by David Boyle
Santiago de Compostela guidebook: see Gillingham, Richard I, , taken from J. Viellard, Le Guide du Pelerin de Saint-Jacques de Compostelle (Macon, 1938).
Marie de France: the exact identity of the author of the Lais has never been discovered, but the consensus is that she was the abbess sister of Henry II and therefore Richard's aunt. See Marie de France, Lais, ed. Jean Rychner (Paris, 1973). For Chrétien de Troyes, whose patron was Eleanor's daughter Marie de Champagne, see notes for.
Fin' amor: see Lewis, The Allegory of Love. For a brief introduction, see Pamela Porter, Courtly Love in Medieval Manuscripts (London, 2003).
Andreas Capellanus: quotation taken from translation by John Jay Parry (New York 1941).
Courts of Love: there is a continuing dispute about whether Eleanor actually ever saw her daughter Marie of Champagne again after the end of her marriage to Marie's father, Louis VII, let alone presided over the Courts of Love with her — though there is evidence that Marie and Richard were close. For the view that the Courts and Andreas Capellanus's description of their rulings were satirical inventions that never actually took place, see, for example A. Weir, Eleanor of Aquitaine, . For a more equivocal view, see Melrich V. Rosenberg, Eleanor of Aquitaine: Queen of the Troubadours and of the Courts of Love (London, 1937). For the view that life imitates art, see John W. Baldwin, Aristocratic Life in Medieval France: The Romances of Jean Renart and Gerbert de Montreuil, 1190—1230 (Baltimore and London, 2000).
The evidence is that Occitan culture . . .: see Ruth Harvey, 'Courtly Culture in Medieval Occitania', in Simon Gaunt and Sarah Kay (eds.), The Troubadours: An Introduction (Cambridge, 1999).
Jean Renart: see Christopher Page, Voices and Instruments of the Middle Ages: Instrumental Practice and Songs in France 1100—13000 (London, 1987).
Women troubadours: see Tilde Sankovitch, 'The Trobairitz', in Gaunt and Kay (eds.), The Troubadours. This particular verse was quoted by Deborah H. Nelson in F. R. P. Akehurst and Judith M. Davis, A Handbook of the Troubadours (Berkeley, 1995).
Beaucaire festival: see Harvey, 'Courtly Culture in Medieval Occitania', in Gaunt and Kay (eds), The Troubadours,
Mainz festival: see Joachim Bumke, Courtly Culture, Literature and Society in the High Middle Ages, trans. Thomas Dunlap (Berkeley, 1991).
Treviso festival: from Rolandino of Padua, Muratori, Book 1, Chapter 13, taken from G. G. Coulton, Life in the Middle Ages, Vol. 111 (Cambridge, 1929).
Since the eighteenth century . . .: see, for example, Paul de Rapin-Thoyras, History of England (London, 1732).
He used to share a bed . . .: see Chapter 3. The story of sharing a bed with Philip Augustus is in Roger of Howden's Gesta Henrici II et Ricardi I, ed. William Stubbs (Rolls Series, 1867), Vol. II. The first modern assertion that Richard was bisexual was in J. H. Harvey, The Plantagenets (London, 1948, 1967). There is a full discussion of the case against Richard's homosexuality in Gillingham, Richard I,
When he was married . . .: this is the story of the hermit's warning and is in Roger of Howden's Chronica Magistri Rogeri de Hoveden, ed. William Stubbs (Rolls Series, 1868-71), Vol. 111.
'I am romance . . .': see Baldwin, Aristocratic Life in Medieval France, P- 153.
Peter the Chanter and the 'sin of Sodom': see John W. Baldwin, The Language of Sex: Five Voices from Northern France around 1200 (Chicago, 1994). It is also true that unnatural sex for Peter the Chanter included masturbation and anything that wasn't in the missionary position.
Bertran de Born: see The Poems of the Troubadour Bertran de Born, trans. C. W. Wilson (London, 1897).
Swearing: 'But let your communication be, Yea, yea; Nay, nay: for whatsoever is more than these cometh of evil' (Matthew 5: 37; see also James 5: 12). Equally II Corinthians 2 uses the phrase to refer to someone who is undecided about committing to Christ.
