by John Demos
89. On the apprenticeship arrangements for the Boudinot sons, see A. E. W. Robertson to Rev. E. C. Starr, February 21, 1896 (typescript copy), FMS Archive, folder 19. The family letters quoted here are William P. Boudinot to Colonel Benjamin Gold, August 26, 1845, FMS Archive, folder 14; Mary H. Boudinot to Col. Benjamin Gold, September 24, 1845, FMS Archive, folder 14.
90. On the careers of the Boudinot children, see, for example, the obituary for Elias C. Boudinot, The Evening Call (Woonsocket, RI), September 2, 1890 (photocopy), in FMS Archive, folder 12; A. E. W. Robertson to E. C. Starr, February 21, 1896 (typescript copy), FMS Archive, folder 19.
91. Sophia Sawyer to David Greene, October 10, 1839, ABC 18.3.1 (part 2), vol. 8, no. 322; John Rollin Ridge to David Greene, December 7, 1839, ABC 18.3.1 (part 2), vol. 8, no. 323; S. B. N. Ridge to John Spencer, Secretary of War, June 7, 1842 (photocopy), Ridge Family File, VFHC 5176–77; Jack Straight, “The Ridge House: A Preliminary Report” (typescript) Ridge Family File, VFHC 5176–77; “Fayetteville’s Oldest Home” (typescript), Ridge Family File, VFHC 5176–77; obituary of Mrs. Sarah B. N. Ridge (typescript copy), Ridge Family File, VFHC 5176–77; A. E. W. Robertson to Rev. E. C. Starr, February 21, 1896 (typescript copy), FMS Archive, folder 19. Numerous papers relating to various Ridge properties, and efforts to contest Sarah Ridge’s inheritance rights, are in Ridge Family File, VFHC 5176–77.
92. S. B. N. Ridge to John Spencer, Secretary of War, June 7, 1842 (photocopy), Ridge Family File, VFHC 5176–77; Sarah B. N. Ridge et al. to William Medill, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, November 28, 1846, Ridge Family File, VFHC 5176–77.
93. See James W. Parins, John Rollin Ridge: His Life & Works (Lincoln, NE, 1991). On his career as a writer, see Franklin Walker, San Francisco’s Literary Frontier (New York, 1939).
94. Sarah B. N. Ridge to Eliza Northrup, n.d. (typescript copy), FMS Archive, folder 19. For information on the children of John and Sarah (Northrup) Ridge, see also Ridge Family File, VFHC 5176–77.
95. Litchfield Enquirer, July 25, 1839. See also Litchfield Enquirer, August 15, September 5, and September 26, 1839.
96. Church, “Elias Boudinot”; David Perry, The Spiritual Temple: A Sermon Delivered at… (Hartford, CT, 1820), FMS Archive, folder 16; Gold, Historical Records of the Town of Cornwall (1904), 40.
Epilogue
1. The grave is in the southeast corner of Cornwall’s town cemetery, adjacent to U.S. Route 4. It is easily recognized by its large tablet-style marker.
2. New York Times, April 12, 1993.
3. On the process of arranging the return of Obookiah’s remains to Hawaii, see Lakeville [CT] Journal, July 5, 1993; Torrington [CT] Register Citizen, February 17, 1993.
4. Torrington [CT] Register Citizen, July 14, 1993; Lakeville [CT] Journal, July 13, 1993. See also United Church News, CONNtact edition 9 (September 1993), 1–3. For a full account of the exhumation process, see Nicholas Bellantoni, Roger Thompson, David Cooke, Michael Park, and Cynthia Trayling, “The Life, Death, Archaeological Exhumation and Re-interment of Opukaha’ia (Henry Obookiah),” Connecticut History, 46 (2007): 206–26.
5. Torrington [CT] Register Citizen, July 26, 1993.
6. United Church News, CONNtact edition 9 (September 1993).
7. The stone that stands in the cemetery today is a reproduction; the original is in the collections of the New Echota Historic Site (Rome, GA). The inscription “We seek a rest beyond the skies” is from a hymn that Harriet favored; according to her husband she asked that it be sung by her bedside during her last days See Theresa Strouth Gaul, ed., To Marry an Indian: The Marriage of Harriett Gold & Elias Boudinot in Letters, 1823–1839 (Chapel Hill, NC, 2005), 185.
