by Masha Gessen
postwar, 72
Putin as deputy mayor of, 107, 119, 120–23
rationing and protests (1989–1990), 102–4
Siege of, 43–45, 46, 71–72, 102
television station, 110, 112
See also St. Petersburg
Leningrad city council, 92–93, 102, 103, 114, 125
coup (1991) and, 109–11, 112
Putin in, 95–99
Salye on, 88, 89, 91, 104–5, 109, 110, 112, 118, 119, 121, 122–23, 124
See also St. Petersburg city council
Leningrad State University, 54, 55, 59, 94–95, 96
Lesin, Mikhail, 163
Liberal Democratic Party, 227
Liberals, 186–87, 227, 230
Linkov, Ruslan, 7
Lithuania, 106
Litvinenko, Alexander, 199–203, 209–10, 220
poisoning of, 221–26, 260
Litvinovich, Marina, 27–28, 167, 168, 186, 187, 200–202, 213, 214, 215, 216, 218–19, 222–23, 224, 239, 240
Lugovoy, Andrei, 225, 226
Lustration, 70
bill, 3, 4, 6
Luzhkov, Yuri, 20, 21, 27, 111, 161
Magnitsky, Sergei, 245, 246–48
Maksimov, Vladimir, 137
Maksimova, Tamara, 137
Man with a Ruble (Khodorkovsky and Nevzlin), 235–36, 238
Mariinsky Palace (Leningrad), 89, 90, 109, 111, 112
Maskhadov, Aslan, 214, 215
Mayakovsky Square rally (Moscow, 1991), 4–5
Meat imports, 102
Leningrad and, 104–5, 118–19
Media, 14, 162
police special forces and, 155–56
Putin and, 163–64
Media-Most, 155–56, 159
Medved (The Bear), 29
Medvedev, Dmitry, 263–64, 265–66, 270
Meri, Lennart, 133
Merkel, Angela, 220
Mikhailov Gardens (Leningrad), 77–78
Mikhalkov, Sergei, 179
Military, and Putin, 153–54
Moscow, 16, 27, 69, 71, 102, 106, 107, 119, 123, 140, 181
apartment-block bombings, 23, 24–25, 37–38, 203
coup (1991) and, 110, 111, 113–14, 115
theater hostage incident, 204–8, 209, 210–11, 213, 217, 218
Mothers of Beslan, 192, 193
Murder. See Assassinations; Poisoning
Murder of Politkovskaya, 219–21, 224–25
Nagorno-Karabakh, 2–3, 81–82
Narusova, Ludmila, 135–36, 140, 141
National anthem
Russian, 179, 180
Soviet Union, 179–80
Navalny, Alexey, 266–67
Nevsky Prospekt (Leningrad), 103, 114, 115, 136
Nevzlin, Leonid, 235–36, 238–39, 242, 253
New Cemetery (Beslan), 191
Nikolayev, Nikolai, 40, 41
NKVD, 53, 54
North Ossetia, 189, 194, 195, 212, 214
Novaya Gazeta, 203, 211
NTV, 36, 40, 41, 156, 164, 185, 188
Oil, 236, 238, 241, 253–54
Oreshkina, Darya, 183
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), 227, 228
Otechestvo—Vsya Rossiya (Fatherland—All Russia), 15
Otkrytaya Rossiya (Open Russia), 237–38
Padva, Genrikh, 252
Parliament, 178, 179
elections (2003), 227–28, 243
Putin and, 180, 181, 182, 190, 228
See also Duma
“Patriotic Song, The,” 179
Patrushev, Nikolai, 39, 42
Pavlov, Valentin, 118, 119
People’s deputies, 84–85, 91, 126
People’s Front, 79–80, 86–87, 88
Perestroika, 73, 79
Petrograd, 71. See also Leningrad; St. Petersburg
Podoltseva, Ekaterina, 78, 82
Poisoning, 199, 212
Litvinenko, 221–26, 260
Police, secret, 197
Beslan school hostage incident and, 216, 217
Moscow theater hostage incident and, 209, 210–11
See also Federal Security Service
Police special forces, 103, 110, 206–7
media and, 155–56
Politburo, 73
Political analysts, on Putin’s Russia, 177–78
Politkovskaya, Anna, 210–11, 212–13, 214, 216
murder of, 219–21, 224–25, 226
Popov, Gavriil, 111
Primakov, Yevgeny, 16, 19, 20, 21, 22, 27, 41
Privatization, 14, 135, 164, 236
Prokhorov, Mikhail, 132, 267, 268–70
Propaganda, 187–88, 213
