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end p.272
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end p.274
Index
The letter "n" after a page number indicates reference to a footnote on that page; "f" indicates a reference to a figure; "t" indicates a reference to a table.
Absolute temperature Amontons's conception of, 182
Callendar and Le Chatelier on, 213 - 215
Irvinist conception of, 65 , 168 - 170 , 198
Thomson's conception of, 174 - 175 , 181 - 186 , 215
Thomson's first definition of, 182 : operationalization of, 187 - 192 , 208
Thomson's second definition of, 185 - 186 , 185 n: operationalization of, 192 - 197 , 201 , 208 - 215 ; relation with the first definition, 183 n
Thomson's work of 1880 on, 204 - 205 , 209 - 210
Absolute zero, 182 Amontons's conception of, 108 - 109
considered meaningless by Rumford and Davy, 172
Irvinist conception of, 168 , 198
Irvinist estimates of, 170
non-existent in Thomson's first absolute temperature, 190 , 191t
see also absolute temperature
Abstraction, in philosophical ideas, 6 - 7 , 233 - 234 , 245
Abstraction, in scientific theories, 202 , 217 in Carnot's theory, 178 , 187 , 203
operationalization of, 207 - 208 , 213 , 216
Thomson's preference for, 174 , 186 , 202 - 203
Académie des Sciences, 58 , 71 n, 75 , 76 , 98 n
Accademia del Cimento, 10
Accuracy, 45 , 217 , 226 - 227 , 231
Adams, George (?-1773), 12 , 13f , 16 , 50
Adhesion, 22 , 30 - 32
Adiabatic gas law, 181 , 214 , 216
Adiabatic phenomena, 66 , 180 , 181 , 194 Irvinist explanation of, 180 n
Affirmation (of existing system of knowledge), 213 , 220 , 224 - 227 , 231 - 233
Affirmations (as defined by Schlick), 222
Air thermometer, 60 , 120 comparability of, 80 - 83 , 96
compared with mercury thermometer, 71 , 79 , 89 , 100 - 101
compared with spirit thermometer, 117 - 118 , 154
compared with Thomson's first absolute temperature, 184 , 188 , 190 , 191t , 204
compared with Thomson's second absolute temperature, 196 - 197 , 214 - 215
constant-pressure, 81 , 137 n, 214
constant-volume, 80 , 87 , 88f , 196t , 214
De Luc and Haüy critical of, 62 n, 67 n
for high temperatures, 137 - 139
Lamé on, 75
Laplace's arguments for, 70 - 74
for low temperatures, 116 - 118
Regnault on, 80 - 81 , 83 , 87 - 89 , 137
as whole-range standard, 154
see also under expansion
Aitken, John (1839-1919), 18 n, 19 n, 35 - 39 , 50 - 51 , 55 , 241
Alcohol. See spirit (of wine)
Alcohol thermometer. See spirit thermometer
Amontons, Guillaume (1663-1738) double-scaled spirit thermometer, 162 - 163
on expansion of air, 61 , 62 n, 99
fixed points used by, 10t
Amontons temperature, 108 , 182 , 194 , 218 . See also absolute temperature; absolute zero
Anac, 108
end p.275
Animal heat, 169
Aniseed oil, 9
Anna Ivanovna, empress of Russia, 104
Applicability (of abstract ideas), 234
Approximate truth, 52 , 185 , 190 , 228
Approximation, 203 , 206 , 208 successive, 45 , 214 - 216 , 225 - 226 (see also epistemic iteration)
Aqua fortis, 105
Arago, François (1786-1853), 96
Archimedes's law, 52
Areometry, 78 n, 79
Aristotle, 162
Atkins, P. W., 241 n
Atomic heat. See Dulong and Petit's law
Aubert, Alexander, 11 n
Auxiliary hypotheses, 30 , 94 . See also holism
Bacon, Francis (1561-1626), 162
Banks, Joseph, 121
Barometers (and manometers), 12 n, 14 , 16 , 76 , 78 , 87 , 105 , 200
Beckman, Olof, 160
Bentham, Jeremy (1748-1832), 106
Bentley, Thomas, 119
Bergman, Torbern, 113 , 123
Bering, Captain Vitus, 104
Bernoulli, Daniel (1700-1782), 172
