God's War: A New History of the Crusades

by Christopher Tyerman

  5. William of Tyre, History, ii, 407–8.

  6. For an equivocal eyewitness account, Ibn al-Qalanisi, Damascus Chronicle, pp. 317–21.

  7. Ibn Munir of Tripoli, trans. Hillenbrand, Crusades, p. 150 and, in general, pp. 118–67; for the bathing incident, Holt, Age of Crusades, p. 44.

  8. Translated in Gabrieli, Arab Historians, p. 71, and pp. 70–72 for a flattering appreciation.

  9. Taken from the inscription on Nur al-Din’s Aleppo/Jerusalem minbar, trans. Hillenbrand, Crusades, p. 152 and generally pp. 151–61.

  10. William of Tyre, History ii, 235, and pp. 253–4 for the Cyprus raid.

  11. On Manuel’s Antioch policy, P. Magdalino, The Empire of Manuel I Komnenos, pp. 66–76; Lilie, Byzantium and the Crusader States, pp. 174–83.

  12. Beha al-Din Ibn Shaddad, The Rare and Excellent History of Saladin, trans. D. S. Richards (Aldershot 2002), p. 45.

  13. Accounts differ between Saladin’s own, M. Lyons and D. Jackson, Saladin: The Politics of Holy War (Cambridge 1984), p. 47 and the version possibly given later by Saladin to his friend Ibn Shaddad, Ibn Shaddad, Saladin, p. 47.

  14. According to Ibn al-Athir, Gabrieli, Arab Historians, p. 69; cf. Ibn Shaddad’s more specious version, Saladin, p. 49.

  15. The best modern biography is Lyons and Jackson, Saladin. His full name translates as ‘the king, the governor, the goodness of the world and the Faith, father of Mustafa, Joseph, son of Ayyub, son of Shadhi the Kurd’.

  16. Itinerarium Peregrinorum et Gesta Regis Ricardi, trans. H. Nicholson, The Chronicle of the Third Crusade (Aldershot 2001), p. 27 and note. (Hereafter Itinerarium).

  17. Tyerman, England and the Crusades, p. 117 and note 26.

  18. Ambroise, Crusade of Richard, ll. 5,499–5,500, p. 227; J. Gillingham, Richard I (New Haven and London 1999), pp. 188, 216, 262.

  19. Gabrieli, Arab Historians, pp. 69, 119, 141; for Saladin’s reputation in the Islamic world, Hillenbrand, Crusades, pp. 193–5, 592–600.

  20. Lyons and Jackson, Saladin, pp. 87–90, 105–6; B. Lewis, The Assassins (London 1967), chap. 5.

  21. Recorded by his secretary, Imad al-Din Isfahani, Gabrieli, Arab Historians, pp. 171–2.

  22. M. Lyons, ‘Saladin’s Hattin Letter’, The Horns of Hattin, ed. Kedar, pp. 208–12.

  23. Ibn Shaddad, Saladin, pp. 28–9.

  24. Tibble, Monarchy and Lordships, esp. pp. 134–5, 166.

  25. William of Tyre, History, ii, 314.

  26. William of Tyre, History, ii, 486–9; Kedar, ‘The General Tax of 1183’, pp. 339–45.

  27. Most recently, B. Hamilton, The Leper King.

  28. John of Ibelin, Livre des Assises c. xiii, ed. P. Edbury, John of Ibelin and Kingdom of Jerusalem (Woodbridge 1997), pp. 118–20.

  29. The Old French Continuation of William of Tyre, trans. P. Edbury, The Conquest of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade, ed. idem (Aldershot 1998), p. 33; for the siege of Jerusalem, ibid., pp. 55–67; Mas Latrie, Chronique d’Ernoul, p. 175; L’Estoire de Eracles, RHC Occ., ii (Paris 1859), p. 70; Nicholson, Chronicle of the Third Crusade, pp. 38–9 (fourteen is the number of knights given here); Libellus de expugnatione Terrae Sanctae per Saladinum, ed. J. Stevenson, Rolls Series (London 1875), pp. 241–51.

  30. Roger of Howden, Gesta Regis Henrici Secundi, ed. W. Stubbs, Rolls Series (London 1867), i, 328.

  31. As suggested by H. E. Mayer, ‘The Beginnings of King Amalric of Jerusalem’, Horns of Hattin, ed. Kedar, pp. 121–35.

  32. William of Tyre, History, ii, 296–8 where the king is also accused of financial greed, a common charge against hard-pressed rulers.

