Baldwin, Frank D., Papers, Henry E. Huntington Library, San Marino, California.
Lawton, Henry W., Papers, U.S. Army Military History Institute, Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania.
Marino, Carl W. “General Alfred Howe Terry: Soldier from Connecticut.” Ph.D. dissertation, New York University, 1968.
Miles, Nelson A., Papers, U.S. Army Military History Institute, Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania.
Papers of the Order of the Indian Wars, U.S. Army Military History Institute, Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania.
Sheridan, Philip H., Papers, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
Sherman, William T., Papers, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
Government Documents
National Archives. RG 94, Office of the Adjutant General Letters Received (Main Series), 1871–1880, File 4163 AGO 1876 (Sioux War Papers), M666.
. RG 94, Office of the Adjutant General, Letters Received (Main Series), 1881–89, 1066 AGO 1883.
. RG 393, Records of U.S. Army Continental Commands, Special Files, Military Division of the Missouri, M1495.
Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, ser. 1, vol. 13; vol. 22, pts. 1, 2; vol. 34, pt. 2; vol. 44, pt. 1; vol. 48, pts. 1, 2. Washington, D.C.: GPO.
U.S. Commissioner of Indian Affairs. Annual Reports. Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1866–90.
U.S. House Ex. Doc. No. 88, 39th Cong, 2nd sess. 1866. Commissioners to Indian Tribes.
U.S. House Ex. Doc. No. 97, 40th Cong., 2nd sess. 1867. Report of Indian Peace Commissioners.
U.S. House Ex. Doc. No. 184, 44th Cong., 1st sess., vol. 17, 1876. Expedition against the Sioux Indians.
U.S. House Misc. Docs. No. 56, 45th Cong., 2nd sess., 1877, Reorganization of the Army.
U.S. House Report No. 384, 43rd Cong., 1st sess., 1874. Reduction of the Military Establishment, Jan. 17, 1874.
U.S. Secretary of War. Annual Reports, Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1866–90.
U.S. Senate Ex. Doc. No. 13, 40th Cong., 1st sess., 1867. Indian Hostilities.
U.S. Senate Ex. Doc. No. 7, 40th Cong., 1st sess., 1867. Expeditions against the Indians.
U.S. Senate Ex. Doc. No. 89, 41st Cong., 2nd sess., 1870. Encroachments on Indians in Wyoming.
U.S. Statutes at Large. Vols. 14–18. Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1874–75.
Articles and Periodicals
Army and Navy Journal 9 (August 8, 1871); 9 (October 7, 1871); 9 (May 25, 1872); 14 (May 12, 1877); 14 (June 16, 1877), 15 (September 8, 1877).
Bloom, Lansing B. “Bourke on the Southwest.” New Mexico Historical Review 9 (1934): 33–77, 159–83, 273–89, 375–437.
Braden, Charles. “The Yellowstone Expedition of 1873.” Journal of the U.S. Cavalry Association 16 (1905): 218–41.
Crook, George. “The Apache Problem.” Journal of the Military Service Institution 7, no. 27 (October 1886): 257–69.
Fite, Gilbert C. “The United States Army and Relief to Pioneer Settlers, 1874–1875.” Journal of the West 6 (1967): 99–107.
Garfield, James A. “The Army of the United States.” North American Review 136 (1878): 445–48.
Hughes, Col. Robert P. “The Campaign against the Sioux in 1876.” Journal of the Military Institution of the United States 18 (January 1896): 1–44.
Opler, Morris E. “A Chiricahua Apache’s Account of the Geronimo Campaign of 1886.” New Mexico Historical Review 13 (October 1938): 371–73.
Porter, Kenneth W. “The Seminole-Negro Indian Scouts, 1870–1881.” Southwestern Historical Quarterly 55 (1951–52): 358–77.
Utley, Robert M. “Border Showdown.” MHQ: The Quarterly Journal of Military History 23 (Spring 2011): 98–104.
. “The Red River War: Last Uprising in the Texas Panhandle.” MHQ: The Quarterly Journal of Military History 20 (Autumn 2007): 74–83.
Books
Bailey, John W. Pacifying the Plains: General Alfred Terry and the Decline of the Sioux, 1866–1880. Westport Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1970.
Bourke, John G. On the Border with Crook. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1891.
Carpenter, John A. Sword and Olive Branch: Oliver Otis Howard (1964). New York: Fordham University Press, 1999.
Carter, R. G. On the Border with Mackenzie: or, Winning West Texas from the Comanches. New York: Antiquarian Press, 1961.
Cozzens, Peter. General John Pope: A Life for the Nation. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2000.
Cresap, Bernarr. Appomattox Commander: The Story of General E. O. C. Ord. San Diego: A. S. Barnes, 1981.
