Alan Turing: The Enigma The Centenary Edition

by Andrew Hodges

  arithmetic: in mathematics, see numbers, theory of; Peano axioms;

  on computers, 320–1, 323, 325, 327–8, 365n, 391

  Army, British:

  communications of 165;

  AMT’s view of 271, 282, 286–7;

  OTC at school 24, 53, 58;

  Home Guard, 231–2

  Army, US, AMT and 311–2

  ‘Arnold’ see Murray, Arnold

  Artificial Intelligence see under brain

  artillery see ballistics

  Ashby, W. Ross 359–60, 363, 411–2, 469n

  Association of Scientific Workers. 118, 364

  astronomy: at school 34, 40, 43–6, 51, 55–6;

  also 450, 452, 454, 490

  Atanasoff, J. V. 301n

  atheism see religion

  athletics see running; rowing

  Atkins, James H:

  friendship with AMT 75–6, 87–8, 129, 136;

  after war 368, 489, 520;

  also 273, note 8. 67

  Atlantic, battle of:

  early period 194–5, 200–2, 217–9, 222–4;

  crisis of 234–6, 240, 242–5, 259–62;

  Allied supremacy 263, 288–9, 312;

  atomic fission:

  AMT’s early knowledge 149–50, 312, 344;

  in USA (Los Alamos) 251, 300, 302, 304, 312;

  in Britain 350, 392–3, 438, 440, 502n;

  see also hydrogen bomb

  Augenfeld, Robert 150–1, 157–9, 193, 206, 239, 264, 389, 396, 427–8, 465

  Austen, Jane 426, 475

  Austria: skiing 88, 482–3;

  Anschluss 144;

  Nazi persecution 150–1, 153, 193, 264;

  Wittgenstein 153, 381

  automata see under Turing machine; brain

  Automatic Computing Engine see ACE

  B. Dienst (German cryptanalysis) 189, 253, 259–62

  B-star wrangler see examinations

  Babbage, Charles

  known of by AMT 297;

  compared with AMT 298, 363;

  Analytical Engine 109, 297–8, 317;

  related to 1937–45 machines 299, 301–2;

  related to computer 303–4, 323–4;

  see also Lovelace, Lady Ada

  Back to Methuselah (Shaw)

  AMT sees 72;

  allusions 74, 78–9, 127, 143, 158, 266, 362, 417

  Baer, R. 123, 129

  Balchin, Nigel 286

  ballistics: use of ENIAC for 301, 332–3;

  use of ACE for 332–3, 335n, 362

  Banburismus, Banbury 197, 233

  Bates, Audrey 401

  Bates, John A. V. 412

  Baudot-Murray code 228, 270–1, 399, 482n

  Bayes, Thomas 196; see under

  probability

  Bayley, Donald: as Delilah assistant 273–4, 276, 278, 284–8;

  takes over Delilah 290, 345–6;

  as wartime colleague 279–84, 289, 517;

  and ACE plans 295, 307, 314–6;

  post-war contact 339, 345, 366, 373, 395, 438, 479, 480, 496, 520

  Bayly, Prof. 252, 271

  BBC see under radio

  Behaviourism 98, 107n, 291, 379–81, 416–7, 471

  Bell Laboratories (New York):

  AMT at 245–53, 274, 286;

  speech encipherment at 245–8, 252;

  relay calculator at 299

  Bennett, Christopher 446, 484

  Bennett, John N. P. 47–8

  Bensly, W. J. 32

  Beobachter Dienst see B. Dienst

  Bernal, J. D. 140n, 404, 524

  Bernays, P. 117, 119, 133

  Beuttell, Alfred W. 56, 68–9, 136, 272

  Beuttell, Gerard 136

  Beuttell, Ida A. 55–6, 68

  Beuttell, Victor F. 55–8, 68–9, 114–5, 127, 136, 272, 381

  Bevin, Ernest 311

  bicycles, AMT and 20–1, 89, 209, 279, 345, 387, 395, 489

  binary numbers see under numbers

  biology see under growth; brain; genetics; molecular biology; hormones

  Birch, Frank 161, 187

  Birkhoff, G. D. 123

  birth (of AMT) 5

  bishops 122–3, 128, 287, 418, 474, 505

  Bismarck 200–1

  bit (of information) 250; see also numbers, binary

  Black, Gordon 489

  Blackett, P.M.S.: in war 230, 307n;

  and Manchester computer 340–2, 349, 376, 393;

  as socialist 364, 393, 509;

  and trial 465

  Blackpool 496

  Blarney, M. H. 30–1, 36, 45–8, 52, 69

  Blenkins, Mr 10, 11

  Bletchley, Bletchley Park:

  location 160;

  see under GC and CS for work at;

  see also Shenley

  boats, boating:

  rowing 62, 76, 89, 115, 354;

  canoeing 115;

  sailing 114, 136, 158, 369–70

  ‘Bob’ see Augenfeld, Robert

  Bohnenblust, H. F. 145

  Bombes (machines for Enigma analysis):

