by Jill Lepore
60 On the Lost Cause of the Confederacy in American history and memory, see Tony Horwitz, Confederates in the Attic: Dispatched from the Unfinished Civil War (New York: Pantheon, 1998); and David W. Blight, Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001).
61 The Glenn Beck Show, Fox News, New York, January 13, 2010.
62 Austin Hess, e-mail message to the author, April 26, 2010.
Chapter 4: The Past upon Its Throne
1 David S. Bernstein, “Tea Is for Terrorism,” Boston Phoenix, April 8, 2010.
2 Tuerck at the Boston Common Tea Party rally, April 15, 2009; Boston Tea Party 2009, weblog, April 22, 2009, http://teapartyboston2009.blogspot.com/; Ridpath at the Boston Common Tea Party rally, July 4, 2009; John Ridpath, “John Ridpath at the July 4 Boston Tea Party Protest.”
3 [Boston] Weekly Dig, April 7, 2010.
4 Fischer, Paul Revere’s Ride, 76–77.
5 Silver, “Benjamin Edes,” 261.
6 Paul Revere to Jeremy Belknap, January 1, 1798, in Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society 16 (1878): 371–76.
7 Samuel Lane Boardman, ed., Peter Edes: A Biography, with His Diary (Bangor, 1901), 8; Silver, “Benjamin Edes,” 262.
8 Gross, Minutemen and Their World, chap. 5; James Russell Lowell, “Lines Suggested by the Graves of Two English Soldiers on Concord Battle-Ground,” in The Complete Poetical Works of James Russell Lowell (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1896), 97.
9 Van Doren, Jane Mecom, 118, 124–34; Franklin to Mecom, October 16, 1775, Letters of Franklin and Mecom, 164.
10 Andrew Eliot to Thomas Hollis, April 25, 1775, Andrew Eliot to John Eliot, May 4, 1775, Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society 16 (1878): 281–82.
11 Henry Pelham to John Singleton, May 16, 1775, in Letters of Copley and Pelham, 318; Boardman, Peter Edes, 99.
12 Silver, “Benjamin Edes,” 262; Morison, Three Centuries of Harvard, 148–51.
13 Raphael, Founding Myths, chap. 9.
14 Andrew Eliot Annotated Almanacs, Massachusetts Historical Society, Box 2. Eliot kept his diary for 1775 interleaved in the pages of Nathanael Low, An Astronomical Diary: Or, Almanack, for the Year . . . 1775 (Boston, n.d.).
15 James Russell Lowell, “Under the Old Elm,” in Complete Poetical Works, 364–70.
16 Spencer Albright, The American Ballot (Washington, DC: American Council on Public Affairs, 1942), 16. On peas and beans in use in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century England, see Charles Gross, “The Early History of the Ballot in England,” American Historical Review 3 (April 1898): 458–59. On voting behavior, see Robert J. Dinkin, Voting in Provincial America: A Study of Elections in the Thirteen Colonies, 1689–1776 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1977). See also Robert J. Dinkin, ed., Election Day: A Documentary History (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2002), 1–27, 47–60.
17 Albright, American Ballot, 14–15.
18 Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, ed. Max Farrand (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1911), 2:240–41.
19 Waldstreicher, Slavery’s Constitution, 81, 83, 85, 103, 104. See also François Furstenberg, In the Name of the Father: Washington’s Legacy, Slavery, and the Making of a Nation (New York: Penguin, 2006); and Harry Wiencek, An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America (New York: Farrar, Strauss, and Giroux, 2003).
20 As Waldstreicher has argued, “In the new American order, taxation with representation and slavery were joined at the hip” (Slavery’s Constitution, 5).
21 On the history of suffrage, see Alexander Keyssar, The Right to Vote: The Contested History of Democracy in the United States (New York: Basic Books, 2000).
22 Douglas Campbell, “The Origin of American Institutions, as Illustrated in the History of the Written Ballot,” Papers of the American Historical Association 4 (1891): 179.
23 Robert J. Dinkin, Voting in Revolutionary America: A Study of Elections in the Original Thirteen States (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1982), 102.
24 See Keyssar, Right to Vote; and Sean Wilentz, The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln (New York: Norton, 2005).
25 Richard Bensel, The American Ballot Box in the Mid-Nineteenth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004).
26 Henshaw v. Foster et al., 26 Mass. 312 (1830).
27 L. E. Fredman, The Australian Ballot: The Story of an American Reform (Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1968), 22, 28; Bensel, American Ballot Box, 15.
