Silberstein, Gerard E. The Troubled Alliance: German–Austrian Relations, 1914 to 1917. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1970.
Sondhaus, Lawrence. Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf: Architect of the Apocalypse. Boston: Humanities Press, 2000.
Steinitz, Edvard Ritter. “Ausharren oder Ausweichen? Die Kämpfe der 2. Infantrie Division in den Karpathen Januar bis 4. Feber 1915.” Militärwissenschaftliche und-technische Mitteilungen 61 (1930): 97–104.
———. “Die Reichsbefestigung: Österreich-Ungarns zur Zeit Conrads von Hötzendorf.” In Österreich-Ungarns letzter Krieg, 1914–1918. Bundesministerium für Heereswesen und vom Kriegsarchiv. Vienna: Verlag Militärwissenschaftlicher Mitteilungen, 1930.
Stöckelle, Gustav. “Der Feldzug von Limanowa-Lapanów 1.–20. Dezember 1914. Abschluss der Herbstkämpfe gegen Rußland.” Österreichische Militärische Zeitschrift 1 (1965): 39–46.
Stone, Norman. “Austria-Hungary.” In Knowing One’s Enemies, edited by Ernest R. May, 37–61. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1988.
———. The Eastern Front, 1914–1917. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1975.
Straube, Wolfgang Berhard. Przemyśl, 1914/15. Vienna: Payer, 1936.
Stuckheil, Franz. “Die Festung Przemyśl in der Ausrustüngszeit.” Militärwissenschaftliche und -technische Mitteilungen 55 (1924): 200–230.
———. “Die strategische Rolle Przemyśl auf dem ostlichen Kriegschauplatz.” Militärwissenschaftliche und -technische Mitteilungen 54 (1923): 60–78, 132–146.
———. “Die zweite Einschließung der Festung Przemyśl. II. Abschnitt Zeiten des Niederganges.” Militärwissenschaftliche und -technische Mitteilungen 55 (1924): 226–231.
———. “Die zweite Enschließung der Festung Przemyśl. III. Abschnitt das Ende.” Militärwissenschaftliche und -technische Mitteilungen 55 (1924): 289–309, 395–417; 56 (1925): 110–133, 222–236, 346–367; 57 (1926): 162–173, 286–296, 405–410, 530–535.
Stürgkh, Graf Joseph von. Im deutschen Großen Hauptquartier. Leipzig: Paul List Verlag, 1921.
Szabó, Laszló. A nagy temetö (Przemyśl ostroma, 1914–1915). Budapest: Nepszerü Törtenelem, 1982.
Tisza, Stephan Count. Briefe, 1914–1918. 2 vols. Berlin: Reimer Hobbing, 1928.
Tschischwitz, E. von. General von Marwitz: Weltkriegsbriefe. Berlin: Steiniger Verlag, 1940.
Tunstall, Graydon A. “Die Karpatenschlachten 1915” (two-part series). Truppendienst 2 and 3, (1990): 132–137, 226–231.
———. “The Habsburg Command Conspiracy.” Austrian History Yearbook 27 (1996): 181–198.
———. Planning for War against Russia and Serbia. Austro-Hungarian and German Military Strategies, 1871–1914. New York: Columbia University Press, 1993.
Urbanski von Ostrymiecz, August. Conrad von Hötzendorf. Soldat und Mensch. Dargestellt von seinem Mitarbeiter Feldmarschalleutnant August. Vienna: Ulrich Mosers Verlag, 1938.
Wegs, J. Robert. “Transportation: The Achilles’ Heel of the Habsburg War Effort.” In The Habsburg Empire in World War I. Edited by Robert A. Kann, Béla K. Kiraly, and Paula S. Fichter, 121–134. Boulder, Colo.: East European Quarterly Press, 1976.
Der Weltkrieg 1914 bis 1918. Vols. 3 and 4. Die militärischen Operationen zu Lande (RAWK). Berlin: E. S. Mittler und Sohn, 1925–1942.
Wendt, Hermann. Der italienische Kriegsschauplatz in europäischen Konflikten. Seine Bedeutung für die Kriegführung an Frankreichs Nordostgrenze. Berlin: Junker und Dunnhaupt Verlag, 1936.
Wisshaupt, Ernst. Die Tiroler Kaiserjäger im Weltkriege, 1914–1918. Vienna: Verlagsanstalt Amon Fran Göth, 1935.
