Hannibal

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by Patrick N Hunt


  Wilson, Roger J. A. “Carthage.” In The Oxford Companion to Archaeology, edited by Brian Fagan. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.

  ———. “Why Did the Carthaginians Sacrifice Children?” In The Seventy Great Mysteries of the Ancient World, edited by Brian Fagan. London: Thames and Hudson, 2001.

  Winters, Harold. Battling the Elements: Weather and Terrain in the Conduct of War. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998.

  Wise, Terence. Armies of the Carthaginian Wars 265–146 BC. Oxford: Osprey Books, 1982.

  Wiseman, Timothy P. New Men in the Roman Senate, 139 B.C. to A.D. 14. London: Oxford University Press, 1971.

  ———. “Roman Republican Road-Building.” Papers of the British School at Rome 38 (1970): 122–52.

  Woodward, Rachel. Military Geographies. Oxford: Blackwell / Royal Geographical Society (RGS-IBG), 2004.

  Worley, Leslie J. Hippeis: The Cavalry of Ancient Greece. Oxford: Westview Press, 1994.

  Zimmerman, Klaus. “Roman Strategy and Aims in the Second Punic War,” Chap. 16 in A Companion to the Punic Wars, edited by Dexter Hoyos. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.

  * * *

  INDEX

  A note about the index: The pages referenced in this index refer to the page numbers in the print edition. Clicking on a page number will take you to the ebook location that corresponds to the beginning of that page in the print edition. For a comprehensive list of locations of any word or phrase, use your reading system’s search function.

  Page numbers in italics refer to maps. Page numbers beginning with 275 refer to notes.

  Acerra, 152

  Adriatic coast, 124–25, 197–98, 291

  Aegates Islands, battle of (241 BCE), 6

  Aemilia gens, 35, 135–36

  Aeneas, 264, 306

  Aeneid (Virgil), 208, 248, 264–65, 275, 306

  Aetolian League, 253–54

  Agrigento (Akragas), 164, 165

  Agri River, 196

  Akra Leuke (Alicante), 15, 17, 25, 33

  Albinus, Postumus, 155

  Alexander the Great, 28, 225, 269

  as Hannibal’s role model, 4, 24, 38–39, 59

  Allen, Stephen, 57

  Allobroges, 54, 56–57, 65, 76, 195

  Alpes-Maritimes mountains, 45, 51

  Alps, see Hannibal, in Alps crossing

  Ammianus Marcellinus, 71

  Anamares Celts, 80–81

  Anapus River, 164

  Ancona, 199–200

  Andalusia (al-Andalus), 14, 17, 180

  Anio River, 168, 169

  Antiochus III, Seleucid king, 10, 251, 254, 255–56, 258

  Apennine Mountains, 101, 103, 111, 112, 124, 125, 157, 197, 289–90

  Appian of Alexandria, 151, 152, 157, 195, 226, 227–28

  Apulia, 123, 133, 135, 136, 137, 149, 154, 199–200

  Archaeological Museum of Cartagena, 26

  Archimedes, 163–65, 300

  Arelate (Arles), 46

  Arethusa, 164

  Ariminum (Rimini), 83, 88, 112, 115, 119–20, 121, 197, 200, 291

  Aristotle, 4, 5

  Armenia, 258

  Arno River marshes, 103–8, 111

  Arpi, 157, 158

  Arretium (Arezzo), 101, 103, 107, 109, 112, 113, 291

  Arrian, 279

  Artaxias, king of Armenia, 258

  Arveni, 54

  Ascanius, 135–36

  Asia Minor, 254, 256, 260

  Asina, Publius Cornelius, 168

  Assyrian Empire, 2

  Astarte, 208

  Athens, 143

  Atlas Mountains, 3, 29, 276

  Attalus, king of Pergamum, 217–18

  Aufidus (Ofanto) River, 131, 139, 140, 141, 267

  Ausetani, 182

  Aussois, 63

  Baal, 1, 9, 10, 26, 78, 170

  Baecula (Baelen), battle of (208 BCE), 191–92, 194

  Bagradas (Medjerda) River, 225

  Balearic slingers, 94, 115, 116, 140, 141–42, 230

  Banyuls-dels-Aspres, 41

  Barcid clan, 3–4

  Barium (Bari), 151

  Batuli, 17

  Benevento, 125, 166

  Bithynia, 258–61

  Boii, 42, 43, 50–51, 101–2, 103, 106, 61, 70, 76, 82–83, 155, 195

  Bomilcar, 4, 153, 165

  Borghetto gap, 114–15, 116

  Bramans Gorge, 64–65, 283

  Brody, Aaron, 9

  Brundisium (Brindisi), 84, 151, 154, 156, 158

  Bruttium, Bruttians, 147, 151, 152, 166, 171, 196, 207, 209, 212, 218, 220, 221, 227

