242 the two men Curtius, 6.5.23.
242 men in Athens It is very likely that the eromenos/ erastes relationship was far more flexible than
most scholars have credited, not only with respect to the time parameters of the relationship but far
more crucially (at least for us, with our modern focus) with respect to sexual acts. The older idea that
the younger eromenos was the passive sexual actor and the erastes the dominant, active partner is not
supported by the full range of literary and especially artistic evidence. For a good discussion of the
controversies, see Davidson, J., “Dover, Foucault and Greek Homosexuality,” Past and Present 170
(2001), pp. 3–51.
243 or three companions Jacoby (1962), 225a, p. 583, quoting Theopompus of Chios.
243 was a homosexual Potts, M., and R. Short, Ever Since Adam and Eve: The Evolution of Human
Sexuality (Cambridge, 1999), p. 76.
243 was a heterosexual Tarn, W., Alexander the Great, volume 2 (Cambridge, 1948), pp. 320–323.
243 was not effeminate Athenaeus, 10.435.a, quoting Hieronymous in his Letters citing
Theophrastus.
244 had sexual relations Aelian, Varia Historia, 12.34.
244 son named Herakles Justin, 11.10.2–3.
244 their provinces diminished Stewart, S., In the Empire of Ghengis Khan (Guilford, 2002), p.
17.
244 for the eyes Plutarch, 21.5.
244 to the Indus River Plutarch, 22.3.
244 main port of Carmania Arrian, Indike, 34–36. Harmozeia was located southeast of modern
Bandar-e-Abbas.
245 of the voyage For the fragments quoted by Arrian and others, see Jacoby (1962), 133, pp. 677–
722; and also Pearson (1960), pp. 131–139.
245 eastern stream of the Indus Bosworth (1988), p. 140.
245 in early November Strabo, 15.2.5; Arrian, Indike, 21.1.
245 died down Arrian, Indike, 21.5–6.
245 the satrap’s part Arrian, 7.5.5; Arrian, Indike, 23.5. Thus, when Alexander replaced
Apollophanes by Thoas at Pura, he was replacing a dead governor.
245 at the earliest Bosworth (1988), p. 151.
246 terrifying the Macedonians Arrian, Indike, 30.1–7.
246 with their oars Arrian, Indike, 30.5–6.
246 the south coast Arrian, Indike, 31.1–9.
246 with the army Arrian, 6.28.6.
246 road to Pasargadae Arrian, 6.29.1.
246 usurped by Orxines Arrian, 6.29.2.
246 as a satrap Curtius, 10.1.22–23.
247 of silver coins Curtius, 10.1.24.
247 put to death Arrian, 6.29.3.
247 on the throne Curtius, 10.1.39.
247 “O man!” Arrian, 6.29.8.
247 the body of Cyrus Arrian, 6.29.9.
248 every stolen object Arrian, 6.29.10.
248 the guilty party Curtius, 10.1.33–35.
248 “that women once” Curtius, 10.1.37, translation from Yardley (1984), p. 240.
248 to death illegally Arrian, 6.30.1–2.
248 learned Persian Arrian, 6.30.3.
248 to his own Arrian, 6.30.3.
CHAPTER 26 Marriage: Persian Style
249 Persia and Susiana Strabo, 15.1.68; Diodorus, 17.107.1.
249 his own life Plutarch, 69.3; Arrian, 7.3.1.
249 in his honor Arrian, 7.3.1–6; Plutarch, 69.3–4; Diodorus, 17.107.1–6.
250 from the flames Arrian, 7.3.5.
250 contempt for death Diodorus, 17.107.5.
250 the debauchery ended Plutarch, 70.1.
250 March 324 Diodorus, 17.107.6.
250 from Harmozeia Arrian, Indike, 42.7–8.
250 were celebrated Arrian, Indike, 42.8.
251 of the bodyguard Arrian, 7.5.4–6; Arrian, Indike, 42.9.
251 promised to do Diodorus, 17.38.1.
251 Companions and friends Arrian, 7.4.4–8.
251 Artaxerxes III Ochus Arrian, 7.4.4.
251 the Bactrian Spitamenes Arrian, 7.4.5–6.
251 noblewomen as brides Arrian, 7.4.6; Athenaeus, 12.538.b–539.a.
251 the ceremony first Arrian, 7.4.7–8.
252 gift from Alexander Arrian, 7.4.8.
252 of a royal marriage Bosworth (1988), p. 156.
253 pleased about it Arrian, 7.6.2.
253 spendthrifts among them Arrian, 7.5.1.
253 9,870 talents Plutarch, 70.2; Curtius, 10.2.9–11.
253 the highest 20,000 Arrian, 7.5.3.
253 to Asian traders Hammond (1997), p. 188.