  33. Ibn Shaddad, Saladin, p. 90; Hamilton, The Leper King, p. 34, note 62.

  34. On the state of Baldwin’s health and the diagnosis of leprosy, see Piers Mitchell, ‘An Evaluation of the leprosy of King Baldwin IV’, in Hamilton, The Leper King, pp. 245–58.

  35. P. Edbury, Propaganda and Faction in the Kingdom of Jerusalem’, Crusaders and Muslims, ed. Shatzmiller, pp. 173–89; cf. Runciman, History of the Crusades, ii, 403–73.

  36. On William of Tyre’s prejudices, P. Edbury and J. Rowe, William of Tyre: Historian of the Latin East (Cambridge 1988).

  37. The chronicle attributed to Ernoul; see now Edbury, Conquest of Jerusalem, pp. 1–8.

  38. William of Tyre, History, ii, 417–34.

  39. Hamilton, The Leper King, p. 139, note 50 for references.

  40. Hamilton, The Leper King, p. 167, notes 40–41.

  41. See the reconstruction in Hamilton, The Leper King, pp. 179–85.

  42. William of Tyre, History, ii, 491–8 for the events of the 1183 campaign; Ibn Shaddad, Saladin, pp. 61–2.

  43. William of Tyre, History, ii, 498–504, 507–9.

  44. Edbury, Conquest of Jerusalem, pp. 11–16. For a convincing reconstruction of the events of 1184–5 based largely on the variant continuations of William of Tyre, Hamilton, The Leper King, pp. 198–210.

  45. Ibn Shaddad, Saladin, pp. 68–9.

  46. Edbury, Conquest of Jerusalem, pp. 24–30, 154–5; despite the continuations of William of Tyre’s sympathetic glossing towards Raymond, the inference is unavoidable.

  47. Ibn Jubayr, Travels, trans. R. J. C. Broadhurst (London 1952), p. 301 and generally on Outremer in the autumn of 1184, pp. 315–25.

  48. For the events culminating in the battle at the springs of Cresson, Gabrieli, Arab Historians, pp. 114–18; Edbury, Conquest of Jerusalem, pp. 30–34, 156–7; Stevenson, Libellus de expugatione Terrae Sanctae, pp. 211–17. For the legends, Nicholson, Chronicle of the Third Crusade, pp. 25–6.

  49. On the Hattin campaign, Gabrieli, Arab Historians, pp. 118–39; Edbury, Conquest of Jerusalem, pp. 34–49, 158–62; Libellus de expugnatione Terrae Sanctae, trans. Brundage, Crusades, pp. 153–63; Lyons and Jackson, Saladin, pp. 258–64; Lyons, ‘Saladin’s Hattin Letter’; R. C. Smail, ‘The Predicaments of Guy of Lusignan 1183–7’, Outremer, ed. Kedar et al., pp. 159–76; and, for the topography and details of the fighting itself, especially, B. Z. Kedar, ‘The Battle of Hattin Revisited’, Horns of Hattin, pp. 190–207.

  50. Gabrieli, Arab Historians, p. 130.

  51. Ibn al-Athir, Gabrieli, Arab Historians, p. 123.

  52. Peter of Blois, Passio Reginaldis Principis Antiocheni, PL, 207, cols. 957–76.

  53. Gabrieli, Arab Historians, p. 125.

  54. For the siege and fall of Jerusalem, Ibn Shaddad, Saladin, pp. 77–8; Gabrieli, Arab Historians, pp. 139–75; Edbury, Conquest of Jerusalem, pp. 55–65, 162–3, 165–6.

  55. Edbury, Conquest of Jerusalem, pp. 73–6.

  56. For full references Gillingham, Richard I, p. 87, note 36.

  57. Translated by J. and L. Riley-Smith, Crusades, pp. 64–7.

  12: The Call of the Cross

  1. Pipe Roll 1 Richard I, ed. J. Hunter (London 1844), p. 20; Pipe Roll 3 Richard I, The Great Rolls of the Pipe (Pipe Roll Society, London 1884–), pp. 28, 33, 58, 76.

  2. For references, see Tyerman, Invention of the Crusades, esp. p.27.

  3. Text in J. and L. Riley-Smith, Crusades, pp. 64–7; cf. Benedict of Peterborough, recte Roger of Howden, Gesta Henrici Secundi, ii, 15–19.

  4. Itinerarium, pp. 43–4; Edbury Conquest of Jerusalem, pp. 73–5 for an account in a continuation of the chronicle of William of Tyre.

