and suppression of writers under Reza Shah, 225
under Sassanids, 48–49, 62–63
See also Architecture; Literature; Poetry
Curzon, Lord, 215–216, 217
Customs policies under Mozaffar od-Din, 200
Cyaxares, 4
Cyrus (Kurosh) and Achaemenid Empire, 12–16, 20, 21, 23, 26, 251. See also Achaemenid Empire
Cyrus cylinder, 13–14, 15
Daena, 8–9, 75
Daghestan, 159–160
Dahae tribe, 32
Damascus, 76
Daneshvar, Simin, 239
Daqiqi Tusi, 86
Dar al-Funun polytechnic school, 191, 196
Daryaee, Touraj, 58
D’Arcy, William Knox, oil concession, 200, 212
Darius (Daryavaush), 17–20, 21, 23
Darius III, 26, 28
Darwinism, 116
Darya-ye Nur jewel, 158, 171
Dawkins, Richard, 116
Dehqans, 47–48, 60, 87
Deioces, 4
Delhi, massacre by Nader Shah, 158
Demonstrations
after arrest of Khomeini in 1963, 242–243
and Black Friday, 257
broken up, 289–290
and economic/religious elements in 1905, 201–202
and Golhak in 1906, 202–203
against government and land reform, 242
and Montazeri’s funeral, 301
for Palestinian cause, 299
and social media, 298–299, 301
by students in 1999, 280
after 2009
election, 296, 298–299, 301
and Writers’ Association in 1977, 253
Dietrich of Nieheim, 259
Divan (Hafez), 115
Divine Flashes (Iraqi), 109
Divorce Iranian Style (film), 276
Dualism
and Manichaeism, 49–50, 52
and Zoroastrianism, 7
Dunsterville, Lionel, 214
East India Company (EIC), 135, 177–178
Eastern Orthodox Church, 53
Ebadi, Shirin, 287, 294
Ebtehaj, Abol-Hassan, 240
Economy
Ahmadinejad’s failure to deliver on, 286
and conquests of Nader Shah, 157, 160, 162, 163
difficulties under Mozaffar od-Din, 200–201
growth from 1963
to later 1970s, 246–247
and growth in 1950s and 1960s, 240–241
and industry under Reza Khan, 224
inflation/out of control in 1970s, 247–248
and late Safavid, 148
in mid-1800s and foreigners, 194
and Rafsanjani’s market freedom, 275
revitalization under Abbasids, 80
and sanctions by U.S., 275, 304, 311
and Schuster and Russian desire to keep Iran poor, 209
when Reza Shah came to power in 1926, 222
in WWI and its aftermath, 214
Education, 199, 224, 242, 247
under Islamic Republic, 276–277
Egypt, 17, 23, 30, 54
Elam and Elamites, 2, 21
Election, Iranian, Presidential of 2009
demonstrations after, 296, 298–299, 301
fraud suspicions with, 295–297
governmental legitimacy harmed by, 302
and Green Movement, 300–302
and internal regime problems, 300, 303
and probable fraud causing crisis, 299–300
public opinion polls on, 301–302
Revolutionary Guard Corps strengthened by, 300–301
rumors explaining results of, 297
U.S. policy decisions and, 300
voter motivations in, 297–298
Election, Iranian, Presidential of 2013, 304–305
Emam Reza shrine, 212, 227
Emami, Saeed, 278
Emams, Shia, 127, 128
Esma‘il, 131–134, 141–142
Esma‘il III, 166, 168
Ettela‘at newspaper, 265
Eumenes of Cardia, 29
Ezra, 25
Family Protection Law, 252
Famines, 194, 214
Al-Farabi, 81
Farazdaq, 261
Farrokhzad, Forugh, 226
Fascist political movements, 229
Fath Ali Shah, 176–177, 182, 184, 185
Fatima (daughter of Mohammad), 71, 76–77, 124, 133
Fedai, 250, 267
Ferdowsi, Abolqasem, 37, 60–61, 86, 105, 117
Ferguson, Niall, 286
Fiqh, 253
Fisher, H. A. L., 123
Fitzgerald, Edward, 91
Forms only shadow of real world, 108, 109
Foruhar, Dariush and Parvaneh, 252, 253, 278
Four Journeys (Molla Sadra), 244
France, 178, 179, 180, 231
Fravashi, 9, 34
Free will, 92