  Caesar, Julius, 269

  Camargue, 46, 51

  Campania, 125–29, 133, 147, 149, 150, 154, 155, 157, 198

  Cannae, battle of (216 BCE), 131, 132, 137–46, 156, 184, 186, 222, 231, 264, 265, 266, 296–97

  Carthaginian casualties at, 144

  compression of Roman infantry in, 139, 142, 143, 144, 237, 310

  disposition of Carthaginian troops in, 138–39, 140

  disposition of Roman troops in, 139–40

  Hannibal’s double envelopment tactic in, 144

  libeccio wind as factor in, 138

  numerical superiority of Carthaginian cavalry in, 138, 139

  Paullus’ address to troops before, 137–38

  rawness of Roman troops in, 135, 136, 137, 140, 143

  Roman casualties in, 144–45, 148, 306

  Roman prisoners taken in, 144–45, 146

  Zama compared to, 242

  Cantabrian Mountains, 194

  Canusium, 137, 184, 198, 200

  Capua (ancient), 154

  in defection from Rome, 150, 152, 163, 166, 167

  Roman recapture of, 163, 166–68, 170–71, 174, 182, 198

  Carpetani, 27, 36, 40, 186

  Cartagena, 21, 37, 267

  booty from, 190

  as Hannibal’s base, 25

  as Hasdrubal Barca’s base, 178, 179, 180

  Hasdrubal the Fair’s founding of, 17, 25–26

  Scipio Africanus’ capture of, 186–91

  as silver mining center, 17–18, 25, 27, 187, 191, 192

  Carthage, Carthaginians:

  Celtiberian alliances with, 14

  colonies of, 2

  Council of Elders of, see Gerousia

  destruction of merchant fleet of, 243

  Hannibal recalled by, 227–30

  Hannibal’s flight from, 252–53

  Hannibal’s Italian campaign as viewed by, 152–53

  Hanno faction in, 6, 9, 35

  harbor of, 2, 3

  human sacrifice as possibly practiced in, 9, 277

  indemnity payments to Rome by, 7, 8, 14, 17–18, 21–22, 147, 242–43, 244, 249, 250

  and loss of Spain, 192–93, 212, 215–16

  Macedonian alliance with, 154, 156, 158–59, 171, 176

  Mediterranean trade of, 2, 7, 13, 21, 22, 26, 247

  Mercenary Wars in, 7–8, 25

  Numidian alliance of, 4, 179–80, 212–13, 220

  people’s assembly of, 249, 250

  Phoenician founding of, 1–2, 275–76

  post-Zama peace treaty imposed on, 242–43, 244

  Senate of, 5, 6

  Temple of Baal in, 9–10

  territories of, xiii, 5, 6

  tophet of, 9, 277

  and Treaty of Lutatius, 6–7, 8, 13, 21–22, 35, 146–47, 242

  Carthaginian army, 16

  under Hamilcar, 3, 5, 13–19

  under Hasdrubal Gisco, 209–11

  Numidian cavalry in, 11, 16

  Carthaginian army, under Hannibal:

  attrition of veterans in, 174–75, 193, 229–30

  Balearic slingers in, 94, 115, 116, 140, 141–42, 230

  camp followers and, 44

  Carpetani’s desertions from, 40–41

  Carthaginian reinforcements of, 153

  Celts in, 29–30, 75, 79, 104–6, 115–16, 117, 118, 119, 140, 141, 142–43, 153, 160, 206, 225–26, 288,
304

  disease among, 106

  elephants in, see elephants, in Carthaginian army

  heavy cavalry of, 38, 49, 50, 64, 72, 75, 79–80, 81, 85, 89, 94, 95–96, 138, 140, 141, 142–43, 160, 235, 236, 238, 240, 267

  Ligurians in, 230

  mercenaries in, 38, 225–26, 239, 304

  new recruits in, 153, 236

  Numidian cavalry of, see Numidian cavalry

  pikemen in, 94, 95, 115, 119, 120, 128, 129

  possible cannibalism in, 67, 264

  post-Alps crossing condition of, 72–73, 75

  post-Utica defeatism of, 232–33

  provisioning of, 54, 62–63, 66–67, 73, 84, 108, 109, 125–26, 133

  in trek through Arno marshes, 103–8, 111

  Carthaginian army, under Hasdrubal Barca:

