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ABO blood groups, 21, 22, 50–52, 60, 135
ABO blood types. See ABO blood groups
ABO gene and variants, 50–52
acetaldehyde and alcohol metabolism, 85, 86
acetate and alcohol metabolism, 86
Adam (biblical), 27, 28, 42, 43, 152
Adam, Y chromosome. See Y chromosome Adam
ADH1B gene and variants, 85–87
ADH1C gene and variants, 85, 86
Admixture, 131–34, 136, 152
Aeta, 21
Africa, 11, 20–25, 28–30, 33–35, 37–43, 46–53, 55, 56, 60–62, 67–70, 74, 78–80, 89–91, 94, 103, 110, 132–39, 145, 147, 149, 151–53
central, 55, 138, 151
eastern, 20, 94
equatorial, 62, 67, 79
northern, 33, 48, 56, 133, 136, 147
southern, 134–39
sub-Saharan, 24, 25, 30, 31, 33, 34, 49, 55, 67, 68, 132, 153
western, 145, 151, 152
African, original genetic variation, 11, 35, 49, 50, 52, 61, 89, 124, 132, 135
African American, 13, 38, 48, 49, 71, 77, 80, 90–92, 96–99, 108, 110, 147, 152
African ancestry, 22, 30, 33, 34, 48, 49, 77, 78, 80, 81, 84, 90, 91, 96
African click languages, 135
African origin of humans, 11, 28, 29, 31, 33–35, 37–43, 55, 69, 74, 151, 155, 156
AGT gene and variants, 89
Alabama, 14, 97
alcohol dependence, 85–89, 100, 119, 154
alcohol flush reaction. See facial flushing syndrome
alcoholism. See alcohol dependence
alcohol metabolism, 85, 86
ALDH2 gene and variants, 85–86
Alexander the Great, 133
American College of Medical Genetics, 96
American Psychological Association (APA), 107, 111
American Society of Hematology and sickle cell testing, 81
Amherst, Lord Jeffrey, 145
anatomically modern humans. See human origins
ancestral variant. See variant, ancestral
ancestry, 9–11, 13–17, 21, 22, 24, 25, 29, 30, 33, 34, 37–40, 42, 43, 45, 46, 48, 51, 52, 54–57, 59, 60, 67, 68, 70–75, 77, 78, 80–87, 89–91, 93, 94, 96, 99, 100, 102, 111, 112, 119, 123, 124, 129, 134, 135, 139, 140, 142, 143–46, 148, 152–55
African, 13, 22, 30, 33, 34, 37–40, 48, 49, 51, 71, 72, 77, 78, 80, 81, 84, 87, 90, 96, 152
Asian, 40, 49, 51, 70, 72, 75, 82, 86, 87, 145
Australian Aboriginal, 51, 140, 142, 143
east Asian, 49, 72, 75, 86
European, 13, 17, 22, 33, 40, 45, 46, 49, 51, 68, 70–75, 83, 84, 87, 90, 94, 96, 111, 123, 142, 143, 14
6, 152
maternal, 37–40
Middle Eastern, 87, 90, 91
mitochondrial, 38–40
Native American, 13, 39, 49, 51, 87, 146
Pacific Island, 140
paternal, 46
south Asian, 49, 80, 90
sub-Saharan African, 30
ancestry informative markers, 54, 55, 61, 100, 132, 133, 134, 152, 153
Andamanese, 21
anthropological evidence of human evolution, 28–30, 34, 127–30
antimiscegenation laws, 14, 17–19, 49, 91, 139, 143, 147, 148, 152
apartheid, 14, 138, 139, 149
Arab conquest of north Africa, 133
Arabian Peninsula, 79, 80, 91, 94, 133
Arab slave trade, 132
artificial selection. See selection, artificial
Asia, 21, 24, 25, 29, 39, 46, 47, 48, 50, 51, 55, 62, 69, 70, 75, 79–83, 86, 87, 91, 129, 132, 136, 140, 143, 147
central, 25, 48, 51, 83, 140, 143
east, 24, 25, 55, 62, 75, 86, 87, 147
south, 25, 48, 79, 80, 91, 136, 140
southeast, 21, 29, 81, 82, 140, 147
west-central, 38, 48, 129
Asian (racial classification), 48
Asian blush, flush, or glow. See facial flushing syndrome
Atlantic slave trade, 133, 134, 145, 152
Australia, 21, 25, 83, 94, 123, 134, 139–44
Australian Aborigines, 21, 51, 139–43
Aztec, 144
Balkans, 33, 136
Bantu, 132, 137–39, 145, 149
racial classification, 139, 149
expansion, 132, 137–39
Batak, 21
Battle of Blood River, 138
Belgium, 54
Bell Curve, Intelligence and Class Structure, 104–8, 118
Beringia, 39, 129, 143
Bering Strait, 143
BiDil, 96–99
biological determinism. See hereditarianism
black, racial classification, 13, 18, 21, 48, 59, 105, 106, 108, 109, 111, 115, 134, 139, 147–49
Black Sea, 69, 144
Black War, 141
blood donor compatibility, 22
blood groups. See ABO blood groups
blood pressure, 89
Blumenbach, Johann Friedrich, 48, 69
Bolivia, 10
Borneo, 140–41
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