Protests
Battle of the Angleterre, 76
in East Germany, 66, 67–69
Leningrad rationing and, 102–4
in Soviet Union, 76
See also “Informals”
Putin, Vladimir (father), 44–45, 47, 48, 52, 53, 54, 55–56
Putin, Vladimir Vladimirovich, 128, 158
as acting president, 29, 30–31, 35, 151–52, 153–55, 160, 167, 172–74, 177–78, 179
ambition of, 60
assassinations and, 226, 264
authoritarianism of, 261–62, 265
Babitsky and, 32–34, 35, 36
Berezovsky and, 15–21, 27, 31, 32, 42, 43, 131, 140, 171, 173–74, 182, 200, 257, 261
Beslan school hostage incident and, 189–90, 191, 214, 216–17, 249
bills and, 181, 182, 190
biography of, 31–32, 33, 36, 43, 45–46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 54, 57, 58, 59, 69, 93, 116, 117, 120, 131, 145, 169, 170
Chechnya and, 208, 220, 224, 231–33
communism and, 132–33
constitution and, 153, 154, 181
corruption of, 254, 256–57, 258, 259–60, 261, 266, 270
coup (1991) and, 112, 116–17, 118, 119
decrees of, 153–54, 181, 182
democracy and, 131, 132, 134, 181–82, 184, 187, 190–91
and destruction of public space, 262
at Dresden KGB outpost, 62–64, 65–67, 68–69, 70
early education of, 47–48, 49, 50, 54–55
early life, 44–50, 51–53, 54–56
economy and, 230, 231, 232, 233, 241, 253–54, 259
election changes by, 190
envoys of, 181–82
FSB and, 18, 39, 41, 42, 152–53, 160, 172, 200–201
gait of, 151
higher education of, 54–56
Illarionov and, 230–33
inauguration, 151–52, 181, 259
Kasyanov and, 153, 242, 249–51
KGB and, 17, 18, 28, 32, 36, 50–51, 52–53, 54, 55, 56–57, 59–64, 65–67, 68–69, 70, 93, 94, 96, 97, 98–99, 117, 118, 133, 134, 136, 181, 260
at Kremlin, 141, 142, 151
Kursk disaster and, 167, 168, 169, 170–72, 173
in Leningrad city council, 95–99
as Leningrad deputy mayor, 107, 119, 120–23
Litvinenko poisoning and, 225–26, 260
marriage of, 59, 62–63
media and, 163–64
Medvedev and, 263, 264, 265, 266, 270
military and, 153–54
as Moscow deputy head of presidential property management, 140
Moscow theater hostage incident and, 208
mythology of, 46
parliament and, 179, 181, 182, 190, 228
political analysts on Russia of, 177–78
Politkovskaya murder and, 220–21, 225
popularity of, 27, 29
as president, 127, 129, 227
as presidential candidate, 19–22, 27, 28, 29, 30–31, 36, 41–42, 127, 142, 145, 147, 148–49, 150–51, 153, 270
as prime minister, 22, 26–27, 172, 263
reelection (2000) of, 263
reelection candidacy (2004) of, 183, 184–85, 186, 187–88, 263
relationships of, 58–59
Rozhdestvensky and, 159–61
Sobchak and, 95–99, 117, 123, 124, 125, 131, 132, 134, 136, 137, 138, 140, 142–44, 184
Soviet Union and, 133–34, 182, 270
as St. Petersburg deputy mayor, 134
as St. Petersburg political aide, 15–16, 21–22
television and, 171–72, 173–74, 187–88, 228
terrorism and, 217–18
as thug and fighter, 48–49, 50–52, 145, 242, 265
U.S. journalism on, 229–30, 233, 248
vertical power strengthening of, 181–82
vulgarisms of, 264–65
wealth of, 254, 256–57, 258–59
Yeltsin and, 19–20, 21, 22, 26, 27, 29, 30–31, 35
Putina, Ekaterina (daughter), 63, 69
Putina, Ludmila Alexandrovna (wife), 58–59, 63, 69, 70, 119–20, 140
Putina, Maria (daughter), 59, 63
Putina, Maria Ivanovna (mother), 44, 45, 47, 52, 55–56
Radio Liberty / Radio Free Europe, 32, 34, 36
Red Army Faction (RAF), 65
