Abby Cadabby, 39, 40–41, 43, 51
advertising, 17, 91, 98, 176–77, 183, 202n–3n
restrictions on, 182, 221n
Advertising Educational Foundation, 37–38
African-American females, 179–81, 205n, 220n
aging, 138–39, 148
Aguilera, Christina, 120
American Girl collection, 26–32, 140, 144
American Girl Place, 8, 27, 29, 31–32
American Psychological Association, 6, 195n
Andersen, Hans Christian, 107–8, 190
Anglund, Joan Walsh, 165
Ariel, 14, 20, 107, 124, 162, 191
Arizona State University, 66, 67
“Aschenputtel” (Brothers Grimm), 103–5, 111
Austin, Erica Weintraub, 187
Ava (five-year-old classmate), 133–35, 136–37, 143, 151
avatars, 159, 160, 161, 162, 167
baby dolls, 45, 52
“ . . . Baby One More Time,” 121
Barbie, 7, 15, 28, 39, 42, 44, 45–48, 49, 50, 63, 84, 88, 97
Barbie.com, 161, 162
Barney and Friends, 128
Batgirl, 145
BBC, 75, 94
Beanie Babies, 86
beauty pageants, 8, 73–82, 89–94, 125
gowns and outfits of, 74, 75, 77, 82, 89
hair and makeup in, 73, 74, 75, 77, 91
beauty pageants (cont.)
media coverage of, 75–76, 81, 89, 94
prizes of, 74, 75, 76, 91, 92, 93
parents of contestants, 74–76, 78–82, 85, 90–91
beauty products, 34, 73, 74, 75, 77, 91, 155, 156
for preschoolers and “pre-tween” girls, 7, 38, 42, 52, 82, 83–84, 85, 91
for “tween” girls, 29, 37, 91, 156
Bella Swan (char.), 109–12
Belle, 14, 124, 162
Bem, Jeremy, 60, 203n
Bem, Sandra, 203n
Berkeley, Calif., 4, 21, 147
Bettelheim, Bruno, 100, 102, 105, 106, 108, 109, 145
Beyoncé, 86
Bible, 135
Bikini Kill, 153
biological determinism, 52, 56–61, 62–64, 69, 70
board games, 7, 34, 49–50, 152
body image issues, 2, 6, 8, 88, 133–43, 158, 175, 186, 196n
African-American women and, 220n
self-loathing and, 6, 18, 134, 137, 141–42, 216n
Body Project, The (Brumberg), 140
Bonne Bell, 37, 84, 176
Botox, 138, 139
boyhood culture, 16, 19–22, 35–36, 38, 43, 57, 62, 97
gender segmentation of toys and, 21–22, 38, 43, 45, 50, 51, 97, 98–99
Internet use in, 160–61, 174, 175
nature vs. nurture in, 53–54, 55–61, 62–65, 69–71, 98, 145
playtime patterns in, 67–69, 98, 99, 145, 157–58
segregation of girl culture from, 51–53, 65, 66, 67–72, 156–58
brain development, 59, 60–61, 64–65
Bratz, 48–49, 50, 51, 84, 86, 91, 153, 155, 161
Brave, 188–89
Brown, Lyn Mikel, 151–52, 187
Brumberg, Joan Jacob, 140
Buffy the Vampire Slayer, 112
Burmeister, Jamara, 89–90, 92–93
Burmeister, Jason, 89, 92
Burmeister, Tammi, 89–90, 93
Burnett, Frances Hodgson, 25
California, University of (Berkeley), 84–85
Catmull, Ed, 189
Chapman, Brenda, 189
Cheetah Girls, The, 117
Cherney, Isabelle, 21
childhood consumerism and marketing, 24, 30–43, 49, 79, 98–99, 136–39, 153–56, 187
of beauty products, 7, 29, 34, 37, 38, 42, 52, 82, 83–84, 85, 155, 156
of fashion and clothing, 36, 38, 82, 86, 117, 119, 139, 143, 152
of fictional female characters and role models, 15, 36, 39–43, 46, 50, 117, 118