8. Details of the layout of the Polson Cemetery are principally from Nancy Brown, personal communications to author, 2012–13. On the ownership history of the Ridge properties at Honey Creek, see Ridge Family File, VHFC, 5166–67, Manuscripts Division, Arkansas History Commission, Little Rock, AR.
9. Personal communication, Charles Gold to author, January 15, 2013.
Index
Abbot, Mr., 2.1, 2.2
Abenaki Indians, 4.1, 4.2
abolition movement, 5.1, 5.2, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3
Abrahams, Jonas Isaac
Adams, Abigail
Adams, John
Adams, John Quincy, 8.1, 8.2
Address to the Whites, An (Boudinot)
Africa, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 8.1
African Americans, prl.1, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 6.1, 6.2, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3
interracial marriages of, 5.1, 6.1
marginalized role of, in New England
see also slavery, slaves
ahupua’a
Akaka, Daniel
A’lan, Henry Martyn, 6.1, 6.2
Alaska, 1.1, 2.1, 4.1
Alum, William
America: or a Poem on the Settlement of the British Colonies, Addressed to the Friends of Freedom and Their Country (T. Dwight)
American Antiquarian Society
American Bible Society, n
American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM), prl.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, col1.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7, 6.8, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6, 8.7, 8.8, 8.9, epl.1, nts.1n, nts.2n, nts.3n
anti-mission sentiment and waning support for
in decision to close FMS, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3
firmer lines of control over FMS taken by
founding of
intermarriage scandals and, 4.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 8.1
memorandum arguing for creation of FMS to
negative reports on scholars sent to, 4.1, 4.2, 6.1, nts.1n
in prepping for Hawaii mission
sponsorship of First Mission School by, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4
American colonies, prl.1, prl.2, 1.1, 1.2, 3.1, 7.1, 7.2
“American exceptionalism” in
Christian millennialism in
cross-racial intimacy in, 5.1, 5.2
ethnocentric attitudes in
Great Awakening in
Indian relocation in
Indian trade with, 5.1, col3.1, 7.1
“Indian wars” in, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 7.2
Revolutionary era in, 3.1, 5.1, 5.2, 7.1
rise of racist ideologies in
see also United States
American Eagle (Litchfield), 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6
“American exceptionalism,” prl.1, 1.1, 3.1, 3.2, epl.1
American Indians, prl.1, 2.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 8.1
alcoholism and, 5.1, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2
Christian conversions of, 3.1, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, 8.2, nts.1n
colonial treaties with
colonists’ ethnocentric views of
in Cornwall
declining population of, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 7.1, 8.1
degradation and marginalization of, in New England society
displacement and forced removal of, prl.1, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, col3.1, col3.2, col3.3, col3.4, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6, epl.1, epl.2, nts.1n
enslavement of
epidemic disease and impact on, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2
“ethnic cleansing” of, 7.1, 7.2
extermination threat to, 5.1, 5.2, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3
failed efforts in converting of, 5.1, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2
farming and agriculture of, 4.1, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, col3.1, col3.2, col3.3, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4
at FMS, prl.1, 2.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 4.8, 4.9, 4.10, 4.11, 4.12, 4.13, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7, 6.8, 6.9, 6.10, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4
FMS’s recruitment of, 4.1, 4.2, 6.1, 6.2, nts.1n
Indian Territory resettlement of, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4
interracial coupling of whites and, col2.1, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 7.1, 8.1; see also interracial marriage scandals
John Ridge’s work in defending interests of, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, epl.1
land cessions to U
.S. government by, 5.1, 6.1, col3.1, col3.2, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 8.1, 8.2
in long journey to Cornwall, 4.1, 6.1
missionary work with, see Indian missions
negative stereotypes of, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 6.1, 8.1
“noble savage” view of, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 6.1, 7.1
Pacific Islanders’ cultural tensions with
political organization of, 5.1, 5.2
racial amalgamation and, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4
racial prejudice toward, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 8.1, epl.1, epl.2
“red” racialization of, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, nts.1n
religious practices of
resistance to white encroachment by, 5.1, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4
in Revolutionary War, 5.1, 7.1
Romanticism’s sympathetic view of, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2
slave ownership of, 4.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, col3.1, col3.2, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, epl.1, epl.2
in treaty negotiations with U.S. government, 6.1, 6.2, col3.1, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6
U.S. “civilization policy” for, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3
in violent conflicts with white settlers, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 8.1
in War of 1812, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1
white sympathy and support for, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4
white trade with, 5.1, col3.1, col3.2, 7.1
see also specific tribes
American Universal Geography, or, A View of the Present State of All the Kingdoms, States, and Colonies in the Known World, The (Morse)
Amherst Academy, 8.1, 8.2
Anatolia College
Andover Theological Seminary, 2.1, 2.2, 4.1, 6.1, 6.2
Anglo-French wars
Annance, Simon, 4.1, 4.2
Apess, William
Appalachian Mountains, 7.1, 7.2
Arkansas, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4
Sarah Northrup’s resettlement in
Arkansas Territory, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1
Army, U.S.