  5. Gillingham, Richard I, p. 87, note 36 for a full list of references, esp. Ralph of Diceto.

  6. Historia de expeditione Friderici Imperatoris, ed. A. Chroust, Quellen zur Geschichte des Kreuzzuges Kaiser Friedrichs I, MGHS (Berlin 1928), esp. pp. 5–15.

  7. De Profectione Danorum in Hierosolymam, Scriptores Minores Historiae Danicae, ed. M. C. Gertz (Copenhagen 1970 reprint), ii, 464–8; in general pp. 457–92.

  8. Gervase of Canterbury, Historical Works, ed. W. Stubbs, Rolls Series (London 1879–80), i, 389.

  9. Historia de expeditione, Chroust, Quellen, p. 14, cf. p. 12 for Henry of Albano’s summons ‘ad curiam Iesu Christi’; Gilbert of Mons, Chronicon Hanoniense, ed. G. H
. Pertz, MGHS (Hanover 1869), pp. 182–4.

  10. Epistolae Cantuariensis, Chronicles and Memorials of Richard I, ed. W. Stubbs, Rolls Series (London 1865), ii, nos. 158, 167; cf. Gervase of Canterbury, Historical Works, i, 394 et seq. for the local context.

  11. For the French nobles, Rigord, Oeuvres, ed. H. F. Delaborde, i, 83–4 and 84–5 for the March assembly in Paris; for Anglo-Norman sources for the Gisors meeting, Tyerman, England and the Crusades, p. 392 note 7 and, for English preparations in general, pp. 57–85.

  12. Gerald of Wales, Journey, p. 201.

  13. Roger of Howden, Gesta Henrici Secundi, ii, 44–5.

  14. Itinerarium, p. 143.

  15. E.g. the French landowner Heraclius of Montboissier, Recueil des actes de Philippe Auguste, i, ed. H. F. Delaborde et al. (Paris 1916), no. 286 (Dec. 1189).

  16. Henry of Albano, Tractatus de peregrinatione civitate Dei, PL, 204, col. 353.

  17. Peter of Blois, De Hierosolymitana Peregrinatione Acceleranda, PL, 207, col. 1063 and generally cols. 1,058–70, which is part of a longer piece, originally combined with Dialogus inter regem Henricum secundum et abbatem Bonnevallensem, PL, 207, cols. 975–88; cf. his other great crusade propaganda work, De passione Reginaldi, PL, 207, cols. 957–76.

  18. Alan of Lille, Sermo de cruce domini, Textes inédits, ed. M. T. Alverny, Etudes de philosophie médiévale, 52 (Paris 1965), pp. 281–2.

  19. J. and L. Riley Smith, Crusades, p. 66.

  20. Historia de expeditione, Chroust, Quellen, p. 10.

  21. Gerald of Wales, Journey, p. 114.

  22. De Profectione Danorum, Gertz, Scriptores, p. 467.

  23. Rigord, Oeuvres, p. 84.

  24. Cartulaire de l’abbaye Notre-Dame de Bonnevaux, ed. U. Chevalier, Bulletin de l’Académie Delphinale, 4th series, ii (Grenoble 1889, dated 1887–8), no. 310, pp. 143–4.

  25. For these tracts see above, notes 16 and 17.

  26. Gerald of Wales, Opera, viii, 207.

  27. Ralph Niger, De Re Militari, esp. pp. 194–9.

  28. Reported to Henry II’s court by Peter of Blois, Roger of Howden, Gesta Henrici Secundi, ii, 15.

  29. De profectione Danorum, Gertz, Scriptores, p. 467; cf. K. Skovgaard-Petersen, A Journey to the Promised Land (Copenhagen 2001), esp. pp. 75–6.

  30. A. Macquarrie, Scotland and the Crusades 1095–1560 (Edinburgh 1985), pp. 27–32.

  31. Gerald of Wales, Journey, p. 184.

  32. Ordinatio de predicatione S. Crucis in Angliae, ed. R. Röhricht, Quinti Belli Sacri Scriptores Minores, Société de l’Orient Latin, ii (Geneva 1879), p. 24 and generally pp. 1–26.

  33. Rigord, Oeuvres, p. 99.

  34. Gerald of Wales, De Rebus a se gestis, trans. H. Butler, The Autobiography of Giraldus Cambrensis (London 1937), pp. 99–101. (Hereafter Gerald of Wales, Autobiography.)