  Celts in, 178, 180, 181, 191, 203–5

  elephants in, 204

  heavy cavalry in, 178

  Libyan infantry in, 178

  Ligurians in, 195

  mercenaries in, 178, 191–92

  Numidian cavalry in, 178

  Carthaginian navy, 3, 4, 155, 222

  in Aegates Islands battle, 6

  at Ebro River battle, 177–78

  Gerousia’s dismantling of, 5

  in Hannibal’s recall from Italy, 228, 229

  and Hannibal’s Southern Italy campaign, 153

  at Siracusa, 164, 165

  Carthalo, 149, 171

  Casilinum (modern Capua), 154

  Casilinum Pass, 127–29

  Castulo, 21, 186, 212

  Castulo, battle of (212 BCE), 181

  Catalonia, 41

  Cato, Marcus Porcius (the Elder), 107, 222

  Celtiberians, 2, 15, 20, 28, 40, 186

  in battles with Carthaginians, 23

  Carthaginian alliances with, 14, 18, 21, 23

  in Carthaginian army, 29–30, 178, 180, 181, 191, 204–5, 209–11, 225–26

  hostages, Scipio Africanus’ freeing of, 190–91

  in Roman army, 179, 180–81, 182, 209–10, 211

  Celts, 22, 28–30,

  bravery of, 104

  in Carthaginian army, 203, 204, 205, 206, 288

  duplicity of, 63, 65, 89

  fickleness of, 90, 99, 100, 104–5

  Hannibal ambushed by, 56–57, 65–66

  Hannibal’s promise of freedom for, 96–97, 119, 146

  Hannibal’s relations with, 29–30, 33–34, 36, 37, 42, 72, 147

  trophy heads collected by, 82, 286, 287

  see also specific tribes

  Cercina Island, 252–53

  Cerro del Molinete, 25

  Chartreuse Massif, 55

  Cicero, Marcus Tullius, 156–57

  Cirta, 226

  Clapier-Savine Coche saddle, 70, 284

  Clastidium (Casteggio), 84

  Claudia gens, 198, 206

  Claudius Caudex, Appius, 167

  Claudius Marcellus, Marcus, 151, 154

  Claudius Nero, Gaius, 166, 196, 207, 268

  background of, 198–99

  Hannibal’s tactics adopted by, 199, 200

  Hasdrubal Barca’s escape from, 182–83

  and intercepted letter from Hasdrubal, 197, 198

  in Metaurus battle, 200–205, 266

  in return to Venusia, 205–6

  in secret march to Metaurus River, 199

  Claudius Pulcher, Publius, 170

  Clausewitz, Carl von. See multiple citations in notes

  Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 106

  Collina Pass, 103, 289–90

  comitia centuriata, 185, 186

  Cortona, 114

  Crete, 257–58

  Crispinus, Titus Quinctius, 172–73

  Croton, 151, 207

  Cumaean Sibyl, 157

  Cybele, cult statue of moved to Rome, 217–18

  Cynetes, 25

  Cynoscephalae, battle of (197 BCE), 254

  Dante Alighieri, 104

  Darius III, king of Persia, 38, 225, 279

  Dasius, 84

  De Divinatione (Cicero), 156–57

  Demetrius of Pharos, 135

  Dertosa (Tortosa), 40, 187

  Dertosa, battle of (215 BCE), 178–79

  Dido, queen of Carthage, 208, 248, 264–65, 275, 306

  Dio Cassius, 151, 152, 264

  Diodorus Siculus, 9, 11, 18, 227–28, 264, 277, 279

  Dora Riparia River, 75, 76

  Drapanum (Trapani), battle of (249 BCE), 5

  Drôme River, 53

  Ducarius, 118

  Ebro River, 22–23, 31, 32, 35, 39–40, 100, 176, 177, 178, 187, 188, 194

  Ebro River, battle of the (217 BCE), 177–78, 179

  elephants, African, 29

  elephants, Asian, 28–29

  as most likely used by Hannibal, 28

  elephants, in Carthaginian army, 27, 40

  in Alps crossing, 27, 28, 40, 50, 60, 62, 65, 66–67, 72

  in Hannibal’s African campaign, 230

  in Hasdrubal Barca’s Spanish campaign, 178–79

  in Metaurus battle, 204

  psychological effect of, 27–28

  reinforcements of, 153

  in Rhône crossing, 50

  in Spain, 27

  at Trebia battle, 95, 96

  in Zama battle, 235, 236–37, 238

  Emporion, 186, 191

  Ephesus, 256

  Eshmoun, Temple of (Gades), 15

  Etruria, Etruscans, 101, 103–8, 197, 198

  Eumenes II, king of Pergamum, 259

  Ezekiel, Book of, 2, 254

  Fabia gens, 35

  Fabius, Quintus Pictor, 21

  Fabius Labeo, Quintus, 258

  Fabius Maximus, Quintus, 137, 148, 150, 171, 217, 221, 222, 266

  appointed dictator of Rome, 121–22

  in attempt to trap Hannibal in Campania, 127–29

  family background of, 122

  Hannibal’s attempts to provoke into battle, 124

  Hannibal’s march on Rome discerned by, 168

  Minucius’ conflict with, 122, 126, 129, 133, 134

  nonengagement strategy of, 123–24, 126, 129–30, 133, 134, 154, 156, 158, 167, 175