gender segmentation and color coding in, 7, 35–36, 38–39, 43, 51–52, 53, 58, 63, 70, 72, 98–99
gender stereotyping in, 91, 155, 202n–3n
Kids Getting Older Younger in, 47, 48, 84–85, 91, 139, 183
materialism and narcissistic values emphasized in, 16, 30, 32, 34, 42, 46, 48, 49–50, 83, 88, 104, 155, 156, 161–62
online, 176–77
pink-and-pretty trend in, 33–35, 36, 38–43, 51, 52, 125, 155
in princess culture, 13–16, 23, 24–25, 26, 32, 36, 41, 61–62, 116, 189–90
protecting girls from influence of, 182–85, 192
restrictions on, 182, 221n
of “sexiness” and “cool,” 47, 48–49, 50, 52, 84, 85–88, 91, 183
television commercials and, 98
of toys and merchandising, 3, 7, 15, 16, 26–32, 33–35, 39–43, 45–52, 70, 85–88, 91, 98–99, 155, 180, 185, 190
of young female celebrities, 26, 114, 115–31
Children’s Digital Media Center, 165
children’s literature, 23, 28–30, 100–112, 140, 211n
female protagonists in, 12, 20–21, 101, 102, 104–5, 108–12, 149–50, 185, 190–92
rescue-fantasy and landing-a-prince theme in, 12, 20, 23, 101, 102, 103, 107, 110, 111
Twilight series in, 109–12, 211n
see also fairy tales
Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA), 162, 174
child stars, 25–26, 113–31, 221n
squeaky-to-skanky transformations in, 113–15, 120–24, 126–28, 129, 130
Cinderella, 3, 6, 9, 14, 17, 20–21, 23, 24, 36, 44, 48, 58, 61–62, 89, 102, 111, 114, 115, 116, 123, 124, 152, 162, 182, 185
Brothers Grimm version of, 103–5, 183
Cinderella, 13, 190
Cinderella Complex, The (Dowling), 111
Clarissa Explains It All, 116, 118–19, 120
Clinton, Hillary, 147–48, 149, 217n
Club Libby Lu, 83–84
Cook, Daniel, 36
Cookie Monster, 40, 43
cosmetic surgery, 138–40
Couric, Katie, 149
Cross, Gary, 24
cross-sex play, 50, 66, 67–70, 72, 158, 205n–6n
Curtis, Jaime Lee, 215n–16n
cyberbullying, 168–70, 172–73, 174, 175, 177, 219n–20n
Cyrus, Billy Ray, 114–15, 118, 127, 184
Cyrus, Miley, 8, 117–19, 121, 129, 130, 138, 153, 155
concert tours of, 118, 124, 125–26, 128, 130–31
sexualization of, 113–15, 126–28, 221n
Damned if You Do, Doomed if You Don’t (Catalyst), 146
Dangerous Book for Boys, The (Iggulden and Iggulden), 155
Daring Book for Girls, The (Buchanan and Peskowitz), 155, 156–57
DeCesare, Danielle, 175–76
DeCesare, Hilary, 174, 175–78
depression, 6, 16, 18, 76, 172
dieting, 8, 135, 143, 186
Diller, Vivian, 138–39
Disney, 8, 13, 14, 16, 22, 23, 24, 32, 36, 41, 51, 87–88, 102, 103, 107, 111, 144, 185–86
child stars launched and marketed by, 113–15, 116–19, 120, 124–25, 128–30
first African-American Princess of, 15, 179–82, 189–90
Disney, Roy, 13
Disney, Walt, 116, 120
Disney Channel, 7, 114, 116, 117, 128
Disneyland, 41
Disney Princesses, 3, 7, 8, 19, 20, 23, 31, 32, 33, 48, 49, 61, 62, 85, 111, 114, 115, 124, 135, 138, 142, 143–44, 153, 155, 187
marketing of, 13–15, 16, 23, 24, 26, 36, 104, 116, 125, 182, 189–90
Web site for, 162
Dora the Explorer, 7, 15, 42–43, 51, 161–62