254 Macedonian battle dress Arrian, 7.6.1; Curtius, 8.5.1; Plutarch, 47.3 (selection in Hyrcania);
Diodorus, 17.108.1, wrongly after Hyphasis.
254 serve in it Arrian, 7.6.2–4.
254 their native javelins Arrian, 7.6.5.
254 the Macedonians themselves Arrian, 7.6.5.
CHAPTER 27 The Mutiny at Opis
255 the Companion cavalry Arrian, 7.7.1.
255 (into the Tigris) Arrian, 7.7.2.
255 with the army Arrian, 7.7.6.
255 Spasinou Charax Pliny, Natural History, 6.31.138. For questions about the identification of the
site of Alexander’s foundation with Spasinouu Charax, rebuilt by the Arab ruler Spasines, now Karkh
Maisan, see Fraser, P., Cities of Alexander the Great (Oxford, 1996), pp. 168–169.
255 capital of Pella Bosworth (1988), p. 159.
255 to invading fleets Arrian, 7.7.6–7.
256 Nabonidus’ immense empire Kuhrt (1995), p. 659.
256 dangers and toils Arrian, 7.8.1; Curtius, 10.2.8; Diodorus, 17.109.2; Plutarch, 71.2; Justin,
12.11.4.
256 conquer the world Plutarch, 71.2. For the mutiny, see Wüst, F., “Die Meuterei von Opis,”
Historia 2 (1953–1954b), pp. 418–431.
256 respect his soldiers Justin, 12.11.5–6.
257 with his own hands Curtius, 10.2.30; Diodorus, 17.109.2.
257 executed without delay Arrian, 7.8.3.
257 wherever they wanted Arrian, 7.9.1–10.7; Curtius, 10.2.15–29.
258 out of his sight Arrian, 7.10.7.
258 enter his quarters Arrian, 7.11.1.
258 the customary kiss Arrian, 7.11.1.
259 pity on them Arrian, 7.11.4.
259 “O king” Arrian, 7.11.6.
259 “But all of you” Arrian, 7.12.7.
259 the victory paean Arrian, 7.11.7.
259 all the Macedonians Arrian, 7.11.8.
259 “any of the other” Arrian, 7.11.8–9, translation from Robson (1978), p. 241.
260 paean of victory Arrian, 7.11.8–9.
260 unity of mankind Tarn, W., “Alexander the Great and the Unity of Mankind,” ProcBritAc 19
(1933), pp. 123–166.
260 of the sort See especially Badian, E., “Alexander the Great and the Unity of Mankind,” Historia
7 (1958), pp. 425–444.
261 of one talent Arrian, 7.12.1.
261 to their fathers Arrian, 7.12.2.
261 men sent home Arrian, 7.12.3–4.
261 regent in Macedon Arrian, 7.12.5.
261 constant interference Arrian, 7.12.6.
261 in her womb Arrian, 7.12.6. On the other hand, according to Plutarch, 39.7, Alexander, after
reading a long letter from Antipater criticizing Olympias, is reported to have remarked that Antipater
did not realize that a single tear from a mother wiped out ten thousand letters.
262 other Macedonians and Greeks Arrian, 7.12.7.
262 in Alexander’s estimation Arrian, 7.12.7.
262 and his mother Arrian, 7.12.6.
262 of the shakes Plutarch, 74.1–4.
262 the Persian kings Strabo, 11.13.1; Bosworth (1988), p. 163.
CHAPTER 28 Future Plans
263 with his companions Arrian, 7.14.1.
263 arrived from Greece Plutarch, 72.1.
<
br /> 263 and royal sponsors For background, see Roueché, C., Performers and Partisans at
Aphrodisias in the Roman and Late Roman Periods (London, 1993), pp. 50–52.
263 then rose quickly Plutarch, 72.1.
263 of his illness Arrian, 7.14.1.
263 already was dead Arrian, 7.14.1.
263 was Alexander-loving Diodorus, 17.114.2.
264 closest male friend Arrian, 7.14.3, who uses the word philtato, or “most dear,” to describe
Alexander’s relationship to Hephaestion.
264 Alexander’s own words To Sisygambis after the battle at the Issos River; Diodorus, 17.114.2.
264 neighboring cities demolished Plutarch, 72.2.
264 kept on drinking heavily Arrian, 7.14.4.
264 as a hero Plutarch, 72.2.
264 gestures of mourning Arrian, 7.14.9.
264 throughout the East Arrian, 7.14.8–9.
264 five successive friezes Diodorus, 17.115.1–5.
264 carry them out Diodorus, 18.4.2–3, says that Perdiccas found orders for the completion of
Hephaestion’s pyre as well as other plans in the so-called Hypomnemata of the king after he died.
265 pyramids in Egypt Diodorus, 18.4.4–5.