DeMontravel, Peter R. A Hero to His Fighting Men: Nelson A. Miles, 1839–1925. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1998.
Dobak, William A., and Thomas D. Phillips. The Black Regulars, 1866–1898. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2001.
Ellis, Richard N. General Pope and U.S. Indian Policy. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1970.
Fry, James B. The History and Legal Effect of Brevets in the Armies of Great Britain and the United States. New York: D. Van Nostrand, 1877.
Gibson, A. M. The Kickapoos: Lords of the Middle Border. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1964.
Grant, Ulysses S. Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant. New York: Century, 1885.
Greene, Jerome A. American Carnage: Wounded Knee, 1890. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2014.
. Nez Perce Summer, 1877: The U.S. Army and the Nee-Me-Poo Crisis. Helena: Montana Historical Society Press, 2000.
. Yellowstone Command: Colonel Nelson A. Miles and the Great Sioux War, 1876–1877. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1991. Reprinted, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2006.
Hutton, Paul Andrew. Phil Sheridan and His Army. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1985.
Koury, Michael J., ed. The Field Diary of General Alfred H. Terry: The Yellowstone Expedition—1876. Bellevue, Nebr.: Old Army Press, 1970.
Kraft, Louis. Gatewood and Geronimo. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2000.
Magid, Paul, George Crook: From the Redwoods to Appomattox. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2011.
. The Gray Fox: George Crook and the Indian Wars. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2015.
McCaslin, Richard B. The Last Stronghold: The Campaign for Fort Fisher. Abilene Tex.: McWhiney Foundation Press, 2003.
Miles, Nelson A. Personal Recollections and Observations of General Nelson A. Miles (1896). Reprint, New York: Da Capo, 1969.
Serving the Republic: Memoirs of the Civil and Military Life of Nelson A. Miles, Lieutenant General, United States Army. New York: Harper & Bros., 1911.
Richardson, James D., comp. A Compilation of Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 1789–1897. 10 vols. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of National Literature and Art, 1897.
Robinson, Charles M., III. General Crook and the Western Frontier. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2001.
Schmitt, Martin F., ed. General George Crook: His Autobiography. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1946.
Taylor, Joe F., ed. The Indian Campaign on the Staked Plains, 1874–1875: Military Correspondence from War Department Adjutant General’s Office, File 2815–1874. Canyon, Tex.: Panhandle-Plains Historical Society, 1962.
Utley, Robert M. Cavalier in Buckskin: George Armstrong Custer and the Western Military Frontier. 1988. Revised ed., Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2001.
. Frontier Regulars: The United States Army and the Indian, 1866–1891. New York: Macmillan, 1973.
. Frontiersmen in Blue: The United States Army and the Indian, 1848–1865. New York: Macmillan, 1967.
. Geronimo. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2012.
. The Indian Frontier, 1846–1890. 1984. Revised ed., Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2003.
. The Lance and the Shield: The Life and Times of Sitting Bull. New York: Henry Holt, 1993.
. The Last Days of the Sioux Nation (1963). 2nd ed. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004.
Utley, Robert M., ed. An Army Doctor on the West
ern Frontier: Journals and Letters of John Vance Lauderdale, 1864–1890. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2014.
Wallace, Ernest, ed. Ranald S. Mackenzie’s Official Correspondence Relating to Texas, 1871–1875. 2 vols. Lubbock: West Texas Museum Association, 1967.
Warner, Ezra J. Generals in Blue: Lives of the Union Commanders (1964). Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1999.
Wood, Leonard. Chasing Geronimo: The Journal of Leonard Wood, May–September 1886. Edited by Jack C. Lane. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1970.
Wooster, Robert. Nelson A. Miles and the Twilight of the Frontier Army. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1993.
INDEX
Page numbers refer to the print edition but are hyperlinked to the appropriate location in the e-book.
