipé, 129

  Grameen Bank, 238–40, 243

  Gramsci, Antonio, 47, 168

  Great Depression, 17, 106, 108

  Greece, Greeks, 20–21, 30, 257

  Habermas, Jürgen, 29

  Haines, Andrew M., 6

  Hamilton, Alexander, 136

  Hart, David Bentley, 256

  Havel, Vaclav, 175

  Hawaii, 242, 258, 280

  Hayek, Friedrich, 1, 21, 115, 116, 141, 143, 165, 289n3, 290n4, 290n7, 290n8, 291n15, 291n17, 292n19, 293n25, 293n26; The Fatal Conceit, 41, 42–43; mirage of social justice and, 37–54; The Mirage of Social Justice, 45, 291n17; as Nobel prizewinner, 28, 37; as social justice practitioner, 49–54; on use of term “social justice,” 17, 48

  Hippocratic Oath, 205, 214

  Hispanics, 76

  Hitler, Adolf, 17, 39, 108, 109, 110, 186

  Hobbes, Thomas, 93, 217

  Höffner, Joseph Cardinal, 92

  Hollywood, 176

  Holy Spirit, 120, 254

  Homestead Act (1862), 51, 122, 126

  Hong Kong, 61, 164, 191, 239

  human capital, 28, 88, 122, 239; John Paul II on, 40, 62–63, 142, 152, 153, 178; wealth and, 61, 86, 122, 143, 174

  human nature, 22, 37, 57, 80, 98, 136, 138, 182, 301n5

  human rights, 2, 18, 34, 65, 179, 192, 205, 213, 284; Church and, 55–56; democracy and, 28, 120, 173; John Paul II and, 28, 132–33, 140, 142; Leo XIII on, 99

  human spirit, 59, 60, 66, 71

  Hume, David, 41, 44, 183, 290n11

  hypocrisy, hypocrites, 180–83

  Ignatius of Loyola, Saint, 271

  immigration, immigrants, 4, 18, 22, 33, 76, 166, 168, 206, 279

  India, 34, 61, 73, 164, 168

  individualism, individuals, 7, 23, 25, 27, 44–45, 95, 117, 275–76, 311n1; Anglo-American, 104, 113, 117, 156; collectivism and, 9, 200, 201, 203, 218, 245, 281; common good and, 32, 33; Leo XIII on, 96, 104, 274; Pius XI on, 218, 274; in United States, 175, 176

  industrial development, Leo XIII on, 8, 18, 97

  inequality, 20, 21, 30, 31, 32, 102, 104

  Iron Curtain, 122, 130, 138

  Israel, 59

  Italy, Italians, 47, 90, 117, 119, 122, 172; capitalism in, 165, 168; Marxism in, 168; Mussolini and Fascism in, 5, 17, 108, 109, 113, 173

  Japan, 108, 143, 164

  Jaspers, Karl, 210, 265

  Jefferson, Thomas, 56, 67, 126, 202, 203, 294n5

  Jesuits, 19, 89, 90, 107, 271

  Jesus Christ, 6, 29, 51, 58, 81, 261, 270; in Gospel of Matthew, 16, 65, 170, 262; parables of, 103, 264, 266; as Redeemer, 55, 103, 178

  Job, 42

  John, Saint, 170

  John XXIII, 159; Mater et Magistra (1961), 74; Pacem in Terris (1963), 67; Vatican II and, 34

  John Paul II, 9, 88, 121, 132–34, 178; The Acting Person, 129; anthropology of, 131; on associations, 71, 138; attempted assassination of, 131; on capitalism, 8, 129, 161–62; on Catholic social thought, 156; common good and, 136, 137; communism and, 5, 185; conscience and, 130; democracy and, 120, 129, 139; Dignitatis Humanae and, 122; economic liberty and, 122, 132; on historical change, 173; on human capital, 62, 63, 127, 128; human subjectivity and, 131; on labor, 87; ordered liberty and, 121; as philosopher of creativity, 131–32; in Poland, 84; Reconciliation and Penance (1984), 193; religious liberty and, 122, 132; Rerum Novarum and, 133; on shared work, 63–64; social doctrine of, 4; socialism and, 21–22, 73–74, 135, 136; on solidarity, 83, 129, 138, 148, 151, 156; Sollicitudo Rei Socialis (1987), 79, 135, 177; Theology of the Body, 7–8; Veritas Splendor (1993), 210; on wages, 74, 76; on wealth, 131. See also Centesimus Annus; Laborem Exercens; Wojtyła, Karol