  Polish 175–6, 181n

  British 176–185, 201, 211, 277;

  development of 181, 184, 191, 204, 220–1, 252;

  crisis over 224–7, 235–6;

  American 235–6, 262–3;

  related to computer 181n, 293, 296, 323, 329

  Boole, G. 139

  Boolean algebra 138–9, 251–2, 271

  Boolean (logical) functions on computers 320, 365n, 409

  Booth, A. 393

  Boothby, Robert 505

  Borel, E. 212

  Born, M. 86

  Bosham, Sussex 158, 369–70

  botany, see plants; daisy; fir cone

  Boughey, C. L. F. 30–2, 58–9

  Brabazon, Lord 505

  brain: childhood reading about 12–3, 17, 28, 291, 379;

  problem of mind and 63–6, 69;

  Turing machine and ‘state of mind’ 105—9;

  discussed in wartime period 210–4, 251–2, 265–6;

  AMT wants to build 290–5, 304, 327–8, 332–3, 343, 347–9;

  and ‘intelligent machinery’ in AMT’s

  expositions 357–64, 377–85, 406, 415–26, 441–3, 450–2, 459–60;

  discussed further 520–3, 540

  physiology of, 360, 372, 379, 386–8, 429, 435–7;

  and cybernetics 404, 404n, 411–2;

  surgery on 405, 470

  Braithwaite, Richard B. 86, 91, 108, 123–4, 450–2, 482–3

  branching, conditional 277, 298–9, 301, 323, 338, 343, 391

  Brave New World (Huxley) 73, 240, 439–40, 467, 503

  Brewster, E. T. see Natural Wonders …

  Bristol 441

  British Security Coordination (New York) 242–3, 252–3, 271

  British Tabulating Machinery see BTM

  broadcasts see under radio

  Broadhurst, S. W. 226, 268

  Brooker, R. A. (Tony) 438, 446, 465, 480, 485, 495, 497

  Brookes, Victor M. C. 42

  Brunt, D. 393

  BSC (British Security Coordination) 242–3, 252–3, 271

  BTM (British Tabulating Machinery) 181, 220, 262n

  Burgess, Guy 501, 507, 507n, 509

  burglary, of AMT’s house 454–6, 464

  Bush, Vannevar 155, 157

  Butler, Samuel 73–4, 78, 361–2, 382, 388, 406, 424, 473

  Byers Brown, W. 477

  Cable and Wireless (company) 271–2

  Cambridge University:

  scholarship to 38, 41–4, 49–51, 55, 57;

  AMT’s residence at see under King’s College;

  science and mathematics at 59–61;

  not in line with AMT’s interests 88, 91, 157, 134;

  (no) lectureship at 130, 132, 150, 152, 157, 186, 290, 374;

  computer (EDSAC) at 155, 342, 351–2, 374–5, 398, 406–7;

  other visits and contacts 195, 215, 239, 281, 407, 448n, 476, 482

  Campbell, Archibald
15, 15n

  cancer 439, 519n

  Cantor, G. 84, 100–2, 109, 114, 142–3, 520

  capitalism 49, 72–3, 251, 308, 525

  car, AMT’s driving of 128, 132, 142, 395

  cards, punched see punched cards

  Carey, G. M. 30, 31

  Carolina, South 142

  Carpenter, Edward 77, 308–11, 362, 371, 381, 419, 453, 458, 517, 521, 526–7

  Carse, Duncan 48

  Casablanca 13, 14, 253, 416–7, 515

  castration 469–71, 505n

  cat (Timothy) 279, 280, 283

  cathode ray tube: AMT’s ideas for computer use 321n, 322, 340, 354;

  as Williams tube 340, 349, 350, 391, 393, 399, 400, 402, 413, 445;

  see also Iconoscope

  Central Intelligence Agency 497–8, 501n, 507

  Central Limit Theorem 88–9, 94, 108, 114

  Champernowne, David G. (Champ):