Asia, 3.1, 4.1, 8.1
Atoi, Hawaii, see Kaua’i, Hawaii
Badger, Stephen
Baptists, 3.1, 4.1, 7.1, 7.2
Bassett, Annos, 6.1, 6.2, 8.1, 8.2
Beckett, Samuel
Beecher, Catherine, 6.1, 8.1
Beecher, Lyman, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 6.1, 6.2, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4
Obookiah’s eulogy delivered by, 4.1, 4.2
Beverley, Robert
Bible, 2.1, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 6.1, 6.2, 8.1, 8.2
Bingham, Hiram, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 8.1, 8.2, nts.1n
Boston, Mass., 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6
final sendoff for Hawaii-bound missionaries in
Boston Courier
Boston Exchange Coffee House
Boston Recorder and Telegraph
Boudinot, Charles
Boudinot, Delight Sargent, 8.1, 8.2
Boudinot, Eleanor
Boudinot, Elias, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, col3.1, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6, epl.1
advocacy and chartering of Cherokee removal by, prl.1, col3.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6, epl.1, nts.1n
assassination of, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3
Cherokee newspaper published by, col3.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5
Cherokees’ anger at and resentment of, 8.1, 8.2
childhood of, 6.1, 6.2
Christian conversion of, 6.1, 8.1
in Cornwall visit with in-laws
death threats received by, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3
descendants of, 8.1, epl.1
domestic life of, in Cherokee Nation, col3.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, nts.1n
education of, 6.1, 8.1
education projects and teaching of, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3
fund-raising tours and public speaking of, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5
Harriet’s death and
houses of, col3.1, 8.1, nts.1n
intermarriage scandal of, see Boudinot-Gold intermarriage scandal
national “seminary” project of, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3
printing press project of, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4
second marriage of, 8.1, 8.2
temporary religious “fall” of, 6.1, 8.1, 8.2, epl.1
translation projects of, 8.1, 8.2
in treaty negotiations with U.S. government, col3.1, 8.1, 8.2
Western Cherokee resettlement of, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3
Boudinot, Elias (congressman), 4.1, 6.1
Boudinot, Franklin Brinsmade
Boudinot, Harriet Gold, see Gold, Harriet
Boudinot, Mary, 8.1, 8.2
Boudinot, William Penn, 8.1, 8.2
Boudinot-Gold intermarriage scandal, 6.1, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, epl.1, epl.2
couple’s courtship in, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 8.1, epl.1
death threats in, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4
family strife and objections in, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 8.1, epl.1
family support in
FMS governing board’s reaction to, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 8.1
Harriet Gold seen as “victim” in, 6.1
initial secrecy in, 6.1, 6.2
public effigy burning in protest of, 6.1, 6.2, epl.1
public outrage in, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 8.1, 8.2, epl.1
wedding in, 6.1, 6.2, epl.1
white support and defenders in, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4
Bradford Academy
Brainerd (mission school), 4.1, 4.2, 6.1, 6.2
Brecher, Jeremy, n
Breckenridge, Hugh Henry
Brinsmade, Daniel, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 8.1
Brinsmade, Mary Gold, 6.1, 8.1, 8.2
Brintnall, Caleb, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, col1.1, nts.1n
Brown, Catharine, n
Brown, David, 4.1, 6.1, 6.2
celebrity and reputation of, 6.1, 6.2
in return to Cherokee Nation
speaking tours of, 6.1, 8.1
Brown, John
Brumaghim, Wayne H., n
Bunce, Isaac, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4
Buttrick, Daniel
Byrd, William
Calhoun, Ga.