  Johnstown Flood (Pennsylvania), 275

  Judaism, Jews, 51, 69, 81, 131, 175, 284; conscience and worship of, 68–69, 204; human story in, 56, 57, 62; John Paul II and, 132

  Julea Ward Freedom of Conscience Act (Michigan, 2012), 204

  Julian (Roman emperor), 257

  Julius Caesar, 65, 66, 73, 109

  justice, 19; charity and, 200, 201, 252–64. See also general justice; social justice

  Kant, Immanuel, 41, 44, 291n11, 312n5r />
  Kennedy, John F., 34

  Kierkegaard, Søren, 66

  King, Martin Luther, Jr., 282

  Kinnock, Neil, 129

  know-how, 28, 61, 86, 122, 126, 127, 144, 153, 178 191, 294n8. See also human capital

  Kołakowski, Leszek, 43, 177

  Komorowski, Bronisław, 84–85

  labor, 18; creativity and, 62–63; unions and, 23, 71, 83; socialism and, 80, 100–101

  Laborem Exercens (John Paul II, 1982), 74, 131, 142; capital and, 62, 132, 142

  Last Judgment, 16

  Latin America, 147, 165; capitalism in, 167; left in, 149, 151; liberation theology in, 149, 191; poor and poverty in, 146, 152, 164, 191–92

  law, legislation: criminal courts and, 44; Hayek and, 37, 41, 48; rule of law, 42, 59, 264

  left, 148, 150, 188; Catholic, 151, 154; Centesimus Annus and, 149, 151, 157; Leo XIII and, 91; on social justice, 7, 23. See also Communism, Communists; Socialism, Socialists

  Lenin, Vladimir, 39, 47

  Leo XIII, 3, 9, 18, 21, 86, 88, 95, 108, 173; Aeterni Patris (1879), 93; associations and, 118, 156, 196; on cause of wealth, 60; charity and, 261–62; civil society and, 118, 156; first social encyclical and, 5; individualism and, 274; influences on, 90; on liberalism, 31; on natural rights, 69; on private property, 72; socialism and, 73, 96, 98–102, 155, 196, 296n30; on social justice as new virtue, 2, 15, 16, 110, 120; on state’s power, 71, 91, 112; studies U.S. Constitution, 27–28; on wages, 74. See also Rerum Novarum

  Lewis, C. S., 32–33

  liberalism, liberals, 7, 9, 10, 51, 281; Catholic social thought and, 156, 201; Hayek and, 53; Leo XIII on, 3, 104; Mill and, 96; Pius XI on, 110, 118; Rawlsian, 261

  liberation theology, theologians, 149, 191, 192, 193, 195, 268; creation theology vs., 177–79

  Liberatore, Matteo, S.J., 91

  libertarianism, 9, 147

  liberty, liberties, 27, 37–38, 69, 71, 96, 122, 125, 138, 196, 285; civil, 18, 284; of conscience, 130, 203–4; God-given, 56–57, 60, 67, 126, 136, 294n5; Hayek and, 37, 48, 53, 54; John Paul II and, 8, 121, 129–31, 195; law and, 20, 48, 130; ordered, 121–22, 130; political, 140, 178; religious, 18, 28, 69, 122, 130, 142; socialism and, 7, 99. See also freedom

  Lincoln, Abraham, 83; on freedom, 126–27; on invention, 63, 123–27, 143; John Paul II’s echo of, 127–28, 142; “Lecture on Discoveries and Inventions,” 122–26; on patents and copyrights, 122–23, 126, 143, 166; on subsidiarity, 82, 114, 122

  living wage, 38, 111, 146, 149, 225, 238; right to, 74–77

  Locke, John, 63, 292n23, 294n8

  Lonergan, Bernard, S.J., 172

  Machiavelli, Niccolò, 92, 93

  MacIntyre, Alisdair, 231–32, 246, 277, 283

  Madison, James, 67–68, 128, 136, 187, 284

  Magisterium, 5, 167

  Maritain, Jacques, 57, 173

  market, markets, 40, 45, 54, 116, 117, 150, 151, 167, 263; capitalism and, 140, 147, 148, 150, 160; Centesimus Annus and, 150, 151; forces of, 42, 147, 170; free, 26, 87, 97, 128, 148; global, 64, 133, 152, 153; information from, 116, 152; order of, 291–92n18, 292n21; regulation of, 114, 117; social economy and, 107, 146; systems of, 45, 87, 115, 116, 117, 137, 146, 149, 171, 174

  marriage, 10, 226, 234; collapse of, 201; gay, 33, 205, 216; social justice and, 10, 220–36; state and, 185. See also divorce; family, families