28 William M. Ivins, Machine Politics and Money in Elections in New York City (New York: Harper, 1887), 56–57, 63–64.
29 Frank O’Gorman, “The Secret Ballot in Nineteenth-Century Britain,” in Cultures of Voting: The Hidden History of the Secret Ballot, ed. Romain Bertrand et al. (London: Hurst, 2007), 22–23.
30 John Crowley, “Uses and Abuses of the Secret Ballot in the American Age of Reform,” in Cultures of Voting, 52.
31 Michael Brunet, “The Secret Ballot Issue in Massachusetts Politics from 1851 to 1853,” New England Quarterly 25 (September 1952): 354–62.
32 Fredman, Australian Ballot, 8; John Henry Wigmore, The Australian Ballot System (Boston, 1889); Philip Loring Allen, “Ballot Laws and Their Workings,” Political Science Quarterly 21 (March 1906): 38–58. On the early consequences, see Jerrold G. Rusk, “The Effect of the Australian Ballot Reform on Split Ticket Voting: 1876–1908,” American Political Science Review 64 (December 1970): 1220–38.
33 Crowley, “Uses and Abuses,” 59.
34 Carl Becker, The Heavenly City of Eighteenth-Century Philosophers (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1963).
35 James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay, The Federalist Papers, ed. Isaac Kramnick (New York: Penguin Books, 1987), 144.
36 Herman Melville, Typee, Oomo, Mardi (New York: Library of America, 1982), 1169–70.
37 George Levesque, Black Boston: African American Life and Culture in Urban America, 1750–1860 (New York: Garland, 1994), 165.
38 On Crispus Attucks Day, Attucks, Wheatley, Bunker Hill, and slavery in history and memory, see Margot Minardi, “ ‘The Inevitable Negro’: Making Slavery History in Massachusetts, 1770–1863” (Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, 2007).
39 Theodore Parker, “On the Boston Kidnapping,” in The Collected Works of Theodore Parker, ed. Frances Power Cobb (London, 1863), 5:209–10.
40 William E. Cain, ed., William Lloyd Garrison and the Fight Against Slavery (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 1995), 35–36.
41 Burns’s speech appeared in the Liberator, March 9, 1855.
42 Anthony Burns to the Baptist Church, undated but November or December 1855, in Charles Emery Stevens, Anthony Burns: A History (Boston, 1856), 280–83.
43 William Cooper Nell, The Colored Patriots of the American Revolution (Boston, 1855), 5.
44 Paul Finkelman, ed., Dred Scott v. Sandford: A Brief History with Documents (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 1997), 149.
45 Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas, The Lincoln-Douglas Debates: The First Complete, Unexpurgated Text, ed. Harold Holzer (New York: HarperCollins, 1993), 54, 252.
46 James Ayres, “Busing Foes Take Their Protest to Replay of Boston Massacre,” Boston Globe, March 6, 1975; Lukas, Common Ground, 315–17.
47 “Text of President Ford’s Address in Old North Church,” and Nina McCain, “Historian Hits Buildup of Presidential Power,” Boston Globe, April 19, 1975.
48 Gary McMillan, “ ‘Peoples’ Rally Jams Concord,” and John B. Wood and Curtis Wilkie, “Ford Opens Bicentennial Events Here,” Boston Globe, April 19, 1975.
49 “Now Is the Time for Reconciliation, Not Rancor”; Ken Hartenit, “President Gets Cheers, Boos”; Peter Anderson, “Protest, Pomp at Concord Bridge”; Stephen Wermiel, “Ford Appeals for National Unity, Ignores Concord Protesters’ Boos”; Gary McMillan, “Rally More Like a Party with Raspberry for Ford,” Boston Globe, April 20, 1976.
50 Lukas, Common Ground, 317.
51 On Brown v. Board of Education, see Michael Klarman, From Jim Crow to Civil Rights: The Struggle for Racial Equality (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004). On originalism, see Jack N. Rakove, Original Meanings: Politics and Ideas in the Making of the Constitution (New York: Knopf, 1996), especially chap. 1; and Stephen M. Griffin, American Constitutionalism: From Theory to Politics (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996), especially chap. 5.
52 Thurgood Marshall, Thurgood Marshall: His Speeches, Writings, Arguments, Opinions, and Reminiscences, ed. Mark V. Tushnet (Chicago: Lawrence Hill Books, 2001), 281–85.
53 Jerry Falwell, Listen America! (Garden City, NJ: Doubleday, 1980), 29; Tim LaHaye, The Faith of Our Founding Fathers (Brentwood, TN: Wolgemuth and Hyatt, 1987), 1, 5, 13, 115–16.