265 and quince yellow “Apple Bearers” because on the butts of the spears of these élite guards of
the Persian kings were golden apples; see Athenaeus, 12.514.b.
265 on all sides Athenaeus, 12.539.d–e.
265 “he was a man” Bosworth (1988), p. 165.
266 in history: conquer The empire of Ghengis Khan, of course, was four times larger than
Alexander’s, but Ghengis Khan did not personally lead or fight at the front of his victorious armies.
266 spirit of Hephaestion Plutarch, 72.3.
266 within his empire Diodorus, 17.111.5–6.
266 and the Iberians Arrian, 7.15.4
267 those in India Arrian, 7.19.1.
267 schedule of audiences Diodorus, 17.113.3.
267 and the rest Diodorus, 17.113.3–4.
267 receiving exiles back Diodorus, 17.113.3.
267 exiles’ confiscated property The announcement ( diagramma) was probably made first to the
army at Susa and later by letter to the Greeks at the Olympic games. See Diodorus, 18.8.2–3;
Hyperides, Against Demosthenes, 18; Dinarchus, Against Demosthenes, 81ff; Plutarch, Moralia,
221A; Justin, 13.5.2; Curtius, 10.2.4ff.
267 as political gain Diodorus, 18.8.2.
267 or, possibly, murder Diodorus, 17.109.1.
267 enforce the decree Diodorus, 18.8.4.
267 decree were enforced Diodorus, 18.8.6–7; for the effects with respect to the island of Samos,
see Dittenberger, W., Sylloge Inscriptionum Graecorum (Leipzig, 1915–1924), no. 312; and
generally, Bosworth (1988), pp. 220–228. Ashton, N., “The Lamian War: A False Start,” Antichthon
17 (1983), pp. 47–83, has argued that the Athenians had decided to revolt from Macedonian control
in reaction to the Exiles’ Decree before Harpalus fled to Athens in (perhaps) mid-June 324 B.C.E. For
compelling arguments against this interpretation, see, Worthington, I., “The Harpalus Affair and the
Greek Response to the Macedonian Hegemony,” in Ventures into Greek History: Essays in Honour
of N.G.L. Hammond, ed. I. Worthington (Oxford, 1994), pp. 307–330.
267 to be seen Bosworth (1988), pp. 221, 227–228.
267 not stated openly Because of Alexander’s death ten months after the proclamation of the decree,
the Exiles’ Decree never was enacted, at least in the way that Alexander intended it to be.
268 returned to Athens Arrian, 7.19.2.
268 at this time Arrian, 7.15.5.
268 their future greatness Arrian, 7.15.5.
268 of Rome’s fame Arrian, 7.1.3.
268 “Prophets are best” Arrian, 7.16.5–6.
268 lead it eastward Arrian, 7.16.6.
269 own surplus revenues Arrian, 7.17.1–4.
269 the west after all Arrian, 7.17.6–7.
269 (in which the upper) Hammond (1997), p. 179.
269 down the Euphrates Arrian, 7.19.3.
269 familiar with the sea Arrian, 7.19.5.
269 honor to Alexander Arrian, 7.19.6.
269 prosperous new cities Arrian, 7.20.2.
270 pantheon: himself Arrian, 7.20.1.
270 for further conquest Arrian, 7.19.6.
270 Alexander was concerned Badian, E., “Alexander the Great and the Loneliness of Power,” in
Studies in Greek and Roman History, Oxford, 1968, pp. 192–205—a brilliant article, but I cannot
agree with its conclusions about Alexander’s state of mind in the spring of 323 B.C.E.
270 Archias and Androsthenes Arrian, 7.20.3–7.
270 into the ocean Arrian, 7.20.7–8.
270 shores of the Caspian Arrian, 7.16.1–2.
271 the Arabian lakes Arrian, 7.21.1.
271 or unfit veterans Arrian, 7.21.7; Hammond (1997), p. 179.
271 for the helmsmen Arrian, 7.23.5.
271 with his cavalry Arrian, 7.23.1.
271 then another Macedonian Arrian, 7.23.3–4. A ten-stater man received around forty drachmae
per month for pay. The double-pay soldier got sixty drachmae per month; the ordinary infantryman
was paid one drachma per day.
271 honor a god Arrian, 7.23.2.
271 unanswerable, question Hyperides, Funeral Oration, 21, implies that sacrifices to Alexander
indeed had taken place. In Ephesos Alexander also was written of as a god, according to Strabo,
14.1.22.
271 “Since Alexander wishes” Wilson, N., Aelian, Historical Miscellany (Cambridge, 1997), 2.19,
p. 91.
