arithmetic: in mathematics, see numbers, theory of; Peano axioms;
on computers, 320–1, 323, 325, 327–8, 365n, 391
Army, British:
communications of 165;
AMT’s view of 271, 282, 286–7;
OTC at school 24, 53, 58;
Home Guard, 231–2
Army, US, AMT and 311–2
‘Arnold’ see Murray, Arnold
Artificial Intelligence see under brain
artillery see ballistics
Ashby, W. Ross 359–60, 363, 411–2, 469n
Association of Scientific Workers. 118, 364
astronomy: at school 34, 40, 43–6, 51, 55–6;
also 450, 452, 454, 490
Atanasoff, J. V. 301n
atheism see religion
athletics see running; rowing
Atkins, James H:
friendship with AMT 75–6, 87–8, 129, 136;
after war 368, 489, 520;
also 273, note 8. 67
Atlantic, battle of:
early period 194–5, 200–2, 217–9, 222–4;
crisis of 234–6, 240, 242–5, 259–62;
Allied supremacy 263, 288–9, 312;
atomic fission:
AMT’s early knowledge 149–50, 312, 344;
in USA (Los Alamos) 251, 300, 302, 304, 312;
in Britain 350, 392–3, 438, 440, 502n;
see also hydrogen bomb
Augenfeld, Robert 150–1, 157–9, 193, 206, 239, 264, 389, 396, 427–8, 465
Austen, Jane 426, 475
Austria: skiing 88, 482–3;
Anschluss 144;
Nazi persecution 150–1, 153, 193, 264;
Wittgenstein 153, 381
automata see under Turing machine; brain
Automatic Computing Engine see ACE
B. Dienst (German cryptanalysis) 189, 253, 259–62
B-star wrangler see examinations
Babbage, Charles
known of by AMT 297;
compared with AMT 298, 363;
Analytical Engine 109, 297–8, 317;
related to 1937–45 machines 299, 301–2;
related to computer 303–4, 323–4;
see also Lovelace, Lady Ada
Back to Methuselah (Shaw)
AMT sees 72;
allusions 74, 78–9, 127, 143, 158, 266, 362, 417
Baer, R. 123, 129
Balchin, Nigel 286
ballistics: use of ENIAC for 301, 332–3;
use of ACE for 332–3, 335n, 362
Banburismus, Banbury 197, 233
Bates, Audrey 401
Bates, John A. V. 412
Baudot-Murray code 228, 270–1, 399, 482n
Bayes, Thomas 196; see under
probability
Bayley, Donald: as Delilah assistant 273–4, 276, 278, 284–8;
takes over Delilah 290, 345–6;
as wartime colleague 279–84, 289, 517;
and ACE plans 295, 307, 314–6;
post-war contact 339, 345, 366, 373, 395, 438, 479, 480, 496, 520
Bayly, Prof. 252, 271
BBC see under radio
Behaviourism 98, 107n, 291, 379–81, 416–7, 471
Bell Laboratories (New York):
AMT at 245–53, 274, 286;
speech encipherment at 245–8, 252;
relay calculator at 299
Bennett, Christopher 446, 484
Bennett, John N. P. 47–8
Bensly, W. J. 32
Beobachter Dienst see B. Dienst
Bernal, J. D. 140n, 404, 524
Bernays, P. 117, 119, 133
Beuttell, Alfred W. 56, 68–9, 136, 272
Beuttell, Gerard 136
Beuttell, Ida A. 55–6, 68
Beuttell, Victor F. 55–8, 68–9, 114–5, 127, 136, 272, 381
Bevin, Ernest 311
bicycles, AMT and 20–1, 89, 209, 279, 345, 387, 395, 489
binary numbers see under numbers
biology see under growth; brain; genetics; molecular biology; hormones
Birch, Frank 161, 187
Birkhoff, G. D. 123
birth (of AMT) 5
bishops 122–3, 128, 287, 418, 474, 505
Bismarck 200–1
bit (of information) 250; see also numbers, binary
Black, Gordon 489
Blackett, P.M.S.: in war 230, 307n;
and Manchester computer 340–2, 349, 376, 393;
as socialist 364, 393, 509;
and trial 465
Blackpool 496
Blarney, M. H. 30–1, 36, 45–8, 52, 69
Blenkins, Mr 10, 11
Bletchley, Bletchley Park:
location 160;
see under GC and CS for work at;
see also Shenley
boats, boating:
rowing 62, 76, 89, 115, 354;
canoeing 115;
sailing 114, 136, 158, 369–70
‘Bob’ see Augenfeld, Robert
Bohnenblust, H. F. 145
Bombes (machines for Enigma analysis):
Polish 175–6, 181n