Duff, Hilary, 115, 116–17, 118, 120, 129
eating disorders, 6, 76, 137, 141
education reform, 70–71, 85
Elenita (Campbell and Juan), 149–50
Eliot, Lise, 59, 60–61, 62–63, 64, 65, 69, 71
Eschberger, Tallon, 80–82
Eschberger, Taralyn
, 73–75, 78, 79–81, 84, 89, 92, 93–94
Eschberger, Todd, 80, 82, 93, 94
Eschberger, Traci, 74–75, 79–82, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93
Everloop, 174–78
Fabes, Richard, 66, 67–68, 69, 71–72, 158, 215n
Facebook, 24, 163, 164–65, 166, 168, 169, 171, 174, 182
Face It (Diller and Muir-Sukenick), 138–39
fairy tales, 8, 12, 13, 14, 20–21, 23, 25, 101, 108–9, 115, 139, 145, 149, 181, 185, 190, 211n
by Brothers Grimm, 100, 101–7, 108–9, 183, 190–92
emotional development aided by, 100, 102, 104
rescue-fantasy and landing-a-prince theme in, 12, 20, 23, 101, 102, 103, 107, 144, 182
violent and gruesome imagery in, 100, 102–3, 105, 106–9, 191–92
Fairytopia Barbie, 88
fashion, 82, 86, 91, 117, 119, 123, 125, 139, 143, 152
female heroines and role models, 14, 36, 180–82, 187–91
in fairy tales, 12, 14, 20–21, 101, 102, 104–5, 107, 108–9, 185, 190–92
independent and nontraditional examples of, 30, 42, 46, 50, 101, 108–9, 112, 128, 144–45, 148, 149–50, 153, 185–86
marketing and merchandising of, 15, 36, 39–43, 46, 117, 118
rescue-fantasy and landing-a-prince theme in fiction of, 12, 20, 23, 101, 102, 103, 107, 144, 180, 182
sexualization of, 113–15, 120–24, 125, 126–28, 129–31, 144–45, 149, 221n
in TV shows for tweens, 116–20, 128–29, 130
in Twilight series, 109–12
femininity, female identity, 7, 8, 9, 19, 22, 57, 58, 61, 62, 72, 87, 96, 138–39, 155, 156–58
culture’s emphasis on beauty in, 5, 6, 9, 16, 18, 19–20, 22, 23, 34, 50, 94, 101, 119, 134, 135, 137–39, 140–41, 142–44, 145, 148–49, 152, 158, 183
digital media in shaping of, 159, 160, 162, 163, 165–68, 173, 177
exposure to stereotypes in shaping of, 16–17, 63–64, 91, 150, 198n, 202n–3n
fashion and, 17, 18, 148, 152
“Girl Power” movement in, 7, 153–55
materialistic values and, 32, 46, 49–50, 77
persisting tensions around power and, 146–49, 150–52
pink-and-pretty trend in defining of, 7, 34, 35, 36, 43, 44, 61, 67, 125
pleasing behavior as cultural trait of, 16, 17, 18, 112
and pressure to be “perfect,” 17–18, 94, 111, 140
sexiness equated with, 112, 125, 130, 134, 167, 183
“tomboys” and, 66–67
two cultural models of, 151–52
see also girlhood culture
feminism, 4, 19, 22, 46, 51, 56–58, 82, 101, 154–58, 185
princess tales inspired by, 101, 149
Fisher-Price, 51, 53
“Fitcher’s Bird” (Brothers Grimm), 108
Formspring, 168
Free to Be You and Me, 150
Friend Is Someone Who Likes You, A (Anglund), 165
Funicello, Annette, 120
“Furrypelts” (Brothers Grimm), 108
Garland, Judy, 120
gender development and identity, 55–72, 203n, 205n, 206n
brain development and, 59, 60–61, 64–65, 69, 70
nature vs. nurture in, 53–54, 55–61, 62–65, 69–71, 98, 145