Zanantoni, Eduard. Die deutsch-bömische 29. Infantriedivision im Kriegsjahre, 1914–15. Vol. 1, Vom Juli 1914 bis Juli 1915. Reichenberg: Heimatsöhne im Weltkrieg, 1926.
Zechlin, Egmont. “Ludendorff im Jahre 1915. Unveröffentliche Briefe.” Historische Zeitschrift 211 (1970): 316–353.
INDEX
Page numbers reflect those in print edition.
Alexejev, General, 36, 50
army groups. See Habsburg military groups
attack groups. See Habsburg military groups
Austro-Hungarian army, 1, 10, 13–14, 16, 24, 48, 160–61, 208, 210. See also Habsburg army
Baligrod, 36, 52, 53, 55, 62, 70, 72, 84, 92, 95, 118, 121, 150, 161, 172, 186
Balkan campaign, 19, 33, 35, 40, 154, 155, 175, 189–90, 207–8, 209, 210
Bardolff, Karl von, 124
Berchtold, Count Leopold, 46, 54, 56
Beskiden Corps, 184, 186, 189, 190–91, 192, 194, 199, 200–201, 203, 212
Beskid region, 7, 125, 131–32, 141, 171, 175, 178–79, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 198, 203
Böhm-Ermolli, Eduard
first offensive and, 69, 99, 104
second offensive and, 115, 118, 122, 123, 126, 127, 131, 140, 143, 152, 157, 159, 161
third offensive, 164, 174, 180, 182–83, 184, 186–87, 188, 191, 193, 194, 200
Bolfras von Ahnenberg, Arthur Freiherr, 193
Boroević, Svetozar von Bonya, 28, 40, 52, 69, 78, 84, 86, 88, 89, 90, 96, 126, 131, 145
Conrad and, 42, 91, 92, 95, 97–98, 99, 115, 141, 146, 149
Borynia, 44, 61, 77, 97, 98
Bosnian-Herzegovinian Regiments, 101–2, 138, 193
Brusilov, Aleksei, 178
Brusilov offensive, 11, 34, 57
Budapest, 80
Bukovina province, 38, 44, 51–52, 54, 56–57, 59, 68, 73, 101, 109, 119
Bulgaria, 28, 102, 175, 208
Bulgarian troops, 190
Burian, Istvan, 147, 160, 164, 165, 175
Carpathian Mountain range, 6–7
casualty numbers, 10, 12, 21, 32, 43, 65, 69, 75, 81, 82, 83, 92, 97, 99–100, 136–37, 138, 139, 140, 141, 143, 145–46, 147, 152, 154, 155–56, 158, 160, 164, 167, 170, 181, 185, 187, 203, 212
Central Power Supreme Command, 30
Chrysczczata, 125, 126, 150, 152, 159
Chyróv, 22, 147
Cisna, 44, 60, 82–83, 96, 118, 121, 127, 131, 136, 137, 147, 156, 159, 171, 185, 190, 193
Conrad von Hötzendorf, Franz, 1, 107 (photo)
Boroević and, 42, 91, 92, 95, 97–98, 99, 115, 141, 146, 149
on Central Power Supreme Command, 30
cooperation with Germans and, 16, 30–31, 33–34, 43, 45, 61, 94, 160, 164–65, 182, 191, 194, 202–3, 204–5, 206–7, 209
early January 1915 plans of, 25, 28, 29, 32–33, 34, 37, 38, 40, 41, 42–43, 50, 51, 56–57, 59, 65
Falkenhayn and, 16, 30–31, 32–34, 45, 56, 57, 61, 105, 152, 160, 164–65, 175, 182, 191, 202–3, 204–5, 206
Fall 1914 plans of, 10, 24, 28, 29–30, 40, 61
first offensive and, 29, 67, 68–69, 71, 74, 79, 80, 86, 88, 90–91, 94, 96–98, 99, 100–101, 103–5
Fortress Przemyśl and, 8–10, 19, 21, 31, 41, 50, 56–57, 62, 69, 91, 92, 98, 103–4, 126, 133, 139, 143–44, 148, 152, 153, 156, 159, 160–61, 164–66, 167, 175, 210
instigation of Carpathian
campaigns by, 6, 15, 18, 28, 51, 209–10
Italian territorial demands and, 33, 46, 94, 102, 148, 152, 154, 191, 202–3, 204, 206