British 176–185, 201, 211, 277;
development of 181, 184, 191, 204, 220–1, 252;
crisis over 224–7, 235–6;
American 235–6, 262–3;
related to computer 181n, 293, 296, 323, 329
Boole, G. 139
Boolean algebra 138–9, 251–2, 271
Boolean (logical) functions on computers 320, 365n, 409
Booth, A. 393
Boothby, Robert 505
Borel, E. 212
Born, M. 86
Bosham, Sussex 158, 369–70
botany, see plants; daisy; fir cone
Boughey, C. L. F. 30–2, 58–9
Brabazon, Lord 505
brain: childhood reading about 12–3, 17, 28, 291, 379;
problem of mind and 63–6, 69;
Turing machine and ‘state of mind’ 105—9;
discussed in wartime period 210–4, 251–2, 265–6;
AMT wants to build 290–5, 304, 327–8, 332–3, 343, 347–9;
and ‘intelligent machinery’ in AMT’s
expositions 357–64, 377–85, 406, 415–26, 441–3, 450–2, 459–60;
discussed further 520–3, 540
physiology of, 360, 372, 379, 386–8, 429, 435–7;
and cybernetics 404, 404n, 411–2;
surgery on 405, 470
Braithwaite, Richard B. 86, 91, 108, 123–4, 450–2, 482–3
branching, conditional 277, 298–9, 301, 323, 338, 343, 391
Brave New World (Huxley) 73, 240, 439–40, 467, 503
Brewster, E. T. see Natural Wonders …
Bristol 441
British Security Coordination (New York) 242–3, 252–3, 271
British Tabulating Machinery see BTM
broadcasts see under radio
Broadhurst, S. W. 226, 268
Brooker, R. A. (Tony) 438, 446, 465, 480, 485, 495, 497
Brookes, Victor M. C. 42
Brunt, D. 393
BSC (British Security Coordination) 242–3, 252–3, 271
BTM (British Tabulating Machinery) 181, 220, 262n
Burgess, Guy 501, 507, 507n, 509
burglary, of AMT’s house 454–6, 464
Bush, Vannevar 155, 157
Butler, Samuel 73–4, 78, 361–2, 382, 388, 406, 424, 473
Byers Brown, W. 477
Cable and Wireless (company) 271–2
Cambridge University:
scholarship to 38, 41–4, 49–51, 55, 57;
AMT’s residence at see under King’s College;
science and mathematics at 59–61;
not in line with AMT’s interests 88, 91, 157, 134;
(no) lectureship at 130, 132, 150, 152, 157, 186, 290, 374;
computer (EDSAC) at 155, 342, 351–2, 374–5, 398, 406–7;
other visits and contacts 195, 215, 239, 281, 407, 448n, 476, 482
Campbell, Archibald
15, 15n
cancer 439, 519n
Cantor, G. 84, 100–2, 109, 114, 142–3, 520
capitalism 49, 72–3, 251, 308, 525
car, AMT’s driving of 128, 132, 142, 395
cards, punched see punched cards
Carey, G. M. 30, 31
Carolina, South 142
Carpenter, Edward 77, 308–11, 362, 371, 381, 419, 453, 458, 517, 521, 526–7
Carse, Duncan 48
Casablanca 13, 14, 253, 416–7, 515
castration 469–71, 505n
cat (Timothy) 279, 280, 283
cathode ray tube: AMT’s ideas for computer use 321n, 322, 340, 354;
as Williams tube 340, 349, 350, 391, 393, 399, 400, 402, 413, 445;
see also Iconoscope
Central Intelligence Agency 497–8, 501n, 507
Central Limit Theorem 88–9, 94, 108, 114
Champernowne, David G. (Champ):
at Cambridge 61–2, 70, 88, 94, 109, 149–51, 157, 209;
and silver speculation 193, 344;
and chess speculation 388;
other contacts 239, 269, 346, 450, 474, 482n, 490–1
Chandler, W. W. 226, 268, 317
Chataway, Christopher J. 395
chemistry: AMT’s experiments 9, 17–9, 22–3, 36, 39, 40, 51–2, 444, 484, 488, 491;
and biological growth 431–5, 445, 447, 466;
in industry 333, 352;
see also hormones
chess: AMT plays 17, 56, 68, 128, 207, 227, 265, 268, 281, 427;
as model for mathematics 81, 91–2;
as model for mechanical thought 211–4, 265, 292, 332–3, 347, 349, 359, 360–1, 382, 387–8, 411, 421, 440, 441n, 452, 478;
masters of 198, 227, 265
Children’s Encyclopaedia 18, 291
Chorley, Lord 505
‘Christopher’, ‘Chris’, see Morcom, Christopher C.
