by Hasok Chang
Self-destruction (or self-contradiction), 226 - 227 . See also self-correction
Self-evidencing explanation, 114
Self-improvement, 44 , 221
Self-justifying beliefs, 221 - 222 , 223 , 227
Self-repulsion (of caloric), 65
Semantic extension, 149 - 151
Sensation, 42 - 44 , 47 , 84 - 86 , 120 , 157 , 221 , 229 - 230
Sense-data, 52
Sensible caloric. See free caloric
Sensible heat, 67
Separate condenser. See under Watt, James
Serendipity, 24 , 37 , 50 - 51 , 55 - 56
Shapere, Dudley, 86 n
Shapin, Steven, 246
Sharlin, Harold I., 174 n, 225
Shooting. See under supercooling
Siberia, expeditions to, 104 , 107
Sibum, Heinz Otto, 242 n
Siemens, William, 140 n
Sifflement. See hissing
Silver expansion of, 123 - 125 , 127 , 153
melting point of, 126 , 129 , 131t , 138 , 138 n, 141 n, 149 , 153
in Wedgwood's thermometry, 123 - 125 , 126 , 127
Simplicity, 222 , 227
Simultaneity, 144 , 147
Singing (of the kettle), 20
Single value, principle of, 77 , 90 - 91 , 93 , 211 , 215 . See also comparability; ontological principles
Skepticism, 239 - 240 , 242 , 243 , 248
Sklar, Lawrence, 224
Smeaton, John, 11 n
Smeaton, William, 129 n, 135
Smith, Charles Piazzi (1819-1900), 11
Smith, George E., 226
Snell's law, 52
Social history of science, 247 - 248
Sociology of scientific knowledge, 236 n, 248
Sosman, R. B., 214 , 215
Soubresaut. See bumping
Southern, John, 181
Specialist science, 237 - 238 . See also normal science
Specific heat in chemical caloric theory, 66 - 68 , 171
and Dulong and Petit's law, 97 , 98
of gases, 181 , 204 , 205 , 210
Irvinist conception of, 168 - 170 , 202
of platinum, 139
temperature-dependence of, 64 , 68 , 94 , 136
Spietz, Lafe, 154 n
Spirit (of wine) boiling point of, 9 , 19 n
expansion of, 61 , 64t , 78 - 79 , 108 - 109 , 114 - 115 , 117 , 227
Spirit thermometer Amontons's, 162
Braun's, 107 , 108
comparison with air thermometer, 117 - 118 , 154
comparison with mercury thermometer, 58 - 59 , 64t , 78t , 107 - 109 , 115 , 154
end p.284
criticized, 61 , 64t , 78 - 79 , 94 , 114 - 115 ,
De Luc's, 19 n
Du Crest's advocacy of, 61
Fahrenheit's, made for Wolff, 77
see also under expansion
Standards choice of, 90
extension of, 107 , 152
of fixity, 39
improvement of, 44 - 48 , 84 , 228 - 231 (see also self-improvement)
justification of, 40 - 44 , 155 , 175 , 208 , 221 - 222
mutual grounding of, 156 - 158
of temperature, 9 , 109 , 115 , 128 , 159
validity of, 40 - 44 , 47 - 48 , 55
whole-range, 154 , 154 n
States of matter. See changes of state
Steam Cavendish on, 25 - 26
condensation of, 176
De Luc on, 26 - 27
density of, 190 , 210
latent heat of, 26 , 177 , 189 - 190
pressure-temperature relation, 28 - 30 , 35 - 36 , 188 - 191
Regnault's data on, 29 , 30t , 75 , 190 , 210
saturated, 28 - 29 , 188 , 190
supersaturated, 27 , 35 - 37 , 51
see also steam engine; steam point; steam-water system; vapor
Steam engine, 75 - 76 , 175 - 179 , 180 - 181
Steam point, 35 , 48 , 51 Cavendish's advocacy of, 24 - 28
De Luc's skepticism about, 26 - 27
dust needed for fixity of, 36 , 50
Marcet on fixity of, 27 - 28
see also boiling; boiling point of water; supersaturation
Steam-water system, 178 - 179 , 188 - 191 , 209 - 210
Steam-water thermometer, 210
Stevens, S. S., 90 n
Strong program. See sociology of scientific knowledge
Subtle fluids, 65
Sulphur, 31
Sulphuric acid, 60 , 81 - 82 , 115
Supercooling, 37 , 53 - 56 , 113 - 114 broken by shooting, 54 - 56
Fahrenheit's discovery of, 53 - 55
of mercury, 53
Superheating, 17 - 24 , 27 - 28 , 31 , 241 - 242 of ice, 37 , 55
modern explanations of, 241 n
prevention of, 21 , 23 - 24 , 33 - 34 , 241
while boiling vs. without boiling, 23
see also boiling point of water
Supersaturation of solutions, 34 - 35
of steam, 27 , 35 - 37 , 51
Surchauffer, 18 n
Surfusion, 53 n
Taylor, Brook (1685-1731), 61 - 62
Temperature, theoretical concepts of, 159 - 160 , 167 - 173 , 217 - 219 , 245 , 246 . See also absolute temperature
Temperature scales. See absolute temperature; Amontons temperature; Celsius, Anders; centigrade scale; Dalencé, Joachim; Dalton, John; Daniell, John Frederic; Delisle; Fahrenheit, Daniel Gabriel; fixed points; International Practical Scale of Temperature; inverted temperature scales; Newton, Isaac; one-point method; Réaumur, R. A. F. de; Royal Society; two-point method; Wedgwood, Josiah
Testability, 146 , 169 - 171 , 197 , 213 , 227
Testing (empirical), 52 , 59 , 89 - 96 , 221 , 231 circularity in, 99 , 127 - 128 , 192 , 221