playtime patterns in, 67–69, 98, 145, 157–58
segregation of sexes and, 65–72, 157–58
toy preferences and, 57, 62–64, 68
see also femininity, female identity
gender segmentation, 52, 72
color coding and, 7, 35–36, 38–39, 43, 50, 51, 63
as marketing strategy, 35–36, 38, 43, 51–52, 53, 58, 98–99
of toys, 3, 7, 21–22, 38–39, 43, 45, 50, 51–52, 63, 70, 97, 98–99, 198n
gender segregation, 51–53, 59, 65–72, 157
in playtime, 50, 66, 67–70, 72, 156–58
General Mills, 176
girlhood culture:
African Americans and, 179–81, 205n, 220n
beauty and appearance emphasized in, 5, 6, 8, 16, 18, 19–20, 22, 23, 34, 42–43, 49, 82, 94, 101, 119, 134, 135, 137–39, 140–41, 142–44, 145, 149, 152, 158, 180, 183
beauty and sexuality as sources of power in, 7, 121–22, 134, 139, 143, 149, 167, 171
color coding of, 7, 35–36, 38–39, 43, 50, 51, 63, 152
cosmetics marketed to, 7, 29, 34, 37, 39, 42, 52, 82, 83–84, 85, 155, 156
cute-to-cool trajectory in, 24–25, 47, 48
cyberbullying in, 168–70, 172–73, 174, 175, 177, 219n–20n
distorted expectations of intimate relationships in, 6, 16, 85, 110–12, 171, 172
fashion and clothing in, 38, 82, 86, 117, 119, 125, 139, 143, 152
female celebrities marketed in, 26, 113–31, 153–55, 221n
“Girl Power” movement in, 7, 153–55
Internet use in, 159–71, 172–78
Kids Getting Older Younger trend in, 47, 48, 84, 139, 183
literature and fairy tales in, see children’s literature; fairy tales
materialism and narcissistic values emphasized in, 16, 23, 30, 32, 42, 46, 48, 49–50, 77, 83, 88, 104, 117, 155, 156, 161–62
nature vs. nurture in, 53–54, 55–61, 62–65, 69–71, 98, 145
playtime patterns in, 41, 42, 43, 44, 67–69, 98, 99, 145–46, 150, 156–58, 162, 185
premature sexualization in, 6–7, 8, 24–25, 32, 52, 75, 76, 79, 84–86, 91, 113–14, 123, 125, 167–68, 170–72, 183, 184, 215n
and protecting from influence of media and marketing, 182–87, 192
protecting innocence in, 6, 24, 25, 26, 32, 49, 52, 81, 85–88, 114, 119, 125
segregation of boy culture from, 51–53, 65, 66, 67–72, 156–58
self-loathing in, 6, 18, 137, 141–42, 216n, 220n
self-objectification and performance in, 6–7, 8, 76, 78, 85, 123–24, 129–30, 142, 166–67, 171–72, 183, 195n
toys and merchandise targeted to, 15, 21–22, 26–32, 33–35, 38–39, 40–43, 44–52, 84, 86–88, 91, 97, 98, 117, 118, 144, 152, 155, 180, 185, 190
two models of female identity in, 151–52
violent play and imagery in, 96–98, 99–100, 102–3, 105, 106–9, 191–92
see also femininity, female identity; specific age groups
“girlie feminism,” 154–55, 157
“Girl Power Index” (GPI), 83
“Girl Power” movement, 7, 153–55
Girls’ Book, The: How to Be the Best at Everything (Foster), 155, 156, 157
Gomez, Selena, 128–29, 130
Good Luck Charlie, 128
Good Morning America, 75, 86
Gould, Joan, 105
Great Depression, 25
Grimm, Jacob and Wilhelm, 100, 101–9, 115, 183, 191
Groovy Girls, 88
Grover (Muppet), 40, 43