Revenko, Yevgeniy, 185, 188
Revolutions, Russian, 53, 71, 178, 180
Rodina (Motherland), 227
Roginsky, Arseniy, 117
Roldugin, Sergei, 57–58, 70
Rosinvest, 256
Rosneft, 241, 253, 254
Rostov, 196, 212
Rozhdestvensky, Dmitry, 156–61
Rushailo, Vladimir, 39
Russia
authoritarianism of, 261–62
constitution, 153, 154, 181
corruption in, 248, 255–56, 258, 264, 266, 270
crime, 2, 155, 169, 246. See also Corruption
democracy and, 131, 132, 134, 181–89, 227–28
economic crisis (1998), 181, 236–37
economy of, 255
legislature, 125–26
national anthem, 179, 180
new flag (1991), 114–15, 178
new government (1990s), 114–15, 124, 125–26, 131–32, 138
political analysts on Putin’s, 177–78
privatization, 14, 135, 164, 236
regions of, 181
revolutions, 53, 71, 178, 180
state seal, 179
U.S. journalism on, 228–30, 233, 248
wealth and property redistribution, 124–25, 131
wealth disparity, 134–35
Russian Federation, 179, 181. See also Russia
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, 179
Russian Union of Journalists, 188
Russkoye Video, 156–61, 162
Rutskoy, Alexander, 112–13
Ryazan, 24, 36–40, 41, 202, 203
Rybakov, Yuli, 82, 103, 180, 203
Sakharov, Andrei, 3, 28, 73, 82–83, 84, 85–86, 88, 174
Salye, Marina, 80–81, 83, 86, 87, 101–2, 125, 127–28, 136, 209, 258
coup (1991) and, 109, 110, 112, 115
on Leningrad city council, 88, 89, 91, 104–5, 109, 110, 112, 118, 119, 121, 122–23, 124
Sambo (Soviet martial art), 51–52, 55
Samodurov, Yuri, 175
Samsonov, Viktor, 109, 111, 112–13
Sarovoitova, Galina, 84
Sergeyev, Igor, 35
Sharogradskaya, Anna, 136–37, 138
Shchekochikhim, Yuri, 211, 212, 226
Shcherbakov, Vyacheslav, 92, 113, 116
Shevchenko, Yuri, 141, 143
Shield and the Sword, The, 52
Shuvalov, Igor, 251
Skoybeda, Vitaly, 109, 114, 140, 141, 143
Sobchak, Anatoly Alexandrovich, 15, 21, 84, 91–92, 103, 105, 107, 127, 135, 141, 157, 158, 159, 254, 255
coup (1991) and, 109–11, 112, 113, 116–17, 118
death of, 143–44, 226
investigation of, 139, 140
Putin and, 95–99, 117, 123, 124, 125, 131, 132, 134, 136, 137, 138, 140, 142–44, 184
unpopularity of, 137, 138–39
Soshnikov, Ivan, 77–78
Soviet-Finnish War, 71
Soviet-German war, 44–46
Soviet military intelligence, 53
Soviet republics, 106–7
Soviet Union (USSR), 185–86
changes (1985), 66
changes (1987–1989), 77–88
collapse, 2, 5, 14, 22, 29, 73–74, 81, 85, 102, 106–7, 114–15, 165
flag, 114–15, 178
national anthem, 179–80
protests in Leningrad, 75–76
Putin and, 133–34, 182, 270
St. Isaac’s Square (Leningrad), 72, 76, 89
St. Petersburg, 8–9, 15–16, 21–22, 43, 46, 73, 81, 92, 93, 123, 124, 133, 136, 158, 184
economic problems, 134–35, 139
history of, 71
politics, 138–39
television, 136, 137
See also Leningrad
St. Petersburg city council, 127. See also Leningrad city council
St. Petersburg University, 138
Stalin, Joseph, 53, 66, 79
Stalin era, 60
Starovoitova, Galina, 2, 3–4, 5–6, 7–8, 9, 82, 106, 156
Stasi, 63, 65, 68, 69
State Committee for the State of Emergency in the USSR (GKChP), 108, 109, 111, 112, 113, 119
State racketeering, 164. See also Corruption
State seal, 179
Supreme Court (USSR), 79
Supreme Soviet, 3, 114, 119, 126–27
Surkov, Vladislav, 269–70
Television
Kremlin and, 167–68
Leningrad station, 110, 112
Putin and, 171–72, 173–74, 187–88, 228
Television (cont.)