California Indians (Diggers)
Campagne, Baron de, 4.1, 4.2, 8.1, nts.1n
Campbell, Archibald
Campbell, Mrs., 4.1, 4.2
Canada, 2.1, 4.1, 8.1
Canton, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 2.1, 4.1
Capodistrias, John
Carhooa, Benjamin
Carter, David, 6.1, 6.2
Case, Francis, 6.1, 6.2
Catholicism, Catholics, 3.1, 5.1
Catlin, John, n
Ceylon, 3.1, nts.1n
Chamberlain, William
Charleston, S.C., 4.1, 4.2, 6.1, 8.1, 8.2
Charleston Navy Yard
Cherokee Nation, 4.1, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7, 6.8, 6.9, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2, epl.1, epl.2
as aiding in white military conflicts, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2
anti-mission sentiment in, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.1
author’s visit to
ball play in, 6.1, col3.1, 8.1, 8.2, nts.1n
bitter dissension over removal controversy in, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6, epl.1, epl.2
“Blood Law” of, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3
Boudinot-Gold’s married life in, col3.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6, 8.7, nts.1n
census of, 6.1, col3.1, 8.1
Chieftains Museum of, col3.1, nts.1n
Christian conversions in, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, 8.2
“civilization” policies embraced by, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5
class and cultural tensions in
D.C. delegations of, 6.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5
declining population of, 7.1, 8.1
displacement and forced-removal crisis of, prl.1, 6.1, col3.1, col3.2, col3.3, col3.4, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6, epl.1, epl.2, nts.1n
education and schools in, 4.1, 4.2,
6.1, 6.2, col3.1, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4
epidemic disease and impact on, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2
extermination threat to, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3
family organization in
farming and agriculture in, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, col3.1, col3.2, col3.3, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5
FMS recruitment network in, 4.1, 6.1, 6.2
FMS scholars from, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6
FMS scholars in homecomings to, 4.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 8.1, 8.2
forests and trees of, col3.1, col3.2
Georgia sovereignty controversy and, col3.1, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5
Gold family’s visit to
homesteads on, col3.1, col3.2, col3.3, 8.1, nts.1n, nts.2n
hunting by, col3.1, 7.1, 7.2
“Indian Committee” of
intermarriage scandal “outrage” and reaction of, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, epl.1
interracial marriage in, col2.1, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 7.1, 8.1
John Ridge’s estate claimed by
John Ridge’s leadership role in, 6.1, col3.1, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6, 8.7, 8.8, 8.9, epl.1
land cessions to U.S. government by, col3.1, col3.2, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 8.1, 8.2
Late Immigrants–Old Settlers tensions in
missionary presence in, 4.1, 4.2, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7, 6.8, 6.9, 6.10, 6.11, col3.1, col3.2, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6, nts.1n, nts.2n
National Council of, col3.1, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4
national “seminary” project in, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3
New Echota as onetime capital of, col3.1, epl.1, nts.1n
political organization in, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2
printing press project in, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4
resistance to white encroachment in, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4
Ridge and Boudinot’s advocacy for removal of, prl.1, col3.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, epl.1, epl.2, nts.1n
Ridge-Boudinot assassinations in, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3
Ridge family farmland and business holdings in, col3.1, col3.2, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, epl.1
Ridge-Northrup’s domestic life in, col3.1, col3.2, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4
slave ownership in, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, col3.1, col3.2, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, epl.1, epl.2
traditional culture and lifestyle of, 7.1, 7.2
Trail of Tears and, prl.1, col3.1, 8.1
in treaty negotiations with U.S. government, 6.1, 6.2, col3.1, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6
in violent clashes with white settlers, 7.1, 8.1