Freedom Movement, 253, 257, 265, 267
Frye, Richard N., 125
Fusus al-Kikam, Seals of Wisdom (Ibn Arabi), 108, 244
Ganji, Akbar, 287
Gardane, Count (Claude Matthieu), 179, 180
Garden of Truth, The (Sana’i), 95
Gaumata, 17
Genghis Khan, 100, 118
Georgia, 178
Gerard of Cremona, 82
Germany, 213–214, 228
Al-Ghazali, 95
Ghaznavids, 84, 86–87, 88, 89, 90, 104
Ghuluww (extreme), 130, 131, 141
Gibbon, Edward, 51, 62
Gnostics, 49, 53, 94
Golestan, Garden of Roses (Sa‘di), 110, 111
Golhak protest of 1906, 202–203
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 270
Gordian, Emperor, 46
Gotarzes, 33
Governmental system
and Abbas the Great, 135, 137–138
and Abbasids, 78, 80, 84
changes made by Sassanids, 47–48, 59–60
Iranian election of 2009
harming legitimacy of, 302
Mohammad Reza Shah’s failure to establish representative, 252
more representative than most Middle Eastern countries, 287
and Nader Shah, 161
in Qajar state, 183–184
and religion controlled by state in 1990s, 271–272
and resiliency of Persian scholar-bureaucrats, 120
of Seljuk Turks according to Persianate Abbasid model, 90
and Siyasat-Nameh or The Book of Government, 90
and velayat-e faqih established by Khomeini, 253–254, 263–264
Grand Bargain, 284, 289, 293
Great Game, The, 187
Greeks, 23–24, 32, 48, 81
Green Movement, 300–302
Griboyedov, Alexander, 182, 184
Guardian Council, 264, 286, 297, 304, 306
Gulf War in 1991, 274
Gunpowder, 135, 141
Hadiqat al-haqiqa, The Garden of Truth (Sana’i), 95–96
Hadith, 82, 83, 172
Hadrian, 42
Haeri, Shaykh Abdolkarim, 244
Hafez (Shams al-Din Mohammad Shirazi), 87, 112–115, 116, 118
Hajji Firoz Tepe, 2
Hajji Mirza Aqasi, 187
Al-Hallaj, 94
Hamas, 286, 290
Harun al-Rashid, 84
Hebrew script, 10
Hecht, Anthony, 46–47
Hedayat, Sadeq, 225, 255
Hephtalite Huns, 58, 59, 63
Heraclius, Emperor, 64–65
Herat, 120, 192
Herodotus, 1, 4, 9, 15, 18, 19, 27, 251
Hezbollah, 263, 265, 266, 272, 286, 290
Hezekiah, 13
Hidden Emam, 188, 204, 253, 261
Hijra, 70
Hokumat-e Eslami: Velayat-e Faqih (Khomeini), 253
Holocaust, 230, 290
Hormuz, straits of, 135
Hormuzd, 55, 56
Hormuzd IV, 63, 66
Hosein (son of Ali, grandson of Mohammad), 77, 123–124, 126–127, 173–175
House of Justice (adalatkhaneh), 202
Hoveyda, Amir Abbas, 253, 263
Hulagu, 104
Human rights issues, 250, 252, 279
Hunayn ibn Ishaq, 81
IAEA. See International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
Ibn Arabi, 108–109, 138, 244, 260, 270
Ibn Khaldun, 72, 83, 118–120
Ibsen, Henrik, 111–112
Ijtihad, 172
Imperial Bank of Persia, 194–195
India
conquests in by Nader Shah, 157–158
invasion of and establishment of Delhi Sultanate, 104–105
and Iran’s importance to Britain, 212
Moghul Empire, 139, 157–158
and Timur, 118
Indo-European family of peoples, 1
Infant mortality rate, 247
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), 291, 304, 310
Iran and Iranians
first inscriptions referring to, 45
formal use of name in 1935, 226
idea of, about culture/language not race/territory, 3
identity of, 45, 117
map of modern, 260
Median state to become empire of, 5
special sense of status among Middle Eastern nations, 285
Iran/Contra affair, 269, 273
Iran/Iraq war, 267–269, 274, 275
Iranian settlers/migrations, 1, 2–3, 4, 6
Iraq
and Iran/Iraq war, 267–269, 274, 275
shrine cities of southern, 132, 268
Al-Iraqi, Fakhroddin, 107–110