  Faesulae, 107

  falcatas (Spanish swords), 141, 144, 296–97

  Farina, Cape, 222

  First Punic War, 4–8, 121, 156, 193, 241, 247

  Flamininus, Titus Quinctius, 254, 260, 261, 264

  Flaminius Nepos, Gaius, 134, 266

  Arretium base of, 101, 103, 107, 109, 291

  character and career of, 111–14

  death of, 118

  Hannibal’s understanding of weaknesses of, 113–14

  in mistaken assumption about Hannibal’s plans, 102, 103, 108

  plebian political base of, 112–13

  in Trasimene battle, see Trasimene, battle of

  Florence, 107

  Frontinus, Sextus Julius, 222–23, 265, 266

  Fulvius Centimalus, Cnaeus, 185

  Fulvius Flaccus, Quintus, 167, 168, 169–70, 200, 221

  Gades (Cádiz), 15, 21, 186, 192, 211

  Gala, king of the Massylians, 179–80, 215

  Galicia, 192

  Gallic War (225 BCE), 151

  Gaugamela, battle of (331 BCE), 28

  Gaul, Hannibal in, see Hannibal, in Alps crossing

  Gauls, see Celts

  Geronium, 133, 134

  Gerousia (Carthaginian Council of Elders), 4–5, 6, 20, 190, 243

  anti-Barcid faction in, 248–49, 250–51

  effectiveness of Hannibal’s campaigns questioned by, 153

  Hamilcar sent to Spain by, 8–9

  Hannibal accused of plotting against Rome by, 250–51, 255

  Hannibal declared outlaw by, 253

  post-Zama peace treaty accepted by, 244

  Roman tenacity underestimated by, 5

  Gibraltar, Strait of, 12

  Goldsworthy, Adrian, 187

  Gracchus, Tiberius, 166, 167, 265

  Great Plain, ba
ttle of the (203 BCE), 225–26, 236

  Grenoble, 54, 55

  Grumentum, 196, 198, 199

  Guadalquivir River, 21, 181–82, 209, 211

  Hadrumetum (Sousse), 241, 247

  Hamilcar Barca, 1, 3, 5, 147, 193, 196, 241

  ambush and death of, 18–19, 20

  appointed commander in Spain, 8–9, 10–12, 13–19

  as careful to pay mercenaries, 25

  Hanno’s feud with, 8, 9

  as implacable enemy of Rome, 8, 265

  Mercenary War quashed by, 7–8

  and Treaty of Lutatius, 6–7, 8

  Hannibal, 264, 268

  aristocratic background of, 3–4

  cancellation of Lutatius Treaty as goal of, 146–47

  as careful to pay mercenaries, 25

  childhood and adolescence of, 1–2, 8, 9–14

  “conquer or die” speech of, 74

  courage and boldness of, 23–24, 56–57

  and death of Hamilcar, 18–19

  diplomatic skill as weakness of, 155, 173

  double-envelopment tactic of, 87, 144

  education of, 4

  environmental factors incorporated into tactics of, 120

  Imilce’s marriage to, 17, 21

  intelligence gathering by, 44, 91, 101, 103, 108, 111, 113–14, 120, 189, 231, 232–33, 268

  leadership skills of, 21, 23–24

  legacy of, 262–70

  military training of, 15–16, 19

  Odysseus compared to, 4, 44

  principal classical sources for life of, x, 88

  psychological insight of, 24, 62, 83, 97, 134, 266

  Roman captives treated harshly by, 97

  Roman tactical weaknesses exploited by, 97, 99

  Roman writers’ demonization of, 263–64

  Rome’s determination to fight on misjudged by, 147, 154

  Rome’s refusal to negotiate with, 149–50

  Sempronius compared to, 88

  sight in one eye lost by, 107, 290

  special comforts disdained by, 58–59

  strategic misjudgments of, 269

  tactical genius of, 97, 263, 265–66, 267

  undying hatred of Rome sworn by, 10, 19, 29, 248, 265

  Hannibal, African campaign of:

  in escape from Zama, 241

  Leptis Minor landing in, 229

  in meeting with Scipio Africanus before Zama, 233

  new recruits in, 230

  Zama in, see Zama, battle of

  Hannibal, in Alps crossing:

  Allobroges’ fort captured in, 58

  Arc River Valley march in, 58–59, 60, 61, 63–64, 282

  dearth of archaeological evidence of, 69

 

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