2: The Age of Light
Almost nothing has been published about Blondel de Nesle in English, and only a handful of his songs have ever been rendered into English -though there are English versions of many of the most famous troubadour songs. The most up-to-date guide to Blondel scholarship is undoubtedly Yvan G. LePage, L'Oeuvre Lyrique de Blondel de Nesle (Paris, 1994), which includes all the songs and has a comprehensive introduction, though I come to a different conclusion about Blondel himself. There is generally very much more in print about the southern troubadours than their northern counterparts, but the best guides to troubadour scholarship are Simon Gaunt and Sarah Kay (eds), The Troubadours: An Introduction (Cambridge, 1999); and Christopher Page, The Owl and the Nightingale:Musical Life and Ideas in Medieval France 1100—1300 (London, 1989). The latter is out of print, but anyone who wants a longer collection of troubadour songs in English might consult Angel Flores (ed.), An Anthology of Medieval Lyrics (New York, 1962).
'Fromjust before . . .': Hilaire Belloc, The Old Road (London, 1904).
'My lady is like . . .': see Lepage, L'Oeuvre Lyrique de Blondel de Nesle. Translations are revisions by the author unless stated otherwise.
Note on the stone used for the Gothic cathedrals: Jean Gimpel, The Cathedral Builders (Salisbury, 1983).
Note on Buddhism: Friedrich Heer, The Medieval World: Europe 1100-1300, trans. Janet Sondheimer (London, 1962).
Silver coins: for the story of the discovery of silver at Christiansdorf and the implications of that, see Peter Spufford, Money and Its Use in Medieval Europe (Cambridge, 1988).
By far the most comprehensive guide to the growth of trade in medieval Europe is Peter Spufford's Power and Profit: The Merchant in Medieval Europe (London, 2002).
Renovatio monetae: see Bernard Lietaer and Stephen M. Belgin, Of Human Wealth: Beyond Greed and Scarcity (Boulder, 2004). See also Luca Fantacci, 'Complementary Currencies: A Prospect on Money from a Retrospect on Pre-modern Practices', presented for publication to the Financial History Review, and Luca Fantacci, 'Moneta universale e locale', in Storia della moneta immaginaria (Venice, 2004).
London skeletons: see Robert Lacey and Danny Danzinger, The Year 1000: What Life was Like at the Turn of the First Millennium (London, x999)> P- 9- The average London woman in the twelfth century was seven centimetres taller than her Victorian counterpart.
Blondel's songs: see note for.
Blondel's accent: see L. Wiese, Die Lieder des Blondel (Dresden, 1904), and Le Page, L'Oeuvre lyrique de Blondel de Nesle,
'Clumsy, uncouth and doomed to disappear . . .': see Frederick Tingey, History, People and Places in the North of France, Picardy and Artois (Bourne End, 1978).
Champagne fairs: see Spufford, Power and Profit,
Bishop of Trier: see Morris Bishop, The Penguin Book of the Middle Ages (Harmondsworth, 1971).
Prosper Tarbe: see his Les Oeuvres de Blondel de Neele (Reims, 1862).
Nesle as the birthplace: see Wiese, Die Lieder des Blondel.
Jehan II: see Holger Petersen Dyggve, trouvères et protecteurs de trouvères dans les cours seigneuriales de France (Helsinki, 1942).
Nesle town hall: conversation with Pierre Le Roy.
Birth date: conversation with Pierre Le Roy. Despite considerable research, I have not been able to track down an original source for the 1155 date, though it is even quoted on CDs of medieval music.
Kings employed boys . . . : see Page, The Owl and the Nightingale,
'Speak and rhyme well. . .': quoted in Terry Jones and Alan Ereira, Medieval Lives (London, 2004).
The music of the troubadours: see Margaret Switten, 'Music and Versification', in Simon Gaunt and Sarah Kay (eds), The Troubadours: An Introduction (Cambridge, 1999).
William IX etc.: see Stephen G. Nichols, 'The Early Troubadours', ibid.
'Wailing, thin, miserable . . .': Peire d'Alvernha's song reviews thirteen troubadours, none of them politely — it is this song that is the basis for the idea that Bernart de Ventadorn was the son of a kitchen maid. See ibid.
'Little Hugh . . .': see Ruth Harvey, 'Courtly Culture in Medieval Occitania', ibid.
Loosen their c
lothing . . .: see Page, The Owl and the Nightingale, There are nine volumes of parchment in the council library at Douai, composed around 1320 by a Dominican friar as a commentary on the Psalms, which include this description of preparing to perform medieval music: 'For see, a minstrel wishing to play the fiddle takes off his outer clothing, adjusts his inner garments, takes the belt off his tunic, puts down his hood, smoothes down his hair and puts a woollen cap on top of it.'