guns, toy, 96–98, 99, 102
Handy, Bruce, 115
Hannah Montana, 117–19, 128, 130, 131, 154, 182
Hannah Montana: The Movie, 118
Hannah Montana 2/Meet Miley Cyrus, 118
Happily Ever After Stories, 23
Harry Potter series, 211n
Hawkgirl, 144
Hello Kitty, 38, 126
High School Musical, 117, 120
Hill, Annette, 77, 78, 92, 93
Hinshaw, Stephen, 84–85
Hitchens, Christopher, 148
Hole, 153, 218n
Hot Wheels, 22, 46
Hunter College, 6, 171
I Know Who Killed Me, 120–21
Internet, 8, 100, 114, 120, 149, 159–71, 172–78, 189
avatars and online personas on, 159–60, 165–68
cyberbullying on, 168–70, 172–73, 174, 175, 177, 219n–20n
narcissistic tendencies and, 165–66
premature sexualization and, 167–68, 170–71, 172
preparing kids for safer and more responsible use of, 163, 174–78
sexually suggestive messages sent on, 170–71, 172
in
shaping girls’ identities, 159, 160, 162, 163, 165–68, 173, 177
social networking sites on, 159, 161, 163, 164–70, 172–73, 174–78
teenage girls’ use of, 162–71, 172–73, 219n–20n
Jacklin, Carol Nagy, 206n
Jasmine, 6, 14
Javits Center, 33, 44
Jezebel.com, 82
Jordan, Michael, 37
Julie (preschool mother), 19, 21, 22
Kakutani, Michiko, 217n
Kids Getting Older Younger (KGOY), 84–85, 91
Kiki’s Delivery Service, 185–86
Klarman Eating Disorders Center, 142
Lamb, Sharon, 151–52, 187
LeapFrog, 43
Legos, 38, 39, 46
Levin, Diane, 98, 99
Limbaugh, Rush, 148
Lip Smackers, 38, 84
Little Mermaid, 4
Little Mermaid, 20, 107
“Little Mermaid, The” (Andersen), 107–8
Little Orphan Annie, 25
Little Princess, A (Burnett), 25
Lizzie McGuire, 116–17, 118–19
Lizzie McGuire Movie, The, 117
Locke, John, 100
Lohan, Lindsay, 25, 115, 120–21, 127, 129
Lord & Taylor, 36
Los Angeles Times, 1, 189
Lovato, Demi, 128
Love, Courtney, 153
McCain, John, 148
McDonald’s, 176, 184
Madonna, 121–22
mainstream media culture, 16–17, 83, 137, 153, 211n
advertising in, 17, 91, 98, 176–77, 182, 183, 202n–3n, 221n
beauty emphasized in, 5, 6, 16, 23, 42–43, 119, 138, 145, 148, 149, 180, 183
child stars in, 25–26, 113–31
female sexualization in, 6–7, 16, 113–15, 120–24, 125, 127–28, 129–31, 144–45, 149, 167, 183, 184, 221n
gender stereotypes in, 16–17, 91, 147–48, 150, 155, 202n–3n
girlish innocence celebrated in, 24–26, 123, 129, 130
“Girl Power” movement in, 7, 153–55
materialism and narcissistic values emphasized in, 16, 23, 30, 46, 104, 117, 155, 156, 161–62
premature sexualization and, 86, 113–14, 123, 124–25, 167, 183, 184
princess movies in, 104, 107, 179–82, 187–90
rescue-fantasy and landing-a-prince theme in, 12, 20, 23, 102, 103, 107, 110, 111, 180, 182
sexuality commodified and marketed in, 121–24, 129, 130
squeaky-to-skanky celebrity transformations in, 120–24, 127–28, 129, 130
standards of beauty and idealized images of women in, 6, 17, 111, 134, 135, 137, 138, 144, 145, 148, 149, 196n, 220n
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