Abert, John J., 151–52
Achumawi Indians, 46
adjutant general, 6, 47
Adjutant General’s Department, 5, 132, 173
Adobe Walls, Battle of, 98, 171
Alabama, 40, 64, 117, 166
Alaska, 6, 77, 113, 206
Alcatraz Prison, 65
Alger, Russell, 124
Alexandrovich, Alexei, 139
Allison, William B., 51, 191
Allison Commission, 51, 191
Alton, Ill., 153
Amelia Courthouse, Va., 137
American West, 3, 6, 10, 96, 101, 112, 202, 203, 211
Andrew, John A., 92
Antietam, Battle of, 40, 69–70, 93, 94
Apache Indians, 46–50, 54, 60, 63, 65, 75, 87, 139, 148, 174, 206, 211
Apache Pass, Ariz., 47
Apache scouts, 48, 61–63, 113–14, 116–17, 204
Appomattox Courthouse, Va., 3, 44, 95, 138, 148
Appomattox River, 44, 95, 135, 136, 137, 138, 183
Arapaho Indians, 26, 56, 98, 165, 166, 167
Arikara Fork of Republican River, 26
Arizona, 33, 47–50, 60, 61, 64, 75, 88, 113, 116, 117, 139, 148, 174
Arkansas, 138
Arkansas River, 165, 171
Army Act of 1866, 3, 4, 95, 138
Army and Navy Journal, 7, 15, 107
Army of Northern Virginia, 95
Army of the Cumberland, 74
Army of the James, 135, 136, 137, 138, 148, 183, 184
Army of the Mississippi, 154–55
Army of the Ohio, 73
Army of the Potomac, 39, 43, 69, 70, 71, 92, 94, 157, 159, 183
Army of the Shenandoah, 41–43
Army of the Tennessee, 72, 73, 133
Army of Virginia, 19, 156
Arthur, Chester, 87, 112, 174
Atlanta, Ga., 72–73, 180, 188
Augur, Christopher C., 17–33, 98, 100, 113, 141, 171, 187, 208, 209, 210, 211; Civil War career, 18–20; commands Department of Texas, 27–33, 141; commands Department of the Platte, 20–27, 139; described, 17; death, 33; evaluated, 208–9; and Mackenzie Mexican raid, 29–31; on Peace Commission of 1867–68, 22–25; prewar service, 17–18; promoted brigadier general, Regular Army, 18; and Red River War, 31–32, 209; and Republican River Expedition, 25–26; retirement, 33; in siege of Port Hudson, 19–20; on Sioux attitudes, 25; and Sweetwater mines, 26
Baldwin, Frank D., 99, 100–101, 102, 104, 121, 123
Baltimore, Md., 44
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 43
Banks, Nathaniel P., 19, 135, 156
Bannock Indians, 45, 56, 86, 89, 207
Barlow, Francis, 92, 93, 94, 95
Bear Paw, Battle of, 85, 109, 110, 200
Beaufort, N.C., 179, 180, 183
Beauregard, P. G. T., 179, 183, 184
Beaver Creek, 111
Belknap, William W., 6, 29, 75, 78, 172, 192
Bellaire, Ohio, 136
Belle Fourche River, 55
Benecia Barracks, Calif., 129
Benteen, Frederick W., 196
Bermuda Hundred, Va., 183, 184
Big Foot, 120–21
Big Hole, Battle of, 82
Big Hole River, 82
Big Horn and Yellowstone Expedition, 57
Big Horn Mountain Mining and Exploring Expedition, 25–26
Bighorn Mountains, 20, 26, 27, 54, 56, 58, 106
Bighorn River, 195
Big Meadows, Battle of, 18
Big Mound, Battle of, 162
Bismarck, Dak. Terr., 189
Bitterroot Mountains, 81, 207
Bitterroot Valley, 82, 83
Black Hills, 26, 50–51, 55, 188, 189, 191, 198
Black Hills Expedition of 1874, 189–90
black soldiers, 4, 10, 86–87, 141
Blackwater River, Battle of, 153
Boston, Mass., 91, 129
Bowdoin College (Me.), 69
Bozeman, Mont., 186
Bozeman Trail, 22–23, 24, 186
Bradley, James H., 196
Bragg, Braxton, 40, 185
brevet system, 4
Brisbin, James, 192, 195
British Columbia, 113
Brooke, John R., 118, 119, 120, 122
Brown, John, 132
Brown, William H.
Brule Sioux, 24
Buchanan, James, 153
Buchanan, Robert C., 18, 130
Buell, George P., 98
Buena Vista, Battle of, 152
Buffalo Bill (William F. Cody), 119, 139
Bullis, John L., 142, 144
Bull Run, Battle of, 69, 92, 178–79.