Church see religion; bishops
Church, Alonzo 111–3, 115, 119, 123, 125, 131, 133, 145, 215, 249
Churchill, Winston S.:
meets AMT 205;
AMT writes to 219–221;
relation to AMT’s work 222–3, 237, 240–1, 248, 269, 508, note 5.4;
speech scrambled 287–8
CIA 497–8, 501n, 507
ciphers: in general 8 In, 108, 161–5;
AMT’s early interest in 56, 120, 138–40;
and computer 332, 382–3, 402, 409–10, 445;
British use of 163–6, 189, 259–63, 270–1, 282; also see Rockex; Delilah;
German use of 148; then see Enigma; ‘Fish’;
American use of 262, note 5.4; also see X-system;
Italian use of 176, 262;
breaking of ciphers: see Poland;
GC and CS (Britain); CSAW (United States); B. Dienst (Germany)
Civil War, American 142, 249, 253
Clarke, Joan 195, 206–8, 210–1, 216–7, 234, 236, 263–4, 307, 370, 465, 517
clay-firing 17, 207, 427
Clayton, F. W. (Fred):
at Cambridge 76–7, 88, 94;
and refugees 150, 158, 239;
as writer 253, 264, 487;
post-war contacts 368–70, 395, 450, 454, 464, 490
Club Mediterranée 486
codes (secret) see ciphers
Cold War 386, 393, 409, 413–4, 449, 486, 496–512, 524–6
Colebrook, F. M. 407–8
Colossus (electronic cryptanalytic machine)
in war 267–8, 277–8;
as precursor of computer 292–4, 299, 301–2, 320;
post-war influence 328, 330, 335, 341, 409
communication, mathematical theory of 250, 252, 345
communications (in war) see under radio; ciphers
Communism, communists at Cambridge 71–2, 109, 186, 280, 386, 500–1, 509, 511, 524
complex numbers see under numbers
computable numbers 100, 102, 124, 133
Computable Numbers (shortened title of AMT’s 1936 paper): see under Turing machine; Entscheidungs problem; Universal Turing machine, for content. References here are to the paper itself:
completion 109;
delay in publication 111–3;
initial impact 119, 123–5, 129, 133, 136;
known to von Neumann 131, 145, 145n, 304, 343;
known to Womersley 306—7, 407;
considered as origin of ACE 295, 306–7, 318, 336, 348, 349, 360, 368, 407;
AMT sees as greatest work 373, 438
computer, analogue 295–7; see also differential analyser; zeta-function machine
computer (digital, electronic, stored-program),
plans of 1945 for: AMT’s 290–5, 317–337; in United States 295–305; see also Universal Turing machine; EDVAC, for origins of; see also Cambridge, Manchester, IAS computers
Computing Machinery and Intelligence (AMT’s paper of 1950) see Mind
conditional branching 277, 298–9, 301, 323, 338, 343, 391
confirmation (of AMT) 26
consistency and contradictions, mathematical 82–4, 91–3, 109, 153–4; see also Gödel;
in Enigma analysis 179–84
core-position (of Enigma) 169
Corfu 486
Cornwall 48–9, 68
Cory, D. W. 448n
Courant, R. 86, 117–8
Crawford, Jack and Mary 132, 142, 245, 264
Crawshay-Williams, R. 418
Crick, Francis H. C. 410n, 431
cryptanalysis see under Poland; GC and CS (Britain); CSAW (United States); B. Dienst (Germany)
cryptogram puzzles, AMT bad at 128, 249
cryptography see ciphers
crystallography 410–1, 445, 477
CSAW (US Naval cryptanalysis) 235, 243;
AMT works with 243–4, 252;
and computers 342, 413
