Grant, Michael. The Army of the Caesars. New York: Evans, 1974.
Granzotto, Gianni. Annibale. Milan, It.: Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, 1980.
Gray, Colin S. Modern Strategy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.
Green, Miranda. “A Carved Stone Head from Steep Holm.” Britannia 24 (1993): 241–42.
———. “The Religious Symbolism of Llyn Cerrig Bach and Other Early Sacred Water Sites.” Holy Wells Journal 1 (1994).
Green, Peter. Alexander of Macedon, 356–323 B.C.: A Historical Biography. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992. Reprint of Pelican Books, 1974 edition.
Grimal, Pierre. Le siècle des Scipions: Rome et l’hellénisme au temps des guerres puniques. 2nd ed. Paris: Aubier, 1975.
Grossman, Janet B. Greek Funerary Sculpture: Catalogue of the Collections at the Getty Villa. Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum (Getty Trust), 2002.
Gruen, Erich S. “The Advent of the Magna Mater.” Chap. 1 in Studies in Greek Culture and Roman Policy. Berkeley: University of California, 1996. First published 1990 by E. J. Brill.
———, ed. Cultural Identity in the Peoples of the Ancient Mediterranean, Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute, 2011.
———. Rethinking the Other in Antiquity. Martin Classical Lectures. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2012.
Haley, S. P. “Livy, Passion and Cultural Stereotypes.” Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte 39, no. 3 (1990): 375–81.
Handel, Michael I. Masters of War: Classic Strategic Thought. 3rd ed. London: Routledge, 2000.
Hanson, Victor Davis. Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise of Western Power. New York: Anchor Books, 2002. See esp. chap. 4 on Cannae.
Hardie, Colin. “The Origin and Plan of Modern Florence.” Journal of Roman Studies 55, nos. 1/2 (1965): 122–40.
Hardie, Philip. Ovid’s Poetics of Illusion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
Healy, Mark. Cannae 216 BC: Hannibal Smashes Rome’s Army. Oxford: Osprey, 1994.
Herm, Gerhard. The Celts. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1976.
Herschel, Clemens. Frontinus and the Water Supply of Rome. New York: Longmans, Green, 1913.
Hitchner, R. Bruce. “Review: Roman Republican Imperialism in Italy and the West.” American Journal of Archaeology 113, no. 4 (2009): 651–55. See esp. 654.
Hoyos, Dexter. “The Age of Overseas Expansion.” In A Companion to the Roman Army, edited by Paul Erdkamp. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010. First published 2007 by Malden, MA: Blackwell.
———. “Cannae, Battle of.” In The Encyclopedia of Ancient History. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012.
———. The Carthaginians. New York: Routledge, 2010.
———, ed. A Companion to the Punic Wars. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.
———. “Crossing the Durance with Hannibal and Livy: The Route to the Pass.” Klio: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte 88 (2006): 408–65.
———. “Hannibal.” In The Encyclopedia of Ancient History. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012.
———. Hannibal: Rome’s Greatest Enemy. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2008.
———. “Hannibal: What Kind of Genius?” Greece & Rome 30, no. 2 (1983): 171–80.
———. Hannibal’s Dynasty: Power and Politics in the Western Mediterranean, 247–183 BC. London: Routledge, 2003.
———. Mastering the West: Rome and Carthage at War. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.
———. “Sluice-gates or Neptune at New Carthage, 209 BC?” Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte 41 (1992): 124–28.
———. “Trasimene, Battle of.” In The Encyclopedia of Ancient History. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012.
———. “Zama, Battle of.” In The Encyclopedia of Ancient History. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012.
Hoyte, John. Trunk Road for Hannibal: With an Elephant over the Alps. London: Geoffroy Bles, 1960.
Hunt, Patrick. Alpine Archaeology. New York: Ariel Books, 2007.