Raimon Vidal's visit to Dalfi d'Alvernhe: see Ruth Harvey, 'Courtly Culture in Medieval Occitania', in Gaunt and Kay (eds), The Troubadours, also Page, The Owl and the Nightingale,
John of Salisbury: see ibid.
Diet of Mainz: see note for.
Remembering her face . . .: the second verse from Blondel's Chanson XI, 'L'amours dont sui espris'. See Le Page, L'Oeuvre de Blondel de Nesle,
Someone should sing . . .: the first verse of Chanson IV, 'Bien doit chanter'. See ibid.
In the season . . .: the first verse of Blondel's Chanson IX, 'En tous tans ue vente bis'. See ibid.
Song 'Ver pacis apperit': see Theodore Karp, entry on Blondel de Nesle in New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians (London, 1980).
Giraut de Borneil was considered the leading troubadour in his lifetime: see Ruth Harvey, 'Courtly Culture in Medieval Occitania', in Gaunt and Kay (eds), The Troubadours,
If Blondel was in Paris . . .: the English tradition constantly returns to the idea that Blondel was a teacher of poetry. Thomas Warton, History of English Poetry (London, 1775-81).
Arras: see Deborah H. Nelson in F. R. P. Akehurst and Judith M. Davis, A Handbook of the Troubadours (Berkeley, 1995).
'Gentleman of Arras . . .': see Tarbe, Les Oeuvres de Blondel de Neele.
'Ma joie me semont': Blondel's Chanson XIV. See LePage, L'Oeuvre de Blondel de Nesle,
3: Paris and Jerusalem
My main sources for Paris in the 1180s have been the wonderful details in Mildred Prica Bjerken's Medieval Paris: The Town of Books (Metuchen, 1973). But Alexander Neckham, Richard's exact contemporary, was also in Paris then, and his reminiscences are also very useful. See Urban Tigner Holmes, Jr, Daily Living in the Twelfth Century: Based on the Observations of Alexander Neckham in London and Paris (Madison, 1953). The classic account of the Third Crusade is Sir Stephen Runciman's A History of the Crusades, Vol. 3 (Cambridge, 1954), but more recent works give a broader context. See for example, Andrew Wheatfield's Infidel:The Conflict between Christendom and Islam 683-2002 (London, 2003).
'The golden age comes round . . .': see John Gillingham, Richard I (Yale, 1999), The anthem has been recorded in Music for a Lion-hearted King: Music to Mark the Sooth Anniversary of the Coronation of Richard I of England, Gothic Voices, director: Christopher Page (Hyperion), 1989.
Chastelain de Coucy: from Christopher Page, The Owl and the Nightingale: Musical Life and Ideas in Medieval France 1100—1300 (London, 1989).
The kingdom of France: the kings claimed theoretically to be descended from Charlemagne but preferred not to stress the matter, partly because some of their vassals were even more closely related and partly because the Germans claimed to be his successors as emperor. See R. Morrissey, Charlemagne and France: A Thousand Years of Mythology (London, 1997).
'Paradise on earth . . .': see Friedrich Heer, The Medieval World:Europe 1100-1300, trans. Janet Sondheimer (London, 1974).
Rue saint-Christofle: see Holmes, Daily Living in the Twelfth Century,
Stone pavements . . .: the walls and foundations of Philip's new castle on the site of the Louvre have been recently excavated and can be seen, very impressively, underneath the great art gallery.
St Louis and the chamber pot: see Morris Bishop, The Penguin Book of the Middle Ages (Harmondsworth, 1971).
'Make a crow laugh . . .': see John W. Baldwin, Aristocractic Life in Medieval France: The Romances of Jean Renart and Gerbert de Montreuil, 1190—1230 (Baltimore and London, 2000).
Beyond the pockets of scholars: there is, however, one intriguing reference in the accounts list of the Paris scholar Gerard of Abbeville, written in the flyleaf of a twelfth-century book, which includes a payment for 'a servant girl and binding'. See R. H. and M. A. Rouse, 'Expenses of a Mid-thirteenth Century Paris Scholar', in L. Smith and B. Ward (eds), Intellectual Life in the Middle Ages: Essays Presented to Margaret Gibson (Hambledon Press, 1992).
Pastries: see Holmes, Daily Living in the Twelfth Century,
The student's day: see Bjerken, Medieval Paris,
Music teaching in Paris: see Nan Cooke Carpenter, Music in the Medieval and Renaissance Universities (Oklahoma, 1958).
p- 53 'Well, you won't mind . . .' see Helen Waddell, The Wandering Scholars (London, 1927).