cybernetics 343, 403–5, 411–4, 446, 469;
see also Ratio Club
Cybernetics (Wiener) 403
cycle (as used in Enigma analysis) 172
Cypher Policy Board 346
cyphers see ciphers
Czüber 88
Daily Mirror 238–9, 279
Daily Telegraph 348
daisy, growth of 11, 13, 207–8, 494
Dalton, Hugh 370
Darlington, W. S. 10, 16, 17
Darwin, Charles (evolutionist) 33, 78, 108, 377
Darwin, Charles G.:
director of NPL 305, 307;
endorses ACE 336–7;
responsible for ACE 340–2, 347, 349–53, 365–8, 372, 374–6, 407;
wit and wisdom 357, 364–5, 388, 470;
curses AMT, note 6, 47
data processing 332, 401n
David, Robin, prosecutes AMT 471–2
Davies, Donald W. 368
Davis, E. (Ben) 46, 48
death (of AMT) 487–8
deciban, quantity of likeliness 197
decidability, decision problems see Entscheidungs problem; word problem; also trees
Dedekind, R. 82–3
degrees see examinations
delay lines, acoustic, as computer storage:
principle of 315, 322, 328, 334;
AMT’s home-made 315–6, 366;
Post Office developments 328, 336–7, 340;
Cambridge developments 351, 375, 406;
American developments 355
Delilah (speech encipherment system):
AMT’s idea 269–70, 273–76
building of 278, 284–8, 290;
influences of 294, 329, 339, 343;
fate of 346
Denning, N. 187–8
Denniston, Alastair 146–8, 151, 177, 204, 223
Department of Scientific and Industrial Research see DSIR
determinism and free-will:
idea of causality 13, 63–6;
arguments for free-will 78–9, 211, 266, 361–2, 377–8, 414–5, 417, 430–1, 475;
Laplacian determinism 64, 290–1;
and quantum mechanics
66, 79, 137, 441–2;
relation to Turing machine 96, 107–9, 144, 211, 266, 290–1, 384, 417, 441–2
diary, AMT’s at school 54, 62
differential analyser 155, 250, 296, 306, 316, 335, 342, 357
Dinard, Brittany 15, 16, 18
Dirac, P. A.M. 61, 140n, 495
DNA (molecular basis of genetics) 252, 410, 431
Dollis Hill see Post Office Research Station
‘Don’see Bayley, Donald
Dönitz 199, 224n
Donnelly, D. 505
Dorking 346, 353
draughts, on computer 442, 477
dreams 216, 249, 452, 481, 481n, 491
DSIR (Department of Scientific and Industrial Research)
and ACE 333, 336–7, 340, 367;
and Cambridge computer 375
Dudley, H. W. 245
Duffy, Roy 445
Dunn, C. W. 469
Eachus, J. 243
Ebermannstadt, Bavaria 312
Eccles, David 506
Eckert, J. P. 300, 302, 315, 328, 355, 413, 438
economics 71–3, 308, 404
Eddington, Arthur S.:
and astronomy 34, 40, 61;
and significance of quantum mechanics 51, 64–6, 79, 414, 441;
and Central Limit Theorem 87;
and Fundamental Theory 453–4, 512–4
EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer) see Cambridge University, computer at
education see school; learning
EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Computer) 302–4, 306–7, 315, 318, 320–1, 323, 326, 342–3, 355, 355n, 365, 390n; see also IAS, computer at
Edward VIII, King 121–3, 131, 140n
Einstein, Albert 34–5, 52, 65, 86, 117–8, 266
Eisenhart, L. P. 118, 130, 144, 371
electron, named by AMT’s relative 16, 225
electronic engineering: at Bletchley 225–7, 231, 263, 267; see also Colossus;
Alan Turing: The Enigma The Centenary Edition Page 90