———. “Alpine Archaeology: Some Effects of Climate and Altitude.” Archaeolog, a website of Stanford University, last modified December 5, 2005, https://web.stanford.edu/dept/archaeology/cgi-bin/archaeolog/?p=17.
———. “Alps.” In The Encyclopedia of Ancient History. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012, 340–41.
———. “Battle of Trasimene.” In Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2014.
———. “Battle of the Trebbia River.” In Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2014.
———. “Celtic Iron Age Sword Deposits and Arthur’s Lady of the Lake.” Archaeolog, a website of Stanford University, last modified February 26, 2008, https://web.stanford.edu/dept/archaeology/cgi-bin/archaeolog/?p=181.
———. “Ebro River.” In The Encyclopedia of Ancient History, edited by Roger S. Bagnall. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012.
———. “Gaius Claudius Nero.” In Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2014.
———. “Hannibal’s Engineers and Livy (XXI.36–7) on Burned Rock—Truth or Legend?” Archaeolog, a website of Stanford University, last modified June 6, 2007, https://web.stanford.edu/dept/archaeology/cgi-bin/archaeolog/?p=127.
———. “Hannibal’s Theophoric Destiny and the Alps.” Archaeolog, a website of Stanford University, 2006.
———. “Lichenometry Dating in the Alps with Hannibal Route Implications.”Atti Accademia Roveretana degli Agiati, a 265. Series 9. Vol. 5. B. Rovereto, Italy: 2015.
———. “The Locus of Carthage: Compounding Geographical Logic.” African Archaeology Review 26, no. 2 (2009): 137–54.
———. “Maharbal.” In Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2014.
———. “Mt. Saphon in Myth and Fact.” In Studia Phoenicia XI: Orientalia Lovaniensia Analacta 44, edited by E. Lipinski. Leuven, Bel.: Peeters, 1991.
———. “Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus.” In Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2014.
———. “Rhône.” In The Encyclopedia of Ancient History. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012.
———. “Rubicon.” In The Encyclopedia of Ancient History. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012.
———. “Scipio Africanus the Elder.” In Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2014.
———. “Subtle Paronomasia in the Canticum Canticorum: Hidden Treasures of the Superlative Poet.” Goldene Äpfel in silbernen Schalen. Beiträge zur Erfor-schung des Alten Testaments und des Antiken Judentums 20 (1992): 147–54.
———. “Summus Poeninus on the Grand St. Bernard Pass.” Journal of Roman Archaeology 11 (1998): 265–74.
———. Ten Discoveries That Rewrote History. New York: Penguin/Plume, 2007.
———. “Via Appia.” In The Encyclopedia of Ancient History. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012.
———. When Empires Clash: Twelve Great Battles in Antiquity. Newport, RI: Stone Tower Books, 2015.
Hunt, Patrick, and Andreea Seicean. “Alpine Archaeology and Paleopathology: Was Hannibal’s Army Also Decimated While Crossing the Alps?” Archaeolog, a website of Stanford University, 2007.
Hurst, Henry. “The Sanctuary of Tanit at Carthage in the Roman Period: A Reinterpretation,” supplementary series 30, Journal of Roman Archaeology (1999).
Hyde, W. W. Roman Alpine Roads. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1935.
Hyland, A. Equus: The Horse in the Roman World. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1990.
Isayev, Elena. “Identity and Culture.” Chap. 2 in “Inside Ancient Lukania: Dialogues in History and Archaeology,” supplement 90, Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies (2007).
Jaeger, Mary K. “Livy, Hannibal’s Monument and the Temple of Juno Lacinia at Croton.” Transactions of the American Philological Association (TAPA) 136 (2006): 389–414.
Jannelli, Lorena, and Fausto Longo, eds. The Greeks in Sicily. San Giovanni Lupatoto, It.: Arsenale Editrice, 2004.
Jiménez-Martínez, J., L. Candela, J. L. García-Aróstegui, and R. Aragón. “
Campo de Cartagena, SE Spain 3D Hydro-geological Model: Hydrological Implications.” Geologica Acta 10, no. 1 (2012): 49–62.