St. Petersburg, 136, 137
state, 185, 187–88
See also Channel One; Echo Moskvy; Russkoye Video
Terkibaev, Khanpash, 209, 210–11, 220, 221
Terrorism, 189, 208
FSB and, 217
Putin and, 217–18
See also Bombings; Hostage incidents
Trepashkin, Mikhail, 203–4
Tsipko, Alexander, 178
Ukraine, 107
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). See Soviet Union
United Russia, 227, 267, 270
United States, media coverage on Putin and Russia, 228–30, 233, 248
U.S. News & World Report, 162, 164, 228
USSR. See Soviet Union
Vaksberg, Arkady, 142, 144
Vanyushin, Yuri, 160, 161, 162
Vidyayevo, 168–69, 171, 172, 173
Vinnikov, Alexander, 75
Vladikavkaz, 194
Volgodonsk, 24, 203
Voloshin, Alexander, 12, 20, 167, 168, 173–74
Wealth
disparity in Russia, 134–35
of Putin, 254, 256–57, 258–59
Russian property redistribution and, 124–25, 131
Whistle-blowers, 199–204
World War II, 53, 71, 133
Siege of Leningrad, 43–45, 46, 71–72, 102
Yakovlev, Vladimir, 139, 158
Yedinstvo (Unity), 29
Yeltsin, Boris Nikolayevich, 3–5, 17, 18, 84, 98, 106, 107, 118, 119, 123, 145, 151, 153, 164, 178, 179, 182, 230
accomplishments of, 13–14
Congress of People’s Deputies and, 125–26
coup (1991) and, 110, 111, 112, 113, 115
disillusionment with, 11–15
and dissolution of Supreme Soviet, 126–27
Putin and, 19–20, 21, 22, 26, 27, 29, 30–31, 35
Yesenin, Sergei, 72
Young Pioneers, 49, 50
Yuganskneftegaz, 253
Yukos, 236, 238, 240, 242, 251–54
Yumashev, Valentin, 12, 18, 20
Yumasheva, Tatyana, 12, 20
Yuriev, Alexander, 138
Yushenkov, Sergei, 127–28, 129, 209–10, 226
Zakaev, Ahmed, 209, 211, 212, 214, 217
Zelinskaya, Yelena, 74, 76, 114
Copyright
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Copyright © 2012 by Masha Gessen
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Gessen, Masha.
The man without a face : the unlikely rise of Vladimir Putin /
Masha Gessen.
p. cm.
EISBN: 9781101560600
1. Putin, Vladimir Vladimirovich, 1952–. 2. Presidents—Russia (Federation). 3. Russia (Federation)—Politics and government—1991–. I. Title.
DK510.766.P87G47 2012 2011047578
947.0862092—dc23
[B]
Printed in the United States of America
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BOOK DESIGN BY AMANDA DEWEY
While the author has made every effort to provide accurate telephone numbers and Internet addresses at the time of publication, neither the publisher nor the author assumes any responsibility for errors, or for changes that occur after publication. Further, the publisher does not have any control over and does not assume any responsibility for author or third-party websites or their content.
NOTES
1
“Volodya,” “Vova,” “Volod’ka,” and “Vovka” are all diminutive forms of “Vladimir,” listed here in increasing order of familiarity.
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2
The Russian constitution allowed Yeltsin to force three votes on the prime minister’s candidacy and then dissolve parliament.
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