  at Cambridge 61–2, 70, 88, 94, 109, 149–51, 157, 209;

  and silver speculation 193, 344;

  and chess speculation 388;

  other contacts 239, 269, 346, 450, 474, 482n, 490–1

  Chandler, W. W. 226, 268, 317

  Chataway, Christopher J. 395

  chemistry: AMT’s experiments 9, 17–9, 22–3, 36, 39, 40, 51–2, 444, 484, 488, 491;

  and biological growth 431–5, 445, 447, 466;

  in industry 333, 352;

  see also hormones

  chess: AMT plays 17, 56, 68, 128, 207, 227, 265, 268, 281, 427;

  as model for mathematics 81, 91–2;

  as model for mechanical thought 211–4, 265, 292, 332–3, 347, 349, 359, 360–1, 382, 387–8, 411, 421, 440, 441n, 452, 478;

  masters of 198, 227, 265

  Children’s Encyclopaedia 18, 291

  Chorley, Lord 505

  ‘Christopher’, ‘Chris’, see Morcom, Christopher C.

  Church see religion; bishops

  Church, Alonzo 111–3, 115, 119, 123, 125, 131, 133, 145, 215, 249

  Churchill, Winston S.:

  meets AMT 205;

  AMT writes to 219–221;

  relation to AMT’s work 222–3, 237, 240–1, 248, 269, 508, note 5.4;

  speech scrambled 287–8

  CIA 497–8, 501n, 507

  ciphers: in general 8 In, 108, 161–5;

  AMT’s early interest in 56, 120, 138–40;

  and computer 332, 382–3, 402, 409–10, 445;

  British use of 163–6, 189, 259–63, 270–1, 282; also see Rockex; Delilah;

  German use of 148; then see Enigma; ‘Fish’;

  American use of 262, note 5.4; also see X-system;

  Italian use of 176, 262;

  breaking of ciphers: see Poland;

  GC and CS (Britain); CSAW (United States); B. Dienst (Germany)

  Civil War, American 142, 249, 253

  Clarke, Joan 195, 206–8, 210–1, 216–7, 234, 236, 263–4, 307, 370, 465, 517

  clay-firing 17, 207, 427

  Clayton, F. W. (Fred):

  at Cambridge 76–7, 88, 94;

  and refugees 150, 158, 239;

  as writer 253, 264, 487;

  post-war contacts 368–70, 395, 450, 454, 464, 490

  Club Mediterranée 486

  codes (secret) see ciphers

  Cold War 386, 393, 409, 413–4, 449, 486, 496–512, 524–6

  Colebrook, F. M. 407–8

  Colossus (electronic cryptanalytic machine)

  in war 267–8, 277–8;

  as precursor of computer 292–4, 299, 301–2, 320;

  post-war influence 328, 330, 335, 341, 409

  communication, mathematical theory of 250, 252, 345

  communications (in war) see under radio; ciphers

  Communism, communists at Cambridge 71–2, 109, 186, 280, 386, 500–1, 509, 511, 524

  complex numbers see under numbers

  computable numbers 100, 102, 124, 133

  Computable Numbers (shortened title of AMT’s 1936 paper): see under Turing machine; Entscheidungs problem; Universal Turing machine, for content. References here are to the paper itself:

  completion 109;

  delay in publication 111–3;

  initial impact 119, 123–5, 129, 133, 136;

  known to von Neumann 131, 145, 145n, 304, 343;

  known to Womersley 306—7, 407;

  considered as origin of ACE 295, 306–7, 318, 336, 348, 349, 360, 368, 407;

  AMT sees as greatest work 373, 438

  computer, analogue 295–7; see also differential analyser; zeta-function machine

  computer (digital, electronic, stored-program),

  plans of 1945 for: AMT’s 290–5, 317–337; in United States 295–305; see also Universal Turing machine; EDVAC, for origins of; see also Cambridge, Manchester, IAS computers

  Computing Machinery and Intelligence (AMT’s paper of 1950) see Mind

  conditional branching 277, 298–9, 301, 323, 338, 343, 391

  confirmation (of AMT) 26

  consistency and contradictions, mathematical 82–4, 91–3, 109, 153–4; see also Gödel;

  in Enigma analysis 179–84

  core-position (of Enigma) 169

  Corfu 486

  Cornwall 48–9, 68

  Cory, D. W. 448n

  Courant, R. 86, 117–8

  Crawford, Jack and Mary 132, 142, 245, 264

  Crawshay-Williams, R. 418

  Crick, Francis H. C. 410n, 431

  cryptanalysis see under Poland; GC and CS (Britain); CSAW (United States); B. Dienst (Germany)

  cryptogram puzzles, AMT bad at 128, 249

  cryptography see ciphers

  crystallography 410–1, 445, 477

  CSAW (US Naval cryptanalysis) 235, 243;