Jolly, A. Richard. “Hannibal’s Pass: Results of an Empirical Test.” Alpine Journal 67, nos. 304/305 (1962): 243–49.
Jospin, Jean-Pascal. Allobroges, Gaulois et Romains des Alpes. Grenoble, Fr.: Les Patrimoines, Dauphiné Libéré, 2009.
———. “Des Allobroges Alpins: Souverainetés, Résistances et Autonomies.” Rester Libres! Les expressions de la liberte des Allobroges a nos jours. Grenoble, Fr.: Musee Dauphinois, 2006.
———. “Les Allobroges: des Gaulois d’Italie du Nord?” Un air d’Italie: La présence italienne en Isère. Grenoble, Fr.: Musée Dauphinois, 2011.
———. “Grenoble de Cularo à Gratianopolis.” In Atlas culturel des Alpes occidentales, edited by C. Jourdain-Annequin. Paris: Picard, 2004.
Jospin, Jean-Pascal, and Laura Dalaine. Hannibal et les Alpes: une traversée, un mythe. Grenoble, Fr.: Musée Dauphinois, 2011. (Also see Dalaine.)
Keay, S. J. Review of Roman Spain: Conquest and Assimilation, by L. A. Curchin. Britannia 24 (1993): 332–33.
———. Roman Spain: Exploring the Roman World. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988.
Keegan, John. A History of Warfare. London: Hutchinson, 1993.
Keitel, Elizabeth. “The Influence of Thucydides 7.61–71 on Sallust Cat. 20–21.” Classical Journal 82, no. 4 (1987): 293–300.
Kennedy, Paul. Grand Strategies in War and Peace. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1991.
Keppie, Lawrence. The Making of the Roman Army: From Republic to Empire. Norman: University of Oklahoma, 1998. First published 1984 by London: B. T. Batsford.
Kimyongür, A. “The Beast Never Dies: Maurice Gouiran and the Uses of War Memory.” Journal of War and Culture Studies 4, no. 3 (2011): 372–81.
Kleu, Michael. “Prusias I of Bithynia.” In The Encyclopedia of Ancient History. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012.
Kluth, Andreas. Hannibal and Me: What History’s Greatest Military Strategist Can Teach Us About Success and Failure. New York: Riverhead Books, 2011.
Koch, John T. Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-Clio, 2006.
Koon, Sam. Infantry Combat in Livy’s Battle Narratives. British Archaeological Reports (BAR) International Series 2071. Oxford: Archaeopress, 2010.
Koortbojian, Michael. “A Painted Exemplum at Rome’s Temple of Liberty.” Journal of Roman Studies 92 (2002): 33–48.
Kuhle, M., and S. Kuhle. “Hannibal Gone Astray? A Critical Comment on W. C. Mahaney Et Al: ‘The Traversette (Italia) Rockfall: Geomorphological Indicator of the Hannibalic Invasion Route’ (Archaeometry 52, 1 [2010]: 156–72).” Archaeometry 54, no. 3 (June 2012): 591–601.
———. “Lost in Translation or Can We Still Understand What Polybius Says About Hannibal’s Crossing of the Alps?—A Reply to Mahaney (Archaeometry 55 [2013]: 1196–204).” Archaeometry 57, no. 4 (August 2015): 759–71.
Lancel, Serge. Carthage: A History. Translated by Antonia Nevill. Oxford: Blackwell, 1995.
———. Hannibal. Translated by Antonia Nevill. Oxford: Blackwell, 1998. First published 1995 by Paris: Librairie Arthème Fayard.
Laufer, Robert S., M. S. Gallops, and Ellen Frey-Wouters. “War Stress and Trauma: The Vietnam Vet Experience.” Journal of Health and Social Behavior 25, no. 1 (1985): 65–85.