54 Benjamin Franklin, Works of the Late Dr. Benjamin Franklin (New Haven, 1797), 84.
55 On these documents, see Martha Nussbaum, Liberty of Conscience: In Defense of America’s Tradition of Religious Equality (New York: Basic Books, 2008). Mitt Romney, “Faith in America,” NPR, December 6, 2007, http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=16969460.
56 Frank Lambert, The Founding Fathers and the Place of Religion in America (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003).
Chapter 5: Your Superexcellent Age
1 Richard J. Ellis, To the Flag: The Unlikely History of the Pledge of Allegiance (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 2005). Ellis discusses Francis Bellamy in chapters 1 and 2, recounts the insertion of “under God” in chapter 5, and relates the story of the Dukakis veto in chapter 6. Edward Bellamy, Looking Backward, 2000–1887, ed. Daniel H. Borus (Boston: Bedford Books, 1995), 48; Bodnar, Remaking America, 232, 237; Lukas, Common Ground, 317.
2 Thomas Paine, The Complete Writings of Thomas Paine, ed. Philip Foner (New York: Citadel Press, 1945), 1:3, 17.
3 John Adams, Papers of John Adams, ed. Robert J. Taylor (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1977), 4:37, 41, 53, 29. On Paine, see especially Eric Foner, Tom Paine and Revolutionary America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1976).
4 Writings of Paine, 1:19.
5 Diary and Autobiography of John Adams, 3:330–41.
6 Phillis Wheatley to George Washington, October 26, 1775, and George Washington to Phillis Wheatley, February 28, 1776, in Complete Writings, 160.
7 Van Doren, Jane Mecom, 128.
8 Andrew Eliot to Isaac Smith Jr., April 5, 1776, in George E. Ellis, March 17th, 1876: Celebration of the Centennial Anniversary of the Evacuation of Boston by the British . . . and a Chronicle of the Siege of Boston (Boston: City Council, 1876), 190–92.
9 Van Doren, Jane Mecom, 130.
10 Abigail Adams to John Adams, July 14, 1776, in The Letters of John and Abigail Adams, ed. Frank Shuffelton (New York: Penguin, 204), 200.
11 New England Chronicle, July 15, 1776.
12 Pybus, Epic Journeys, 9–12.
13 Klein, “Commemorating the American Revolution,” 258, 260.
14 Klarman, From Jim Crow, 428.
15 Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., Robert Kennedy and His Times (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1978, 2002), 234.
16 The Attempt to Steal the Bicentennial, Peoples Bicentennial Commission, Report of the Subcommittee of the . . . Committee on the Judiciary (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1976).
17 “The Great Celebration,” Washington Post, July 7, 1976. See also ARBA, Bicentennial of the United States of America, 1:17, 51.
18 Louis P. Masur, The Soiling of Old Glory: The Story of a Photograph that Shocked America (New York: Bloomsbury, 2008).
19 Robert Lowell, “For the Union Dead,” in Collected Poems, ed. Frank Bidart and David Gewanter (New York: Farrar, Strauss, and Giroux, 2003), 377.
20 Writings of Paine, 1:49–50; Nelson, Thomas Paine, 108.
21 Shipton, New England Life, 425–27.
22 Van Doren, Jane Mecom, 132–33.
23 Mecom to Franklin, August 15, 1778, and Mecom to Franklin, February 14, 1779, in Letters of Franklin and Mecom, 184, 188–89.
24 Gross, Minutemen and Their World, 136.
25 Robinson, Wheatley, 52–64.
26 Schama, Rough Crossings; Pybus, Epic Journeys, 8.
27 Graham Russell Hodges, ed., The Black Loyalist Directory: African Americans in Exile After the American Revolution (New York: Garland, 1995), 111.
28 Pybus, Epic Journeys, 150, 182; Schama, Rough Crossings, 310–11, 328, 390, 394–95.
29 Waldstreicher, Slavery’s Constitution, 49–50.
30 Minardi, “ ‘The Inevitable Negro’ ”; Joanne Pope Melish, Disowning Slavery: Gradual Emancipation and ‘Race’ in New England, 1780–1860 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998); and John Wood Sweet, Bodies Politic: Negotiating Race in the American North, 1730–1830 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003).
31 Tudor, Life of Otis, 485; Buckingham, Specimens, 197; Silver, “Benjamin Edes,” 264–65; John Keane, Tom Paine: A Political Life (Boston: Little, Brown, 1985), xiii; Jane Mecom to Benjamin Franklin, January 17, 1790, Letters of Franklin and Mecom, 338.