  Marx, Karl, 47, 62, 71, 92, 95, 97

  Marxism, Marxists, 47, 132, 134–35, 168, 170, 177, 195, 261, 267

  Mason, George, 67–68

  Massachusetts Commission Against Discrimination (MCAD), 215

  Matthew, Saint, 264; Gospel of, 15–16

  McCabe, Herbert, 209

  McCloskey, Deirdre, 255

  McKnight, John, 245

  media elites, 176

  mercy, 2, 52, 201, 254, 257–58, 266, 286; in Bible, 175; of God, 201, 236

  merit, 41, 44, 90, 103, 270, 290n11, 292n18

  Messner, Johannes, 89, 91–92

  microcredit, 239, 243

  Middle East, 59

  Mill, John Stuart, 41–42, 47, 72, 85, 95, 96, 165

  missionaries, 15, 168, 173, 258

  Mont Pelerin Society, 53

  morality, 37, 111, 113, 183, 185, 190, 214, 217, 257; moral capital and, 176–77; moral imperative and, 61, 91, 96–98; moral man and, 42, 57

  Moreland, Michael P., 209–10

  Moschella, Melissa, 211–12

  Moses, 51

  Mother Teresa, 258, 269, 271, 272

  Mussolini, Benito, 17, 39, 107, 108, 109; Pius XI and, 113, 118, 173. See also Fascism, Fascists

  Napoleon III, 165

  National Association of Social Workers (NASW), 203, 208; Code of Ethics of, 204, 207

  National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, 221

  natural laws, 56, 128

  natural rights, 90, 99, 126, 224; protection of, 69, 169

  Nazism, National Socialism, 5, 47, 81, 129

  Nietzsche, Friedrich, 184, 209, 257–58

  Nell-Breuning, Oswald von, 93, 114, 118; Quadragesimo Anno and, 19, 91, 107; on Pius XI, 113, 114, 117; social justice and, 89, 107, 108, 112, 114, 115, 118

  New Zealand, 35, 242

  Niebuhr, Reinhold, 41, 42, 185–90, 291n12

  nonhistorical orthodoxy, 4–5, 6

  nonpartisanship, 3

  North Korea, 73

  Norway, 34, 234

  Novak, Michael, 4, 6, 7, 9, 11, 233; on caritas, 254, 255; social justice and, 3, 200, 225

  Novus Ordo Seclorum, 27, 105

  nuns, 15

  Obama, Barack, 203, 212

  Obamacare, 25

  O’Reilly, John Boyle, 261

  paganism, pagans, 184, 256–57, 258, 284

  Paine, Thomas, 67

  Pakaluk, Michael, 225–27, 231, 232, 233, 236

  patch approach, 240, 241, 243, 277, 278, 280

  Paul, Saint, 260

  Paul VI, 67, 85, 120

  Paulhus, Normand Joseph, 92

  Pellegrino, Edmund, 215, 277

  Perrin, Jacques, 89, 90, 92

  Peru, 239

  Phillips, Trevor, 212

  Pilsudsky, Josef, 109

  Pius XI, 3, 4, 9, 19, 88, 91, 173, 218; encyclicals of, 91, 93, 105, 106, 107; individualism and, 218, 274; liberalism and, 110, 114; Mussolini and, 112–13; peace and, 109, 110; social justice and, 3, 15, 16, 87, 106–20. See also Quadragesimo Anno; Ratti, Achille