Laursen, Larry, and Marc Bekoff. “Loxodonta Africana.” Mammalian Species 92 (January 6, 1978): 1–8.
Lavis-Trafford, M. A. de. Le Col Alpin Franchi par Hannibal: son identification topographic. St. Jean-de-Maurienne, Fr.: Libr. Termignon, 1958.
Lazenby, John F. Hannibal’s War: A Military History of the Second Punic War. Warminster, UK: Aris and Phillips, 1978.
———. “Was Maharbal Right?” In “The Second Punic War: A Reappraisal,” edited by T. J. Cornell, B. Rankov, and P. Sabin. Special issue, Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies 41, no. S67 (February 1996): 39–48.
Lendon, J. E. “The Rhetoric of Combat: Greek Military Theory and Roman Culture in Julius Caesar’s Battle Descriptions.” Classical Antiquity 18, no. 2 (1999): 273–329.
Lewis, Charlton T., and Charles Short. A Latin Dictionary: Founded on Andrews’ Edition of Freund’s Latin Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1956.
Libourel, Jan. “Galley Slaves in the Second Punic War.” Classical Philology 68, no. 2 (April 1973): 116–19.
Liddell Hart, B. H. “Roman Wars, Hannibal, Scipio, and Caesar.” Chap. 3 in Strategy: The Classic Book on Military Strategy. 2nd rev. ed. New York: Meridian, 1991. First published 1954 by London: Faber & Faber.
———. Scipio Africanus: Greater Than Napoleon. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 2004. Reprint of Edinburgh: W. Blackwood & Sons, 1926 edition.
Liddell, H. G., and R. Scott. Greek-English Lexicon. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996.
Lillo, A., and M. Lillo. “On Polybius X.10.12: The Capture of New Carthage.” Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte 37 (1988): 477–80.
Linders, Tullia. Studies in the Treasure Records of the Temple of Artemis Brauronia Found in Athens. Stockholm: Svenska Institutet i Athen, 1972.
———. “The Treasures of Other Gods in Athens and Their Functions.” Beiträge zur klassischen Philologie 62 (1975).
Lintott, Andrew W. The Constitution of the Roman Republic. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.
———. “Electoral Bribery in the Roman Republic.” Journal of Roman Studies 80 (1990): 1–16.
———. “Novi Homines.” Classical Review 24, no. 2 (1974): 261–63.
Ligt, Luuk de. “Roman Manpower and Recruitment During the Middle Republic.” In A Companion to the Roman Army, edited by P. Erdkamp. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010. First published 2007 by Malden, MA: Blackwell.
Lipinski, E., ed. dir. Dictionnaire de la civilisation phénicienne et punique. Paris: Brepols (Turnhout), 1992.
———. Itineraria Phoenicia. Leuven, Bel.: Peeters, 2004.
———, ed. Studia Phoenicia VI: Carthago. Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 26. Leuven, Bel.: Peeters, 1988.
———, ed. Studia Phoenicia XI: Phoenicians and the Bible. Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 44. Leuven, Bel.: Peeters, 1991.
Lo Cascio, E. “Recruitment and the Size of the Roman Population from the Third to First Century BCE.” In Debating Roman Demography, edited by Walter Scheidel. Leiden, Neth.: E. J. Brill, 2001.
Lowe, Benedict J. “Polybius 10.10.2 and the Existence of Salt Flats at Carthago Nova.” Phoenix 54, nos. 1/2 (2000): 39–52.
Ludwig, Emil. Napoléon. Translated by Eden and Cedar Paul. New York: Boni and Liveright, 1926.
MacDonald, Eve. Hannibal: A Hellenistic Life. New Haven, CT.: Yale University Press, 2015.
Machiavelli, Niccolò. “Of Cruelty and Clemency, and Whether It Is Better to Be Feared Than Loved,” chap. 17 in The Prince. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Classics, 1914.
