13. Valerius, Factorum ac dictorum memorabilium, bk. 5, 1.6, putting these honorable acts in a different light than Livy, History of Rome, bk. 22, 52.6 (Aemilius Paullus), bk. 35, 17.4–7 (Tiberius Gracchus), and bk. 27, 28.2ff. (M. Marcellus).
14. Frontinus, Strategemata, bk. 1, 5.28 (Volturnus), bk. 1 7.2 (Rhone?), bk. 1, 8.2 (slander Fabius), bk. 2, 2.6 (choosing topography at Numistro against Marcellus), bk. 2, 3.7 (Cannae), bk. 2, 3.9 (topography against Marcellus), bk. 2, 3.16 (Zama), bk. 2, 5.13 (against Romans gorging), bk. 2, 5.21 (against Fulvius), bk. 2, 5.22 (against Minucius), bk. 2, 5.23 (Trebia), bk. 2, 5.24 (Trasimene), bk. 2, 5.25 (against Junius), bk. 2, 5.27 (Numidians at Cannae), bk. 2, 6.4 (Trasimene), bk. 2, 7.7 (Carpetani in Italy), bk. 3, 2.3 (Hannibal spies), bk. 3, 3.6 (Tarentum), bk. 3, 9.1 (Cartagena), bk. 3, 10.3 (Himera), bk. 3, 10.4 (Saguntum), bk. 3, 16.4 (deserters), bk. 4, 3.7 (Hannibal’s self-discipline), bk. 4, 3.8 (Hannibal’s self-discipline), bk. 4, 7.10 (vipers in sea battle), bk. 4, 7.25 (Hannibal at Trasimene), to name but a few.
15. Valerius, Factorum ac dictorum memorabilium, bk. 7, 4.2.
16. Ibid., bk. 3, 7.6.
17. Colonel John R. Elting, The Super-Strategists: Great Captains, Theorists and Fighting Men Who Have Shaped the History of Warfare (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1985), 17.
18. Albert Merglen, Surprise Warfare: Subversive, Airborne and Amphibious Operations, trans. K. Morgan (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1968), 11.
19. Frontinus, Strategemata, bk. 1, 1.9.
20. Valerius, Factorum ac dictorum memorabilium, bk. 7, 3.8.
21. Valerius, Factorum ac dictorum memorabilium, bk. 6.1b.
22. Michael Grant, The Army of the Caesars (New York: Evans Books, 1974), 4.
23. Polybius, Histories, bk. 3, 117.4–5.
24. Leslie J. Worley, Hippeis: The Cavalry of Ancient Greece (Oxford: Westview Press, 1994), 59.
25. A. Hyland, Equus: The Horse in the Roman World (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1990), 74, 123, 129, 174–75. Hyland also copiously notes that “the Numidians were most effective at Ticinus where they swamped the Roman Gallic flanks,” 175; how Hannibal used Numidians at Trebia to cross the icy river to harass and goad the Romans, 129, 175; how he employed cavalry at Trasimene, 123, 175; and how Hannibal’s envelopment at Cannae successfully implemented Numidian and other cavalry from the rear, 166, 175, 189. Hyland also explains the Numidian charge and disperse tactics on smaller, nimbler horses, and how Numidians rode without a bridle, using a long, flexible willow or wood sapling around the horse’s neck for control, 174–75.
26. Liddell Hart, Strategy, 40.
27. Harold Winters, Battling the Elements: Weather and Terrain in the Conduct of War (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998), 47, 164.
28. Valerius, Factorum ac dictorum memorabilium, bk. 7, 4.2.
29. Cassius, fragment, bk. 15, 57.25.
30. Frontinus, Strategemata, bk. 3, 9.1.
31. Valerius, Factorum ac dictorum memorabilium, bk. 7, 4.4.
32. O’Connell, Ghosts of Cannae, 212.
33. Frontinus, Strategemata, bk. 3, 2.3.
34. R. M. Sheldon, “Hannibal’s Spies,” Espionage 2, no. 3 (August 1986): 149–52; Sheldon, “Hannibal’s Spies,” International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence (IJIC) 1, no. 3 (1987): 53–70.
35. Paul Kennedy, Grand Strategies in War and Peace (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1991), 79.
36. Fronda, Between Rome and Carthage, 330.
37. Juvenal, Satires, bk. 10, 147–48, 161–62.
38. Dexter Hoyos, “Hannibal,” in Encyclopedia of Ancient History, ed. Roger S. Bagnall et al. (Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012), 3057. Hoyos notes correctly other critical assessments such as Jakob Seibert, Hannibal (Darmstadt, Ger.: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1993) and lists these as generally admiring: Lazenby, Hannibal’s War; Lancel, Hannibal; Goldsworthy, The Fall of Carthage (Phoenix, 2003); and Barceló, Hannibal—with Picard’s 1967 Hannibal as adulatory.
39. Gianni Granzotto, Annibale (Milan, It.: Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, 1980), 310: “Annibale, tutto sommato, non poteva vincere. Di questo occorre rendersi conto, pur considerando che egli era indubbiamente un uomo di genio superior . . . Se Annibale fu grande, Roman fu ancora piu grande di lui.” (“Hannibal, after all, could not win. Of this you have to realize, even considering that he was undoubtedly a man of superior genius . . . If Hannibal was great, Rome was far greater.”)
* * *
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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