Note about students' graduation: see Bishop, The Penguin Book of the Middle Ages,
Philip Augustus: see J. W. Baldwin, The Government of Philip Augustus (Berkeley, 1986).
Philip's attitude to swearing: see Baldwin, Aristocratic Life in Medieval France,
'Philip so honoured him . . .': see Roger of Howden, Gesta Henrici IIet Ricardi I, ed. William Stubbs (Rolls Series, 1867), Vol. II.
Vehementem . . .: see Ann Trindade, Berengaria: In Search of Richard the Lionheart's Queen (Dublin and Portland, 1999). This is a useful discussion to balance against the one in Gillingham, Richard I, Dr Mark Philpott has pointed out to me that Roger of Howden is also quoting I Samuel 18: 1-2 ('. . . that the soul of Jonathan was knit with the soul of David, and Jonathan loved him as his own soul.'), and is making parallels with the story of the passionate friendship between David and Jonathan. Whether this was because Jonathan was also trying to irritate his father, like Richard, or because of the passion between men isn't so clear; it may have been both. We do not, after all, describe David as 'homosexual' because of his passionate friendship with Jonathan.
Battle of the Horns of Hattin: for a popular account, see James Reston Jr, Warriors of God: Richard the Lionheart and Saladin in the Third Crusade (London, 2001).
Saladin: see Hamilton Gibb, The Life of Saladin (Oxford, 1973).
Templars: the market is crowded with books about the Templars, ranging from the timidly academic to the wildly apocalyptic. For an introduction that treads a middle way, see Karen Rails, The Templars and the Grail: Knights of the Quest (Wheaton, 2003).
The Second Crusade: see Alison Weir, Eleanor of Aquitaine, by the Wrath of God, Queen of England (London, 1999); and other biographies of Eleanor of Aquitaine for discussion about exactly what happened while she was there and if there is any truth in the rumours about her affair with Raymond of Antioch.
Baldwin IV: see Stephen Runciman, A History of the Crusades, Vol. 2 (Cambridge, 1952).
Poulains and life in Outremer: see Joshua Prawer, The World of the Crusaders (London, 1972).
'I am only the lieutenant. . .': see Reston, Warriors of God,
'I can offer you . . .': H. E. Mayer, The Crusades (Oxford, 1988).
When the disastrous news . . .: the story of Richard's taking of the cross is in Ralph of Diceto, The Historical Works of Master Ralph of Diceto, Deacon of London, ed. William Stubbs (Rolls Series, 1876), Vol. II, see Gillingham, Richard I,
The Bonmoulins conference: William the Marshal believed that Richard and Philip had stitched up an agreement beforehand, as did Ralph of Diceto. It is not clear what Henry was really up to here. See Kate Norgate, Richard the Lionheart (London, 1924), for the view that he was actually intending to supplant Richard with John.
'Now at last I must believe . . .': from Ralph of Diceto, The Historical Works of Master Ralph of Diceto, Deacon of London, Vol. II, see Gillingham, Richard I,
'By God's legs, do not kill me . . .': an anecdote of William Marshal's. See Histoire de Guillaume le Marechal, ed. P. Meyer (Paris, 1897-1907), Vol. 3, 11. 8831-50.
Blood flowed suddenly: the story is in Gesta Henrici Secundi.
'Thank you, sire . . .': see David Crouch, William Marshal: Court, Career and Chivalry in the Angevin Empire 1147-1219 (London, 1
990).
The coronation: there is a detailed description in Roger of Howden's Gesta Henrici II et Ricardi I. See Gillingham, Richard I,
The crown jewels and the Empress Matilda: see.
The pogroms against Jews: see Cecil Roth, A History of the Jews in England (3rd edn, Oxford, 1964).
William Longchamp: there was no sense in the twelfth century that someone was 'homosexual' — or, in the case of Longchamp, congenitally predisposed towards boys. He was accused simply of the practice, but then it was becoming common to accuse political opponents of deviant sexual practice, so who knows.
'Would fight for anything . . .': Chronicles and Memorials of the Reign of Richard I, ed. William Stubbs (Rolls Series, 1864).
Office holders: for details of the payments made by Richard's leading officers, see Gillingham, Richard I,
'I would sell London itself. . .': quoted by Richard of Devizes and William of Newburgh, Historia Rerum Anglicarum, ed. R. Howlett (Rolls Series, 1884), Vol. IV, Ch. 5.