32 Mark Twain, “The Late Benjamin Franklin,” Galaxy 10 (1870): 138–40.
33 Poor Richard’s Almanack, 1736.
34 Writings of Paine, 1:286, 344, 404–5.
35 Nelson, Thomas Paine, 248, 274–75, 281.
36 Writings of Paine, 1:464, 599; Harvey J. Kaye, Thomas Paine and the Promise of America (New York: Hill and Wang, 2005), 171; Samuel Adams to Thomas Paine, November 30, 1802, in The Writings of Samuel Adams, ed. Harry Alonzo Cushing (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1908), 4:412.
37 Massachusetts Mercury, May 19, 1794.
38 Pasley, Tyranny of Printers, 33, and app. 2.
39 On the press in the 1790s, see both Pasley and Marcus Daniel, Scandal and Civility: Journalism and the Birth of American Democracy (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009).
40 James Morton Smith, Freedom’s Fetters: The Alien and Sedition Laws and American Civil Liberties (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1956); Leonard W. Levy, Emergence of a Free Press (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985).
41 Silver, “Benjamin Edes,” 265–68.
42 Garry Wills, “Negro President”: Jefferson and the Slave Power (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2003), 2.
43 Thomas Jefferson, “First Inaugural Address: Wednesday, March 4, 1801,” in Fellow Citizens, 23; Probate Records of Boston Printers, 1803–1824, Massachusetts Historical Society, one box; Probate Inventory of Benjamin Edes, June 23, 1801.
44 Paul Collins, The Trouble with Tom: The Strange Afterlife and Times of Thomas Paine (New York: Bloomsbury, 2005), 15.
45 Diary and Autobiography of John Adams, 3:330–41.
46 Collins, Trouble with Tom, 29.
47 Works of John Adams, 10:381.
48 Robert L. Brunhouse, ed., “David Ramsay, 1749–1815 Selections from His Writings,” Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 55 (1965): 27.
49 Warren, History of the Rise, Progress, and Termination, 1:379.
50 Raphael, Founding Myths, chap. 1.
51 Foner, Tom Paine and Revolutionary America, 257.
52 The Peoples Bicentennial Commission, Common Sense II; Glenn Beck and Joe Kerry, Common Sense: The Case Against an Out-of-Control Government (New York: Threshold Editions, 2009).
53 The Glenn Beck Show, Fox News, New York, February 18, 2010.
54 The fate of those bones is Collins’s subject in Trouble with Tom.
55 G. Thomas Tansell, Royall Tyler (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1967), 11–12; and Royall Tyler, The Algerine Captive; Or, The Life and Adventures of Doctor Updike Underhill, ed. Caleb Crain (1797; repr., New York: Modern Library, 2002), xx–xxii.
56 Royall Tyler, The Contrast: A Comedy in Five Acts, with a history of George Washington’s copy by James Benjamin Wilbur (1790; repr., Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1920); Tyler, Algerine Captive, xxvi.
57 [Royall Tyler], The Origin of Evil: An Elegy (n.p., 1793).
58
Royall Tyler, The Prose of Royall Tyler, ed. Marius B. Péladaut (Montpelier: Vermont Historical Society, 1972), 178, 185. See also The Verse of Royall Tyler, ed. Marius B. Péladaut (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1968). On Mary Tyler, see Mary Tyler, Grandmother Tyler’s Book: The Recollections of Mary Palmer Tyler, 1775–1866, ed. Frederick Tupper and Helen Tyler Brown (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1925); and see Mary Tyler, The Maternal Physician: A Treatise on the Nature and Management of Infants (Philadelphia, 1818).
59 “Paine’s religious opinions were those of three-fourths of the men of letters of the last age,” Joel Barlow observed, overstating the case, if not by much. “Plea for a Patriot,” Galaxy 21 (May 1876): 593.
60 Tyler, Algerine Captive, 128–36.
61 Paul Baepler, ed., introduction to White Slaves, African Masters: An Anthology of American Barbary Captivity Narratives (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999).
62 “Treaty of Peace and Friendship between the United States of America and the Bey and Subjects of Tripoli, of Barbary,” in United States, Laws of the United States of America (Philadelphia, 1804), 4:46.
63 Royall Tyler, The Touchstone; Or a Humble Modest Inquiry into the Nature of Religious Intolerance. The manuscript has since been lost, and only the first thirty pages of the unfinished printing survive. My thanks to the University of Vermont for sending me a copy of the incomplete printing. Prose of Royall Tyler, 352–53.
64 Prose of Royall Tyler, 43–44.
Epilogue: Revering America
1 All quotations from and descriptions of the April 18, 2010, Revere America rally, as well as information on the organization, are taken from the RevereAmerica.org website, http://revereamerica.org/; Van Doren, Jane Mecom, 239.
2 Mecom to Franklin, July 21, 1786, Letters of Franklin and Mecom, 275.