Iraq War (Second Gulf War), 288–289
Ironside, General, 216–218, 219
Isfahan, 118, 135, 136, 150, 152, 153, 167, 169, 249
Islam, 69–71
and al-Afghani, 198
conversion of Iranians to, 75
and corrupt authority vs. pious austerity, 126
and earliest relations with Jews, 70
and Manichaeism, 51
and Mu‘tazilis vs. traditionalist Sunni ulema, 82–83
and strict rules under Maljesi, 147
Islamic Republic of Iran
establishment of, 263
and reconstruction, 274–276
and reform platform of Katami, 277–281
and repression of immorality in public, 289
and sovereignty of its borders, 289
still space for dissent and change, 287
and women, 276–277
Islamic Republic Party (IRP), 264, 266
Islamic State (IS), 311
Ismaili or “Sevener” branch of Shi‘ism/Assassins, 103–104, 128
Israel
and Ahmadinejad, 290–291
early conquest of and deportations to Iran, 9
emigration to, 279
Iran’s hostile relationship towards, 278, 280, 284
and nuclear-armed Iran, 286–287, 292, 310–311
See also Jews and Judaism
Ja‘far al-Sadiq, 128
Jalal al-Din, 103
Jami, 115
Jangali movement, 212, 213, 214, 218
JCPOA. See Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA)
Jerusalem, 14–15, 25, 65
Jesuits, 128
Jesus of Nazareth, 5, 50, 52, 110
Jews and Judaism, 9–10
attacks and persecution of, 103, 140, 186–187, 208
attitudes towards in late nineteenth century, 198–199
and constitution of 1906
and Majles, 204
emigration to Israel and US, 279
in 1930s, 229
Mazdaen influence on, 9–10
and Mohammad, 69, 70
and Mohammad Reza Shah, 251–252
and orphaned children helped to Palestine, 230
and Parthians, 34, 40
and sacking of Christian Jerusalem in 614, 65
saving of by Sardari in France, 231
and Shapur, 50
tolerance towards, 14–15, 57, 74, 157
under Islamic Republic, 279–280
See also Israel
Jizya tax, 74
Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), 309–310, 312
Jordan, 288
Julian, Roman Emperor, 55–56
Justice, 21, 57
Justinian, Byzantine Emperor, 62
Ka‘ba of Mecca, 71
Kadivar, Mohsen, 274
Karbala, 77, 124–125, 126–127, 173–175, 268, 287
Karim Khan Zand, 166, 168, 169, 184, 253
Kashani, Ayatollah Abol-Ghasem, 237, 240, 245
Kasravi, Ahmad, 233–234, 238
Katouzian, Homa, 45, 287
Kavad I, 58–61
Kavad II, 65
Kayhan newspaper, 265
Kermani, Mirza Reza, 198
Khadija (wife of Mohammad), 71
Khamenei, Ayatollah Ali, 269, 273, 284, 295, 300, 302, 306–308
Ahmadinejad’s public dispute with, 303
Ahmadinejad’s reelection supported by, 297
Khanaqas, Sufi, 94
Kharijites, 76, 126
Khatami, Mohammad, 277–281, 284, 296–297, 300
Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruhollah, 243–244, 245, 303, 306
arrest in 1963, 242
article attacking in 1978, 256
attacks upon U.S. government in 1963–4, 242, 243, 245
and Bazargan as prime minster, 262
becomes leading opponent to shah in 1963–4, 245
and constitution, 245, 264
criticism of closed-minded mullahs, 271
death of in 1989, 269–270
and denunciation of Persepolis event, 251
exile of in 1964, 243, 245
and fatwa vs. The Satanic Verses, 270, 273
and government by ulema, 253–254
and Ibn Arabi and Perfect Man, 108, 244, 260–261
and letter to Gorbachev, 270–271
and protection of Jews, 279
return to Iran in February 1979, 258, 259–260
and Revolutionary Council, 262
and silencing of opposing Shi‘a leaders, 264
and violence/repression, 262, 263, 265, 266
Khorasan, 77, 80, 95, 103, 151
Khorasani, Mohammad Kazem, 206–207