  35. Ibn al-Athir in Gabrieli, Arab Historians, pp. 182–3; Ibn Shaddad, Saladin, p. 125.

  36. Gerald of Wales, Journey, pp. 1–209.

  37. Gerald of Wales, Journey, p. 75; Opera, i, 74; Autobiography, p. 99.

  38. Gerald of Wales, Autobiography, pp. 99–101, 104.

  39. Historia de expeditione, Chrust, Quellen, pp. 11–13, 14; Rigord, Oeuvres, pp. 84–5.

  40. Gerald of Wales, Journey, pp. 114, 185–6; Opera, vi, 55 ‘conversi sunt’.

  41. Cf. Roger of Howden’s account of a miraculous appearance of Christ on the cross in the sky near Dunstable, Gesta Henrici Secundi, ii, 47.

  42. Ordinatio, passim, esp. pp. 18–26; for Gerald of Wales’s anecdote, Journey, p. 172.

  43. Roger of Howden, Gesta Henrici Secundi, ii, 26–8; for identity of Berthier, J. W. Baldwin, The Government of Philip Augustus (Berkeley and Los Angeles 1986), pp. 462, note 38 and 572 note 30.

  44. Conon of Béthune, Ahi! Amours, con dure departie, Bédier and Aubry, Chansons, no. iii, pp. 32–5; cf. pp. 45–7, Bien me Deusse Targier.

  45. Actes des Comtes de Namur 946–1196, ed. F. Rousseau (Brussels 1936), no. 28, pp. 61–4.

  46. Ralph Niger, Chronica, ed. H. Krause (Frankfurt 1985), p. 288. For details of Frederick’s crusade, Historia de expeditione, Chroust, Quellen, passim.

  47. Roger of Howden, Chronica, iii, 8; for Philip II’s deals, L. Delisle, Catalogue des Actes de Philippe Auguste (Paris 1856), no. 327A; Rigord, Oeuvres, p. 99; Delaborde et al., Recueil des actes de Philippe Auguste, i, no. 252; for Richard, Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 75–85.

  48. Ralph Niger, Chronica, p. 288; Historia de expeditione, Chroust, Quellen, p. 96.

  49. Rigord, Oeuvres, p. 106, 116–17; Ambroise, Crusade of Richard ll. 4,575–99, 4,686–90; Itinerarium, p. 204; Roger of Howden, Gesta Henri Secundi, ii, 176; Richard of Devizes, Chronicle, ed. J. T. Appelby (London 1963), pp. 43–4; Gillingham, Richard I, p. 166.

  50. Roger of Howden, Gesta Henri Secundi, ii, 32.

  51. Jocelin of Brakelond, Chronicle, ed. H. E. Butler (London 1949), pp. 39–40, 51, 53–4, 123, 138–9; Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 64–5, 78.

  52. Roger of Howden, Gesta Henri Secundi, ii, 47–8 for a crooked collector in England, a Templar Gilbert of Hogestan; for a poetic accusation of official greed and fraud, perhaps by Conon of Béthune, Bien me Deusse Targier, Bédier and Aubry, Chansons, p. 45.

  53. Delaborde et al., Recueil des Actes de Philippe Auguste, i, no. 252.

  54. Delaborde et al., Recueil des Actes de Philippe Auguste, i, no. 237.

  55. Itinerarium, p. 148.

  56. Roger of Howden, Gesta Henri Secundi, ii, 32.

  57. Historical Manuscripts Commission, Report on Various Collections, i (London 1901), pp. 235–6.

  58. Itinerarium, pp. 48, 142.

  59. Above, note 24.

  60. Itinerarium, p. 48.

  61. Arnold of Lübeck, Chronica Slavorum, ed. G. H. Pertz, MGHS (Hanover 1868), p. 127; cf. pp. 126–8.

  62. Richard of Devizes, Chronicle, pp. 10–11, 15, 27–8 for backsliders.

  63. E.g. Geoffrey FitzPeter, William Brewer and Hugh Bardolf, as well as Justiciar Hugh du Puiset, Tyerman, England and the Crusades, p. 65.

  64. Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 83–4.

  65. Roger of Howden, Gesta Henri Secundi, ii, 132–3; cf. Richard of Devizes, Chronicle, p. 17.

  66. Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 64–75 for the details that follow.

  67. Itinerarium, p. 48.

  68. Gerald of Wales, Journey, p. 204.

  69. Ambroise, Crusade of Richard, l. 5680; cf. Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 61–3.

  70. Historical Manuscripts Commission, Fifth Report, Appendix (London 1872), p. 462.

  71. Roger of Howden, Gesta Henri Secundi, ii, 30. For Normans, Itinerarium, p. 99; Rigord, Oeuvres esp. pp. 83–4 for French.