miscalculations by, 3, 6, 11–12, 14, 15, 29, 152, 153, 159, 160–61, 209, 210
on offensive against Serbia, 15, 147, 175, 209
second offensive and, 104, 114, 115, 118, 119, 123, 124, 126, 131, 132–33, 138, 139, 140, 143–45, 147–54, 156, 159–61
third offensive and, 163–67, 169, 171, 175, 180, 182–84, 186–88, 190–94, 197, 199
Cracow, Fortress, 22, 23, 24, 50–51
Cramon, August von, 182, 183, 191, 203
Croatian troops, 47, 138
Czech troops, 13–14, 29, 34, 56, 117, 128, 165, 197
Czeremcha, 53, 83, 199, 201, 206
Czernovitz, 119
Danilov, Yuri, 36, 50
Dniester Group, 59
Dniester River region, 7, 9, 15, 136, 144, 145, 178, 180, 207
Dukla Pass, 84
/> Habsburg army and, 23, 28, 43, 44, 51, 53, 54, 71–73, 74, 88–89, 138
Russian army and, 7–8, 9, 23, 24, 34, 51, 54, 56, 57, 80, 83, 89, 180, 187
Dvernik, 55
Dzial ridges, 132, 152, 153, 161, 162, 163, 168
Easter Battle, 171, 172, 180, 189, 190, 198, 200
East Prussian campaign, 30
Erzatz troops, 12–13, 14, 90, 198
Falkenhayn, Erich von
Conrad and, 16, 30–31, 32–34, 45, 56, 57, 61, 105, 152, 160, 164–65, 175, 182, 191, 202–3, 204–5, 206
early January 1915 plans of, 30, 32–33, 61
Fall 1914 plans of, 24
Italian territorial demands and, 33, 152, 154, 191, 202
on offensive against Serbia, 33, 147, 175, 189, 200, 207–8
third offensive and, 183, 184, 204, 206, 207
Franz Ferdinand, Archduke, 209
Franz Joseph, Emperor, 8, 156, 180
Freytag-Loringhoven, Freiherr Hugo von, 45
Friedrich, Archduke, 156, 198
Galicia, 8, 10, 115, 210
Habsburg defense of, 2–3, 15, 20, 23, 25, 29, 49, 50–51, 52, 65, 68, 141, 146, 147, 148–49
Habsburg victory in, 104, 119
Russian possession of, 16, 51, 52, 119, 146, 147, 148–49
Gallipoli campaign, 189, 207, 208
General Staff Railroad Bureau, 120, 129, 206–7
German armies
Eighth, 120
Ninth, 30, 42, 45, 120
Tenth, 121
Eleventh, 207
German army
commitment to campaign of, 34, 45
East Prussian campaign, 30
Gorlice-Tarnov offensive, 12, 151, 168, 204, 206, 207, 208, 211
High Command, 30–31, 45, 69, 84, 207
influence on Habsburg operations, 11, 13–14, 16, 207, 212
preparedness of, 45
Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes, 18, 30, 36, 61, 120, 121
in Warsaw, 22, 23
on Western Front, 35
German Army Group Woyrsch, 144
German army units
5th Cavalry Division, 156
II Corps, 21
XXIV Corps, 21, 61, 131, 151
3rd Garde Infantry Division, 46, 94
1st Infantry Division, 46, 204
25th Reserve Division, 194
Beskiden Corps, 184, 186, 189, 190–91, 192, 194, 199, 200–201, 203, 212
Jäger Battalions, 9, 11, 138, 160, 188
German Eastern front command (Oberost), 33
Gorlice, 37–38, 44, 48, 56, 151, 155, 159, 168, 178
Gorlice-Tarnov offensive, 1, 12, 65, 144, 151, 168, 190, 201, 204, 206–07, 208, 211
Habsburg armies
First, 15, 23, 38, 125, 144
Second
in early January 1915, 23, 45
in Fall 1914 campaigns, 15–16, 19, 23
in first offensive, 94, 99, 100, 101, 102–3, 104
in second offensive, 115–16, 118–19, 121, 123–27, 129–33, 134, 138–44, 147–62
in third offensive, 163–88, 190–207