Berthelot, Marcelin, 75 , 99
Berthollet, Claude-Louis (1748-1822), 70 , 135 , 171 n
Bertrand, Louis (1731-1812), 166
Bichat, Xavier, 86
Biot, Jean-Baptiste (1774-1862), 12 n, 21 , 51 , 76 , 116 , 174
Black, Joseph (1728-1799), 56 , 62 , 65 , 123 , 176 , 177 apparatus for freezing mercury, 110 , 114
on latent heat, 26 - 27 , 54
Blagden, Charles (1748-1820) on freezing of mercury, 104 - 105 , 111 - 115
on supercooling, 53 - 56
Blainville, H. M. D. de, 97 n
Blood heat, 10 - 11 , 40 - 42
Bloor, David, 236 n, 248 n
Boat metaphor. See Neurath, Otto
Boerhaave, Herman (1668-1738), 57 - 58 , 60 , 225
Bogen, James, 52
Bohm, David, 245
Bohr, Niels, 220
Boiling, 8 - 39 , 246 degree of, 12 , 16 , 20 , 49 - 50
De Luc's phenomenology of, 20 - 21
and evaporation, 38
facilitated by: air, 18 - 19 , 22 , 32 - 34 , 37 , 51 ; dust, 34 , 51 ; solid surfaces, 22
pressure-balance theory of, 29 - 34 , 38 , 48
theories of, by various authors: Cavendish, 24 - 27 , 32 , 35 - 36 , 51 ; De Luc, 17 , 24 ; Donny, 33 ; Gernez, 32 - 34 ; Tomlinson, 34 ; Verdet, 32
superheated, 23 - 28
see also boiling point of water; ebullition; evaporation; steam; superheating
Boiling point of mercury, 119 , 126t , 133
Boiling point of spirit, 9
Boiling point of water, 11 - 17 , 241 - 242 affected by: adhesion, 22 , 30 - 32 ; cohesion, 30 - 31 ; depth of water, 17 , 49 ; material of vessel, 21 - 23 , 31 , 49 ; pressure, 12 , 17 , 29 ; sulphur coating, 31
Aitken's definition of, 38
considered indefinite, 12 - 14 , 16 , 25
defined without boiling, 35
fixity of, 48 - 51
as two points, 12 , 13f
see also boiling; steam point; superheating
Bolton, Henry Carrington, 50
Bootstrapping, 45
Boulton, Matthew, 176
Bouty, Edmond, 98
Boyd, Richard, 228 n
Boyer, Carl B., 11 n, 50
Boyle, Robert (1627-1691), 9 , 162 , 162 n, 246
Boyle's law, 71 , 99 , 181 , 190
Brass, 121 , 126t , 130t
Braun,
Joseph Adam (1712?-1768), 105 - 108 , 142
Bridge St. Bridge, 229
Bridgman, Percy Williams (1882-1961), 58 , 141 - 153 , 200 , 203 n, 222 - 223 . See also meaning; operationalism
British Association for the Advancement of Science, 182
Brown, Harold, 95
Brush, Stephen G., 72 n, 172 - 173
Bubbling, 20
Buchwald, Jed, 242
Building, as metaphor for foundation of knowledge, 223 - 224
Bumping, 20 - 21 . See also superheating
Butter, 10
Cagniard de la Tour, Charles (1777?-1859), 22
Callendar, Hugh Longbourne (1863-1930), 213 - 215 , 230
Caloric. See caloric theory; combined caloric; free caloric; free caloric of space; radiant caloric
Caloric theory, 51 , 65 - 67 , 168 - 171 Carnot's acceptance of, 178
chemical, 65 - 67 , 170 - 171 , 202
Irvinist, 65 , 168 - 170 , 171 n, 202
Laplace's, 71 - 74
Lavoisier's, 65 - 66
Calorimetry, 77 n, 139 , 154 , 175 , 192 , 202 by ice, 134 - 136 , 154 , 156 , 192
for pyrometry, 134 - 137
by water, 134 , 136 , 139 , 154 , 192 , 201
Cannon-boring experiment, 171
Carbon, 129
Carbonic acid gas (carbon dioxide), 81 , 215
Cardinal scale, 229
end p.276
Cardwell, Donald S. L., 66 , 178 , 179 , 181
Carnelly, 55 n
Carnot, Sadi (1796-1832), 97 - 98 , 175 , 232
Carnot engine, 97 , 175 - 176 , 178 - 181 , 191 as an abstraction, 203
as a cycle, 181f , 187 , 189f , 218
as an idealization, 188 , 191 , 208 - 210
Thomson's concrete models of, 187 - 190 , 206 , 208 - 210 : gas-only system, 188 n, 190n; steam-water system, 188 - 191 , 209 - 210
Thomson's reformulation of, 183 - 184
Carnot's coefficient (or multiplier), 183
Carnot's function, 183 - 185
Cartwright, Nancy, 52 , 156 n, 202 n, 206