Burlington, Vt., 88, 89
Burnside, Ambrose, 70, 71, 94
Butler, Benjamin F., 19, 135, 136, 183, 184
Cairo, Ill., 155
Caldwell, John C., 92
California, 6, 36, 45, 129, 130, 132, 139
Camas Meadows, Ida., 83
Camas Prairie, Mont., 80
Camp Apache, Ariz., 47–48, 60
Camp Brown, Wyo., 26
Camp Robinson, Nebr., 57, 58
Camp Sheridan, Nebr., 57
Camp Stambaugh, Wyo., 26
Camp Supply, Ind. Terr., 101
Camp Verde, Ariz., 48
Canada, 38, 57, 81, 84, 85, 106, 107, 109, 110, 198, 199, 200, 207
Canadian River, 169
Canby, Edward R. S., 46
Cañon de los Embudos, Mexico, 63
Canyon Creek, Battle of, 84
Cape Fear River, 184, 185
Carr, Eugene A., 26, 208
Carrington, Henry B., 22
Carter, Robert, 29
Cascade Mountains, 37
Cedar Creek, Battle of, 42–43
Cedar Mountain, 157
Cedar Mountain, Battle of, 19
Centreville, Va., 158
Chancellorsville, Battle of, 70, 73, 86, 93, 123
Charles, Hipólito, 142
Charleston, S.C., 179, 181, 182, 183
Charleston Harbor, 181
Chattanooga, Tenn., 40, 71, 72
Cheteco River, 130
Cheyenne, Wyo., 27
Cheyenne-Arapaho Reservation, 28, 31–32, 98, 167
Cheyenne Indians, 23, 24, 25, 26, 31–32, 50, 56, 54, 58, 88, 98, 99, 100, 101, 106, 165, 167, 171, 197, 208
Chicago, Ill., 6, 25, 50, 64, 118, 119, 123, 167, 173, 174, 187, 188, 189, 192, 200
Chickamauga, Battle of, 40, 41
Chief Joseph, 77–78, 80, 81, 85, 109
Chihuahua, 61–63
Chiricahua Apache Indians, 47, 48, 61, 64, 65, 75, 113, 114, 115, 117
Chiricahua Mountains, 47
Chivington, John M., 165
Cincinnati, Ohio, 152, 166, 173
City Point, Va., 163
Civil War, 3, 10, 11, 13, 18, 26, 32, 39, 47, 56, 63, 67, 69, 85, 89, 91, 96, 99, 112, 123, 132, 141, 148, 152, 166, 175, 192, 201, 202, 203, 206, 209
Clark’s Fork of the Yellowstone River
Clearwater, Battle of, 81, 83, 207
Cleveland, Grover, 64, 113, 116, 123, 174
Coahuila, 142
Coast Survey, 127, 129
Cochise, 47, 48
, 61, 75
Cody, William F., 119, 139
Cold Harbor, Battle of, 93
Colorado, 6, 26, 165, 167, 174
Columbia River, 38, 129
Columbus, Ky., 154
Colville Indian Reservation, 85
Colyer, Vincent, 48, 49, 75
Comanche Indians, 27, 28, 32, 98, 99, 100, 166, 169, 171, 208
Commerce, Mo., 154
Confederate Army, 40, 41, 70, 72, 132
Connor, Patrick E., 165–66
Cooke, Philip St. George, 20–21
Corinth, Miss., 133, 155, 156
Corps of Engineers, 5
Corps of Topographical Engineers, 151–52
Cox, Jacob D., 185
Crater, Battle of the, 94
Crawford, Emmet, 62
Crazy Horse, 50, 55, 56, 57–58, 103, 104, 105, 106, 110, 188, 199
Crook, George, 11, 33, 58–60, 75, 81, 83, 86, 88, 106, 108, 112, 113, 115, 116, 117, 139, 118, 141, 175, 191, 199, 208, 210, 211; and Apache scouts, 62–63, 113–14; in Appomattox campaign, 44; and Battle of Powder River, 52–53, 101; campaigns in Pacific Northwest, 45–47, 139; captured, 43; Civil War service, 39–45; conflict with Miles, 113; on dealing with Indians, 38, 60; death, 64; described, 35–36; evaluated, 64–66, 204; field strategy, 47, 49, 61, 65, 203; first Arizona tour, 47–50; as game hunter, 37; and memo of agreement, 61–62; Northern Plains service, 50–60, 102, 105–6, 198; prewar service, 36–39; promoted brigadier, Regular Army, 50; promoted brigadier general, 40; promoted major general, 42; replaced by Miles, 63; resentment of Sheridan, 42–43, 57, 204–5, 206; in Shenandoah campaign, 41–43; and Sierra Madre campaigns, 61–63; and Sioux campaign of 1876, 52–58, 206; in Tonto Basin Campaign, 48–50; wounded, 37–38, 39
Crow Indians, 53–54, 81, 84, 104–5, 196, 204, 211
Cuba, 124
Culpepper, Va., 157
Cumberland, Md., 43, 127
Curtis, Samuel R., 165
Cushing, Caleb, 17
Custer, George A., 10, 51–52, 54, 98, 101, 111, 138, 139, 189, 191, 208; and Little Bighorn, 195–97; and Sioux campaign of 1876, 192–96, 206
Dahlgren, John A., 181
Dailey, Mary, 43, 44
Dakota, 6, 159, 161, 165, 186
Dakota Column, 192
Darlington, Ind Terr., 28
Davidson, John W., 32, 98
Davis, Britton, 62
Davis, Jefferson, 95, 96
Dead Buffalo Lake, Battle of, 162
Deep Bottom, Battle of, 94
Delaware Indians, 99
Department of Arizona, 6, 46, 48, 60, 75, 87, 113, 206
Department of Arkansas, 138
The Commanders Page 27