Khorramites, 15, 83, 130
Khosraw Anushirvan, 31, 59–60, 61–63
Khosraw Parvez, 64–66
Khosraw va Shirin (Nizami Ganjavi), 96
Khwarezm, 100
Kiarostami, Abbas, 293
Kimiya-ye sa‘a-dat, The Alchemy of Happiness (al-Ghazali), 95
Al-Kindi, 81
Kingship, Sassanid concept of, 57
Komitehs (revolutionary committees), 262
Konya, 105
Kuchek Khan, 212, 218
Kuh-e Nur diamond, 158, 165
Kurdish Democratic Party (KDP), 267
Kurds and Kurdistan, 161, 262–263
Land reform, 242, 246
Layla and Majnoun (Nizami Ganjavi), 96–97
Leonidas, 25
Lezges of Daghestan, 159–160, 181
Life expectancy, 276
Literature
banning of works by Hedayat, 225
great body had been created by fifteenth century, 115
and shu‘biyya movement, 79
under Reza Khan, 225–226
See also Poetry
Lotf Ali Khan Zand, 170–171
Love, 85, 96, 97, 98, 113, 116
Macedon and Macedonians, 25, 26–30
Machiavelli, Niccolo, 90, 148
Macrinus, 43
Madreseh tradition, 138, 140
Magi, 9, 15, 17–20, 50, 53
Magian wine (mey-e moghaneh), 93
Mahmud Ghilzai, 150
Majles or national assembly, 203–204, 206, 208, 211, 212, 231
and Anglo-Persian agreement of 1919, 216
attack upon by Mohammad Ali Shah, 207
blocked by hardliner elements during Khatami presidency, 281
and parties to support Mohammad Reza, 240, 250
and Reza Khan, 219–220, 222, 224–225
Schuster’s comments on, 210
and seats for minorities, 279
under Khomeini constitution, 264
Makhmalbaf, Moshen and Samira, 293
Malcolm, John, 171, 177, 178, 196
Maleki, Khalil, 238
Malkom Khan, 195, 196
Al-Ma‘mun, 80–81
Mandaeans, 50
Mani, 49–51
Manichaeism, 49–53, 59
Al-Mansur, 79, 81
Mantiq al-tayr, The Conference of the Birds (Attar), 97–100
Marduk, 14, 25
Marja, 173, 207
Marlowe, Christopher, 221
Martyrdom, 267–268
Maryam Begum, 146, 147, 149
Mashdad shrine, 137
Mashhad University, 255
Mashruteh (constitution), 202–205, 264. See also Constitutional Revolution of 1905–1911
Masnavi of Rumi, 106
Massagetae, 15
Maurice, Emperor, 63, 64
Mazdaism, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15
and accession of Darius, 19–20
and Ardashir, 44
and Arsacids and Sassanids, 34
becomes Zoroastrianism, 55
and brotherhoods of fifteenth century, 130
codification of under Sassanids, 54–55
and fire altars by Sassanids, 49
influence on Judaism, 10
and Manichaeism, 49, 50–51
massacres at Ray and Istakhr by invading Arabs, 75
and Mithraism, 41–42
and Shahnameh, 86
and shu‘ubiyya movement, 79
systematic recording of texts of, 40
See also Avesta; Zoroaster and Zoroastrianism
Mazdak, 59, 60–61
Mazdakism, 15, 59, 61, 83
Mecca, 69, 70, 71, 123, 125–126
Medes and Median Empire, 4–5, 12
Medina, 69–70
“Mental reservation,” 128
Merv massacre, 100, 102
Mesopotamia, 2, 42
Messiah, 8, 51, 129
Migration, internal, 246
Military matters
and cavalry and dehqans, 60
and cavalry exercises of Nader, 153
during Achaemenid empire, 26
and expansion of army under Reza Shah, 222–223
of Fath Ali Shah no match for European powers, 182–183
and feminine approach, 28–29
and financial overextension, 184
and military revolution by Nader Shah, 161–162
and Mithraism, 41
and oil revenue and U.S. aid, 239–240
and Parthian arrows, 34, 36
Roman tortoise/armor, 39, 40
and Safavids, 135, 141
and testing of Shahab III missile, 281
and use of horses by time of Darius III, 26
Millspaugh, Arthur, 223, 232
Mind, empires of future are, 283
A History of Iran Page 41