271 Alexander a god Athenaeus, 6.251.b.
271 not far off Arrian, 7.24.1. On the controversies related to Alexander’s deification, see Balsdon,
J., “The ‘Divinity’ of Alexander,” Historia 1 (1950), pp. 363–388; Fredricksmeyer, E., “Three Notes
on Alexander’s Deification,” AJAH 4 (1979), pp. 1–9; and Badian, E., “The Deification of Alexander
the Great,” in Ancient Macedonian Studies in Honor of Charles F. Edson, ed. H. Dell (Thessaloniki,
1981), pp. 27–71.
CHAPTER 29 Death in Babylon
273 his old tutor For a good introduction to the source traditions, see Bosworth, A., “The Death of
Alexander the Great: Rumour and Propaganda,” CQ 21 (1971), pp. 112–136.
273 so-called Royal Diaries Plutarch, 76.1–4; Arrian, 7.24.4–26.3, in Greek the Ephemerides.
273 admiral of his fleet Plutarch, 75.3.
273 at Medius’ party Plutarch, 75.3; Arrian, 7.25.1. According to Arrian’s version of the story, the
fever came on Alexander after he had dined with Medius, drank until late at night, bathed, ate a little,
and slept where he was—the fever already having come over him.
274 toward the evening Plutarch, 76.1–4.
274 the Royal Diaries Arrian, 7.25.1–6.
274 day after that Arrian, 7.25.2.
274 with his eyes Arrian, 7.26.1.
275 by the god Arrian, 7.26.2.
275 where he was Arrian, 7.26.2.
275 to be death Arrian, 7.26.3.
275 ended here Arrian, 7.26.3.
275 “to kratisto” Arrian, 7.26.3.
275 was ambiguous Diodorus, 17.117.4, also reports this exchange between Alexander and his
friends.
275 of his funeral Diodorus, 17.117.4.
275 they were happy Curtius, 10.5.6.
275 and former friends Plutarch, 77.1–3; Arrian, 7.27.1–3.
275 more sinister story Diodorus, 17.117.5–118.2; Justin, 12.13.7–15.13.
276 Andromeda of Euripides Athenaeus, 12.537.d, quoting Ephippus. If the anecdote
is true, it is
another indication that while Alexander may have lost his mind by the spring of 323 he most certainly
had not lost his memory.
276 toasts in return Athenaeus, 10.434.c, quoting Nicobule.
276 the royal apartments Diodorus, 17.117.1–2.
276 hoof of an ass Plutarch, 77.2.
276 and Medius’ lover Arrian, 7.27.1–2. Medius was the host of the fatal dinner party.
276 vomit up the wine Stoneman (1991), book 3, chapter 32. For the Alexander Romance generally,
see Baynham, E., “Who Put the ‘Romance’ in the Alexander Romance? The Alexander Romance
within Alexander Historiography,” Ancient History Bulletin 9, no. 1 (1995), pp. 1–13.
277 his eternal sleep Stoneman (1991), book 3, chapter 32.
277 Babylon in 323 See Fraser, P., “Current Problems Concerning the Early History of the Cult of
Sarapis,” OpAth 7 (1967), pp. 23–45; and Bosworth (1988), p. 172.
277 of foul play Bosworth (1988), p. 172.
277 was not murdered Bosworth (1988), p. 172.
277 nearly immediate death Lane Fox (1973), p. 471.
278 after Alexander’s death Plutarch, 77.1. Although there may have been private rumors
circulating earlier—as was to be expected in the case of the sudden death of a great public figure such
as Alexander.
278 as soon as possible Lane Fox (1973), p. 470.
278 seems more plausible For a judicious weighing of the evidence and skepticism about the story
of foul play, see Bosworth (1988), p. 173; Hammond also disbelieves the murder story (1997), p.
198.
278 remains endemic there See Engels, D., “A Note on Alexander’s Death,” CP 73 (1978), pp.
224–228; and Hammond (1997), p. 198.
278 acute alcohol poisoning See generally, O’Brien, J., Alexander the Great: The Invisible Enemy
(London, 1992).
278 a drinking spree Athenaeus, 10.434.b.
279 of secondary infection Borza, E., and J. Reames-Zimmerman, “Some New Thoughts on the
Death of Alexander the Great,” AncW 31 (2000), pp. 22–30.
279 dead at his feet Plutarch, 73.1. The theory of John Marr, the chief epidemiologist of the Virginia
Health Department of Health, cited in “Analysis: Alexander the Great May Have Been West Nile
Victim,” Cedar Rapids Gazette, December 13, 2003.
279 with Alexander persists For some recent theories, see Oldach, D., et al., “A Mysterious Death,”
New England Journal of Medicine 338 (1998), pp. 1764–1768.
279 without a trace Bosworth (1988), p. 180.
279 to be fraudulent Holt, F., “Dead Kings Are Hard to Find,” Saudi Aramco World 52, no. 3
Alexander Page 45