Third
in early January 1915, 28, 29, 31, 35, 38, 40–46, 48–50, 52–62, 65
in Fall 1914 campaigns, 15–16, 18–19, 20, 23, 24, 25
in first offensive, 11, 67–68, 69, 71, 73–103, 105
in second offensive, 116, 118–19, 120–21, 125–35, 138–41, 143–49, 151–52, 154, 157, 162
in third offensive, 165–66, 168–69, 170–73, 176–86, 188–201, 208
Fourth
in early January 1915, 23, 28, 35, 37–38, 40, 41, 43, 44, 45, 48, 52, 55–56, 59, 62
in Fall 1914 campaigns, 15, 19, 23
in first offensive, 68, 73, 74, 77, 81, 86, 88–91, 93, 97–100, 102, 103
in second offensive, 122, 124, 125, 132, 135, 138, 141, 144, 148–51, 152–55
in third offensive, 165, 168, 171, 176, 178–79, 181, 183, 185–86, 191, 196–99, 201, 206, 208
See also South Army
Habsburg army
deficiencies of, 5, 10–11, 14–15, 32, 209, 211
Germans opinion of, 13–14, 198–99, 203, 207
nationalities in, 13–14, 15, 56, 182
number of troops in, 38, 48
photos of, 107–13
Habsburg brigades, 55, 78, 86, 89, 140, 144, 167, 175, 181, 182, 196, 200, 201
Landsturm Brigades, 46, 96, 140, 167, 175, 196, 200, 201
March Brigade, 13, 42, 90, 96, 100, 116, 127, 132
Habsburg cavalry divisions, 46, 53, 55, 86, 89, 129, 136
Habsburg corps
III
early January 1915, 38, 41–42, 44, 45, 53, 55–56, 59, 62
in first offensive, 72, 73, 74, 77, 79, 81–82, 84–85, 86, 90–91, 93, 95, 96, 101, 103
in second offensive, 124, 129, 140, 149, 151, 154
in third offensive, 170, 171, 180, 183, 185
IV, 21, 102, 117, 127, 130, 187
V, 21
in early January 1915, 38, 41–42, 44, 46, 48–49, 52, 53–54, 56–57, 60–61, 62, 65
in first offense, 67, 76, 77, 78, 80, 82, 83, 88, 89, 92, 94–95, 97, 98, 102, 101, 103, 104, 105
in second offense, 117, 122, 124, 126, 127, 133, 145, 147–48, 150, 152, 158
in third offense, 163–66, 168–69, 170, 173–74, 177, 179, 180, 185–87, 190, 192, 194–95, 198, 200, 201, 203
VII, 21
in early January 1915, 43, 44–45, 47, 53, 55, 57–59, 60, 62
in Fall 1914, 19
in first offensive, 71, 72, 74–75, 77, 79–80, 81–83, 84, 86, 87–88, 90–91, 92, 93–94, 95–96, 98, 100–101, 102, 104
in second offensive, 119, 124, 129, 131–33, 137, 139–41, 143, 145–46, 149
in third offensive, 171, 176, 181, 184, 195–96, 200–201
VIII, 21, 67, 90, 91, 96, 100–101, 104, 187
IX, 44, 55–56, 59, 74, 77, 103, 122, 127, 154, 184, 185, 201
X, 2, 21
in early January 1915, 40, 42, 45, 46, 47, 50, 52–53, 54, 57, 59, 60, 62
in first offensive, 67, 72, 74, 75–76, 78, 79–80, 81–83, 84–85, 86, 88, 90, 91, 92, 94, 95, 96–97, 99–100, 102, 104
in second offensive, 119, 122, 124, 126, 127, 129, 131, 132, 138–40, 141, 143, 145–46, 149, 151, 159
in third offensive, 171, 174, 176, 179–81, 184, 185–86, 187, 189–92, 194–96, 199, 200–201, 203
XI, 21, 52, 125, 135, 136, 139, 144
XII, 15, 36, 80
XIII, 21, 52, 57, 59, 60, 67, 91, 135–36, 139, 144
XV, 162
XVI, 162
XVII
in first offensive, 99, 101, 102, 103
in second offensive, 119, 121, 122, 128, 131, 133, 141, 149, 151
in third offensive, 170, 175, 186, 196, 200
XVIII, 21
in early January 1915, 41, 44, 46, 48–50, 55, 56, 59, 60, 61–62, 65