Madden, Thomas F., Empires of Trust: How Rome Built—and America Is Building—a New World. New York: Penguin, 2008.
Mahaney, William. Hannibal’s Odyssey: Environmental Background to the Alpine Invasion of Italia. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press, 2009.
Mahaney, William, Barbara Kapran, and Pierre Tricart. “Hannibal and the Alps: Unraveling the Invasion Route.” Geology Today 24, no. 6 (2008): 223–30.
Mahaney, W., V. Kalm, R. W. Dirszowsky, M. W. Milner, R. Sodhi, R. Beukens, R. Dorn, P. Tricart, S. Schwartz, E. Chamorro-Perez, S. Boccia, R. W. Barendregt, D. H. Krinsley, E. R. Seaquist, D. Merrick, and B. Kapran. “Hannibal’s Trek Across the Alps: Geomorphological Analysis of Sites of Geoarchaeological Interest.” Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry 8, no. 2 (2008): 39–54.
Mahaney, W. C., C. C. R. Allen, P. Pentlavalli, A. Kulakova, J. M. Young, R. W. Dirszowsky, A. West, B. Kelleher, S. Jordan, C. Pulleyblank, S. O’Reilly, B. T. Murphy, K. Lasberg, P. Somelar, M. Garneau, S. A. Finkelstein, M. K. Sobol, V. Kalm, P. J. M. Costa, R. G. V. Hancock, K. M. H
art, P. Tricart, R. W. Barendregt, T. E. Bunch, and M.W. Milner. “Biostratigraphic Evidence Relating to the Age-Old Question of Hannibal’s Invasion of Italy, I: History and Geologic Reconstruction.” Archaeometry (March 8, 2016): 1–15.
Marconi, Clemente. “Sicily and South Italy.” In A Companion to Greek Art. Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World. Vol. 1. Edited by T. J. Smith and D. Plantzos. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012.
Martin, James W., George W. Christopher, and Edward M. Eitzen. “History of Biological Weapons: From Poisoned Darts to Intentional Epidemics.” In Medical Aspects of Biological Warfare, edited by Z. F. Dembek. Washington DC: Borden Institute, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, 2007.
Mattingly, David J., and R. Bruce Hitchner. “Roman Africa: An Archaeological Review.” Journal of Roman Studies 85 (1995): 165–213. See esp. 200 and 204.
Mattusch, Carol. Greek Bronze Statuary: From the Beginnings Through Fifth Century B.C. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1989.
Matusiak, Frederick Charles. Polybius and Livy: The Causes of the Second Punic War. PhD diss., University of Nebraska, 1992.
Mayor, Adrienne. Greek Fire, Poison Arrows, and Scorpion Bombs: Biological Warfare in the Ancient World. London: Duckworth, 2009.
———. The Poison King: The Life and Legend of Mithradates, Rome’s Deadliest Enemy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2011.
McCall, Jeremiah B. The Cavalry of the Roman Republic: Cavalry Combat and Elite Reputations in the Middle and Late Republic. London: Routledge, 2002.
McDonald, A. H. “Hannibal’s Passage of the Alps.” Alpine Journal 61 (1956): 93–101.
McGing, Brian. “Polybius and Herodotus.” In Imperialism, Cultural Politics and Polybius, edited by Christopher Smith and Liv Mariah Yarrow. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.
Meijer, F. J. “Cato’s African Figs.” Mnemosyne: A Journal of Classical Studies 37, nos. 1/2 (1984): 117–24.
Meister, K. “Annibale in Sileno.” Maia 22 (1971): 3–9.
Meredith, Martin. Elephant Destiny: Biography of an Endangered Species in Africa. New York: Public Affairs, 2001.
Merglen, Albert. Surprise Warfare: Subversive, Airborne and Amphibious Operations. Translated by K. Morgan. London: George Allen and Unwin, 1968. First published as La Guerre de l’Inattendu 1966 by Paris: Arthaud.
Hannibal Page 37