  Pius XII, 28, 120, 173

  Planned Parenthood, 33

  Plato, 30, 184

  Plotinus, 184

  Poland, Poles, 81, 109, 127, 164; Communism in, 130, 140; John Paul II and, 129, 130; martial law in, 84–85, 131; Polonia and, 81, 177–78; solidarity in, 71, 83–85, 130, 138. See also John Paul II; Solidarnosc; Wojtyła, Karol

  political economy, 22, 27, 192; Caritas in Veritate on, 157, 160; Centesimus Annus and, 129, 139; Evangelii Gaudium and, 167

  poor, 174, 259; Catholic duty to help, 8; Christian concern for, 6–7; creative energy of, 263, 264; daily practice of helping, 10–11; government programs to help, 24; as Hugo’s les misérables, 47; inevitability of, 96; Progressives and, 33; relief of, 174; reproductive rights of, 35; secular humanists and, 51; working, 75–76. See also poverty

  popes, 3, 5, 17, 28; Holy See, 27, 28. See also encyclicals; and names of individual popes

  Populorum Progressio (Paul VI, 1967), 156, 157

  poverty, 240, 260, 263; American War on, 36; capitalism and, 8; causes of, 60; as disgrace, 97; federal level of, 24; Leo XIII and, 98; living wage and, 75; as natural, 178; oppression and, 177; reduction of, 86; removal of, 61, 104; socialism as cure of, 72. See also poor

  private property, 8, 17, 85, 140, 171, 263; right to, 71–74, 91, 240, 263; socialists and, 98, 99, 113–14

  privilege, privileged, 35, 165, 166

  professionalization of charity, 259, 260–61

  Progressives, progressives, 17, 19, 32, 53, 153; agenda of, 33–35, Catholics as, 82, 149, 150; conscience and, 10, 203; mode
rn, 21, 72, 190

  Protestantism, Protestants, 132, 157, 165, 175, 186

  Proverbs, 69

  Puritans, 34, 176

  Putnam, Robert, 9

  Quadragesimo Anno (Pius XI, 1931), 5; canonization of social justice in, 17, 19, 86, 91, 93, 111, 112, 218; Nell-Breuning drafts, 107, 108; Rerum Novarum and, 5, 105

  Quakers (Society of Friends), 186, 285

  Rand, Ayn, 7, 257–58

  Ratti, Achille, 109. See also Pius XI

  Ratzinger, Joseph Aloisius, 157, 193. See also Benedict XVI

  Reagan, Ronald, 75, 76, 84–85

  reason, 41, 43, 68, 72, 93, 99, 100, 130, 184

  Red Cross, 196, 275

  regulatory pyramid, 246–49

  relativism, 183, 185, 276

  religion, 17–18, 37, 38, 104, 212

  republics, 20–21, 22, 27, 172–73

  Rerum Novarum (Leo XIII, 1891), 21, 86, 89–105; Catholic teachings and, 5; on cause of wealth, 60; charity in, 261–62; European social economy in, 18; as first social encyclical, 5, 80; John Paul II on, 22, 80, 133, 145; on natural rights, 69; on private property, 72; socialism and, 73, 79; on wages, 74

  responsive regulation, 242, 244

  Richmond, Mary, 259

  rights, 19, 24; of association, 69–71; in Catholic social teaching, 55–77; to intellectual property, 125; to living wage, 74–77; new civil, 34–35; to private property, 71–74, 85; reproductive, 34–35; to worship, 67–69. See also freedom; liberty, liberties

  Röpke, Wilhelm, 173

  Rorty, Richard, 29, 51, 179, 284

  Rosmini, Antonio, 91, 295n8

  Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 90–91, 183, 184, 292

  Russell, Bertrand, 29, 51, 179, 284

  Russia, 5, 101–2, 188. See also Soviet Union

  Sacramentum Mundi, 81, 89, 122

  saints, 2, 16, 181, 197, 227, 237, 258, 272

  Saint-Simon, Henri de, 165

  Sandusky, Jerry, 229

  Scalia, Antonin, 234

  Schumann, Robert, 173

  science, scientists, 43, 57, 62, 63, 66, 125; charity and, 259–60, 261, 265, 268, 279; laws of nature and, 56; social, 47, 54, 114, 118–19, 128, 139, 190, 206, 221–22, 230, 254. See also know-how; reason

  scouts, 9, 173, 179

  Second Vatican Council. See Vatican II

  secular humanists, 51, 57, 170

  self, 62, 79, 202, 217, 219; control of, 20, 193; giving of, 255, 256, 258, 260, 261, 269, 270; government by, 20, 43, 46, 50, 120, 196; in marriage, 226, 227, 233, 235, 236; professional use of, 246, 280; self-interest, 30, 50, 93, 136, 137, 311n1; in social encyclicals, 7

 

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