in first offensive, 67, 73, 75–76, 79–80, 82–83, 84, 92–95, 97, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105
in second offensive, 117, 122, 124, 126–27, 131, 133, 140, 142, 145, 148, 150, 152, 158
in third offensive, 168, 173–74, 176–77, 179, 181, 185–87, 190, 193, 194, 196–99, 201, 203
XIX, 21
in early January 1915, 43, 46, 49, 53, 55, 59, 62
in first offensive, 67, 75, 82, 87, 95, 96, 98, 101, 102, 104, 105
in second offensive, 121–24, 126, 127, 128–29, 131–33, 135, 139–42, 145, 149–50, 152–54, 156–59
in third offensive, 163, 165–66, 170, 174, 186–87, 191, 192, 193, 196, 199, 200, 203, 205
Corps Czibulka, 136
Corps Hofmann, 41, 43, 53, 73, 122, 205
Corps Lütgendorf, 150
Corps Schmidt, 133, 141, 145, 150, 153, 187, 193, 196, 201
Habsburg Field Cannon Regiment 24, 126–27
Habsburg military groups
Berndt cavalry, 129
Felix, 169
Joseph, 44, 47, 53, 55, 57, 72–73, 74, 83, 104, 129, 14
5–46, 155–56
Lieb, 169, 170, 174
Lütgendorf, 176
Krautwald, 53, 55, 60, 62, 70, 72, 129
Kritek, 129
Marschall, 136, 204
Pflanzer-Baltin
in early January 1915, 28–29, 35, 37, 38, 40, 41, 43, 44, 46–48, 51–53, 56–57, 59, 60, 65
in Fall 1914, 23
in first offensive, 68–69, 73, 78, 89, 91, 97, 100, 101–4
in second offensive, 118–19, 122, 125–26, 130, 132, 135–36, 139, 144–45, 148–50, 154, 159–60
in third offensive, 164, 166, 168–69, 171, 175, 180, 182, 186, 204
Puhallo, 38, 43, 44, 53, 55, 59, 62, 70–73, 74, 75, 79, 82, 84, 105–6
Szurmay, 2, 47
in early January 1915, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 50, 52, 57, 60, 61, 65
in first offensive, 67–68, 71–74, 76–78, 80, 82, 86–87, 89, 93–95, 97, 98, 105
in second offensive, 122, 123, 124, 133, 139, 140, 145, 152, 154, 158
in third offensive, 164, 168–70, 176, 185, 186, 190–95, 198, 200, 201
Tersztyánsky
in second offensive, 118, 119, 127, 128, 129, 131, 138, 140, 141–42, 145, 149, 150, 157–60, 161
in third offensive, 163, 164, 168, 172, 176, 177, 181–82, 186–87, 191, 195, 196, 199, 200
Habsburg Imperial and Royal Army. See k.u.k. (Imperial and Royal) army
Habsburg infantry divisions
2nd, 40–41, 42, 45, 50, 53, 60, 67, 71, 72, 75, 92–93, 95, 97, 99, 104, 129, 132, 176, 181, 184, 192, 194, 195
4th, 194
5th, 125
6th, 48, 97, 138
7th, 55, 61, 67, 89, 93, 192, 201
8th, 168, 197
9th, 67, 104, 187
10th, 90, 165–66, 168
11th, 90, 129, 175
12th, 155, 168
13th, 90, 124, 130, 131, 132, 139, 140, 145, 158, 187, 196
14th, 141, 156
15th, 125, 159
17th, 47, 74–75, 77, 81, 83, 87, 93–94, 195–96
19th, 46, 48, 125
21st, 67, 100, 101, 104, 129, 157, 181, 192, 194, 195, 201
22nd, 53, 86, 170, 180
24th, 53, 67, 74, 83, 92, 93, 99–100, 104, 124, 129, 140, 174, 176, 181, 192, 194, 195
25th, 194
26th, 90, 124, 176, 178, 181
27th, 119, 124, 127, 130, 132, 133, 145, 157, 158, 196
28th, 53, 86, 183, 185
29th, 55, 56, 60, 67, 79, 82, 88, 93, 95, 98, 127, 133, 142, 152, 154, 158, 159, 165, 170, 174, 187, 193, 196, 204, 205
30th, 125
Blood on the Snow Page 34