  AMT works with 243–4, 252;

  and computers 342, 413

  cybernetics 343, 403–5, 411–4, 446, 469;

  see also Ratio Club

  Cybernetics (Wiener) 403

  cycle (as used in Enigma analysis) 172

  Cypher Policy Board 346

  cyphers see ciphers

  Czüber 88

  Daily Mirror 238–9, 279

  Daily Telegraph 348

  daisy, growth of 11, 13, 207–8, 494

  Dalton, Hugh 370

  Darlington, W. S. 10, 16, 17

  Darwin, Charles (evolutionist) 33, 78, 108, 377

  Darwin, Charles G.:

  director of NPL 305, 307;

  endorses ACE 336–7;

  responsible for ACE 340–2, 347, 349–53, 365–8, 372, 374–6, 407;

  wit and wisdom 357, 364–5, 388, 470;

  curses AMT, note 6, 47

  data processing 332, 401n

  David, Robin, prosecutes AMT 471–2

  Davies, Donald W. 368

  Davis, E. (Ben) 46, 48

  death (of AMT) 487–8

  deciban, quantity of likeliness 197

  decidability, decision problems see Entscheidungs problem; word problem; also trees

  Dedekind, R. 82–3

  degrees see examinations

  delay lines, acoustic, as computer storage:

  principle of 315, 322, 328, 334;

  AMT’s home-made 315–6, 366;

  Post Office developments 328, 336–7, 340;

  Cambridge developments 351, 375, 406;

  American developments 355

  Delilah (speech encipherment system):

  AMT’s idea 269–70, 273–76

  building of 278, 284–8, 290;

  influences of 294, 329, 339, 343;

  fate of 346

  Denning, N. 187–8

  Denniston, Alastair 146–8, 151, 177, 204, 223

  Department of Scientific and Industrial Research see DSIR

  determinism and free-will:

  idea of causality 13, 63–6;

  arguments for free-will 78–9, 211, 266, 361–2, 377–8, 414–5, 417, 430–1, 475;

  Laplacian determinism 64, 290–1;

  and quantum mechanics
66, 79, 137, 441–2;

  relation to Turing machine 96, 107–9, 144, 211, 266, 290–1, 384, 417, 441–2

  diary, AMT’s at school 54, 62

  differential analyser 155, 250, 296, 306, 316, 335, 342, 357

  Dinard, Brittany 15, 16, 18

  Dirac, P. A.M. 61, 140n, 495

  DNA (molecular basis of genetics) 252, 410, 431

  Dollis Hill see Post Office Research Station

  ‘Don’see Bayley, Donald

  Dönitz 199, 224n

  Donnelly, D. 505

  Dorking 346, 353

  draughts, on computer 442, 477

  dreams 216, 249, 452, 481, 481n, 491

  DSIR (Department of Scientific and Industrial Research)

  and ACE 333, 336–7, 340, 367;

  and Cambridge computer 375

  Dudley, H. W. 245

  Duffy, Roy 445

  Dunn, C. W. 469

  Eachus, J. 243

  Ebermannstadt, Bavaria 312

  Eccles, David 506

  Eckert, J. P. 300, 302, 315, 328, 355, 413, 438

  economics 71–3, 308, 404

  Eddington, Arthur S.:

  and astronomy 34, 40, 61;

  and significance of quantum mechanics 51, 64–6, 79, 414, 441;

  and Central Limit Theorem 87;

  and Fundamental Theory 453–4, 512–4

  EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer) see Cambridge University, computer at

  education see school; learning

  EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Computer) 302–4, 306–7, 315, 318, 320–1, 323, 326, 342–3, 355, 355n, 365, 390n; see also IAS, computer at

  Edward VIII, King 121–3, 131, 140n

  Einstein, Albert 34–5, 52, 65, 86, 117–8, 266

  Eisenhart, L. P. 118, 130, 144, 371

  electron, named by AMT’s relative 16, 225

  electronic engineering: at Bletchley 225–7, 231, 263, 267; see also Colossus;