  72. Gilbert of Mons, Chronicon Hanoniense, ed. L. Vanderkindere (Brussels 1904), pp. 206–7.

  73. Translation from Historia de expeditione by E. N. Johnson, ‘The Crusades of Frederick Barbarossa and Henry VI’, History of the Crusades, ed. Setton, ii (Madison 1969), p. 90, and for German recruitment that follows, pp. 50, 89–93.

  74. Historia de expeditione, p. 22 and, for recruits, pp. 18–24; Itinerarium, p. 77.

  75. B. Arnold, German Knighthood 1050–1300 (Oxford 1985), pp. 24, 101.

  76. Narratio Itinere Navalis ad Terram Sanctam, Historia de expeditione, pp. 179–96; Chronica Regia Colonesis, ed. G. Waitz, MGHS (Hanover 1880), p. 140 and pp. 142–4.

  77. Historia de expeditione, pp. 96–8.

  13: To the Siege of Acre

  1. Itinerarium, p. 44; cf. p. 160 and note 62 refs.

  2. The story is in the thirteenth-century Old French Continuation of William of Tyre, trans. Edbury, Conquest of Jerusalem, p. 66.

  3. There is, at the time of writing, no modern scholarly account of the Third Crusade. See the general books by Mayer, Runciman, Riley-Smith, Setton (general editor), vol. 2.

  4. Ibn Shaddad, Saladin, p. 81 and passim for Saladin and the Third Crusade; on Saladin, Lyons and Jackson, Saladin.
/>
  5. Thietmar, Peregrinatio, ii, 37. For Frankish rural settlement, Ellenblum, Settlement, and pp. 66–71 for Casal Imbert.

  6. Ibn Shaddad, Saladin, pp. 90–91, 93, 95–7, 108; Edbury, Conquest of Jerusalem, pp. 71–3.

  7. Gabrieli, Arab Historians, p. 182.

  8. Ibn Shaddad, Saladin, passim, and p. 80 for his entry into Saladin’s service.

  9. Runciman, History of the Crusades, iii, 22.

  10. Edbury, Conquest of Jerusalem, p. 169; Ibn Shaddad, Saladin, p. 91.

  11. Ibn Shaddad, Saladin, p. 106.

  12. The chronology of arrivals is largely derived from Itinerarium, pp. 71–83, possibly based on an eyewitness report.

  13. Ibn Shaddad, Saladin, p. 104.

  14. Waitz, Chronica Regia Colonensis, pp. 140–44; Itinerarium, pp. 73–4.

  15. Historia de expeditione, Chroust, Quellen, pp. 23–4; Itinerarium, pp. 74–7, 81–3.

  16. Itinerarium, p. 74; and pp. 25–6 and 34 for the uplifting stories of Templars Jakelin de Mailly and Nicholas at the battles of Cresson and Hattin in 1187 current at the siege of Acre.

  17. Itinerarium, pp. 81, 83.

  18. Narratio Itineris Navalis ad Terram Sanctam, Historia de expeditione, pp. 179–96; Itinerarium, p. 74.

  19. Ibn Shaddad, Saladin, p. 106.

  20. Ibn al-Athir in RHC Or., II-i, p. 15; Abu Shama, The Book of the Two Gardens, RHC Or., iv, 412.

  21. Gabrieli, Arab Historians, pp. 204–6.

  22. Itinerarium, p. 89; cf. Imad al-Din’s shocked view of women warriors, Gabrieli, Arab Historians, pp. 206–7.

  23. Ibn Shaddad, Saladin, pp. 118–20; Itinerarium, pp. 94–6; Edbury, Conquest of Jerusalem, p. 171.

  24. Edbury, Conquest of Jerusalem, p. 94.

  25. Ibn Shaddad, Saladin, pp. 106, 113–17, 121–2, 125 for the reception in Saladin’s camp of news of German progress.

  26. Itinerarium, p. 49; loc. cit. pp. 49–68 for a German source on Frederick’s crusade and, for the most detailed contemporary account, Historia de expeditione, pp. 1–115.

  27. From Henry, provost of Schäftlarn, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, MS Vat. Lat. 2001 fol. 1 recto.

  28. Historia de expeditione, p.39; Arnold of Lübeck, Chronica Slavorum, pp. 130–31; Itinerarium, p. 60; J. W. Nesbitt, ‘The Rate of March’, pp. 178–9.