by comparability, 89 - 96 , 155
hypothetico-deductive (H-D) model of, 93 , 227
Regnault's insistence on, 76 - 77 , 82
see also justification; testability; validity
Thenard, Louis-Jacques (1777-1857), 69
Theoretical concepts, 202 - 203 , 206 , 208 n
Theoretical unity, 155 , 157 n, 158
Theory-ladenness of observation, 52 , 60 , 95 , 222
Thermal expansion. See expansion (thermal)
Thermocouple, 117
Thermodynamics. See absolute temperature; Carnot engine; Thomson, William
Thermometers, numerical, 41 , 47 - 48 , 55 , 57 , 87 - 89 , 102 , 221 , 229
Thermometric fluids choice of, 62 , 83 , 89 - 90 , 100 - 101 , 155 , 245
comparison between various, 58t , 61 , 64t , 161t
comparison between air and mercury, 71 , 79 , 89 , 100 - 101
comparison between air and spirit, 117 - 118 , 154
comparison between mercury and spirit, 58 - 59 , 64t , 78t , 107 - 109 , 115 , 154
variety of, 60
see also air thermometer; gas thermometer; mercury thermometer; oils as thermometric fluids; pyrometry; spirit thermometer; water
Thermoscopes, 41 - 44 , 47 , 60 , 87 , 89 , 102 , 221 , 229 , 230
Thilorier, A., 116 - 117
Thompson, Benjamin. See Rumford, Count
Thomson, Thomas (1773-1852), 71 , 164
Thomson, William (Lord Kelvin) (1824-1907), 173 - 174 absolute temeprature: theoretical concept of, 159 , 173 - 186 , 215 , 217 - 218 ; operationalization of, 186 - 197 , 201 - 202 , 204 - 205 , 208 - 212 , 216
on abstraction in scientific theories, 174 , 186 , 202 - 203 , 215
end p.285
collaboration with Joule, 182 - 186 , 192 (see also Joule-Thomson experiment)
and Regnault, 75 , 83 , 174 - 175
and thermodynamics, 97
see also absolute temperature; Joule-Thomson experiment
Time, measurement of, 231
Tomlinson, Charles (1808-1897), 34 - 35 , 51
Tradition, 225 - 226 , 232 - 233 , 237 , 250
Truesdell, Clifford, 73 n
Truth, 46 , 217 , 227 , 228 , 23
2 , 247 , 248
Twin paradox, 244
Two-point method, 59
Tyndall, John, 39 , 164 - 165
Underdetermination, 155 , 157 - 158
Uniformity of expansion. See expansion; linearity
Unity. See theoretical unity
Universality, 234
Unobservable entities and properties. See observability
Upside-down scales. See inverted temperature scales
Ure, Andrew, 139
Validation. See justification; validity
Validity of measurement methods/standards, 40 - 44 , 47 - 48 , 55 , 151 - 152 , 213 , 226 , 233 , 242
of metrological extension, 152 - 155
of operationalization, 205 - 206 , 208
Values, epistemic. See epistemic values
Van Fraassen, Bas, 85 - 86 , 93 n, 227 , 228
Vapor pressure, 28 - 29 , 30t , 32 , 38
saturated, 28 - 29
see also boiling; evaporation; steam
Verdet, Marcel Émile (1824-1866), 22 , 24 , 32 - 34
Vienna Circle manifesto, 236 n
Virtues, epistemic. See epistemic virtues
Volta, Alessandro, 67 n
Walpole, Horace, 50
Walter, Maila L., 142 n
Water calorimetry, 134 , 136 , 139 , 154 , 192 , 201
incredulity about freezing of, 106
as a thermometric fluid, 42 , 58t , 60 , 64t
see also boiling; boiling point of water; freezing point; ice; latent heat; specific heat; steam; supercooling; superheating; vapor
Water-steam system. See steam-water system
Waterston, John James (1811-1883), 173
Waterwheel, 178
Watson, William (1715-1787), 104 - 106
Watt, James (1736-1819), 29 , 30t , 176 - 178 expansive principle, 178 , 179
indicator diagram, 180 - 181
separate condenser, 177 - 178
Wax, 11
Weather. See meteorology
Wedgwood, Josiah (1730-1795), 119 , 176 clay pyrometer, 60 , 118 - 128 , 153 - 157 : alum-clay mixture used in, 126 ; compared with mercury thermometer, 123 - 125 , 133 , 149 ; criticized, 129 - 141 ; difficulties in standardizing, 125 - 126 ; fixed points used in, 126
colored-clay pyrometer, 120
on ice calorimeter, 134
and operationalism, 148 - 149
patch, 153
temperature scale, 121 - 122 : connection with Fahrenheit scale, 123 - 125 ; modified by Guyton, 129
Welfare state, analogous to complementary science, 237 - 238
Whiggism, 248
Whole-range standards, 154 , 154 n
Wilson, C. T. R., 35
Withering, William, 113
Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 42 - 43 , 50 , 150 - 151 , 224
Wolff, Christian Freiherr von, 77
Wollaston, William Hyde (1766-1828), 123 , 128 , 232
Woodward, James, 52
Work, 175 , 178 , 209 - 210 . See also heat: relation with work
Wunderlich, Carl (1815-1877), 40 n
Yi, Sang Wook, 159 n, 194 n, 195 n, 205 n, 209 n, 214 n, 216 n
Young, Thomas (1773-1829), 61 , 167
Zeeman effect, 198
Zinc, 130t , 137