by Jane Goodall
32. “a handful of seeds” David Aplin, “ ‘Kiss of Life’ Saves Extinct Grass: Belgian Endemic Back for Birthday Celebrations,” European Native Seed Conservation News 491 (2006): 9.
33. “growing in pots on the windowsill” Vines, op. cit.
34. “plans for their reintroduction” Aplin, op. cit.
35. “collaboration recently formed” “European Native Seed Conservation Network (ENSCONET),” Kew Royal Botanic Gardens, accessed August 12, 2013, http://www.kew.org/science-research-data/directory/projects/ENSCONET.htm.
36. “some 1,400 seed banks around the world” “Doomsday Seed Vault Provides Safety Net for Global Agriculture,” US Fed News Service, Including US State News, last modified October 27, 2009, http://www.voanews.com/content/a-13-2007-02-20-voa60-66704617/559472.html.
37. “largest one focusing on wild plants” “Introducing the Millennium Seed Bank Partnership,” Kew Royal Botanic Gardens, accessed August 12, 2013, http://www.kew.org/science-conservation/save-seed-prosper/millennium-seed-bank/index.htm.
38. “extraordinary Russian scientist, Nikolai Vavilov” Gary Paul Nabhan, Where Our Food Comes From: Retracing Nikolay Vavilov’s Quest to End Famine (Washington, DC: Island Press/Shearwater Books, 2009), xxiv–xxv, 3, 9.
39. “proclaimed an ‘enemy of the people’ ” Ibid., 57.
40. “but for the heroic efforts” Ibid., 3–6.
41. “died in prison” Ibid., 190.
42. “named in Vavilov’s honor” Ibid., 4.
43. “new threat to the Vavilov Institute” David Greene, “Researchers Fight to Save Fruits of Their Labor,” National Public Radio, August 30, 2010, http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=129499099.
44. “most remarkable seed bank collection” “Svalbard Global Seed Vault: Frequently Asked Questions,” Norwegian Ministry of Agriculture and Food, last modified May 5, 2012, http://www.regjeringen.no/en/dep/lmd/campain/svalbard-global-seed-vault/frequently-asked-questions.html?id=462221.
45. “designed to remain frozen for up to two hundred years” Cary Fowler, “The Svalbard Global Seed Vault: Securing the Future of Agriculture,” February 26, 2008, http://www.croptrust.org/documents/Svalbard%20opening/New%20EMBARGOED-Global%20Crop%20Diversity%20Trust%20Svalbard%20Paper.pdf.
46. “nicknamed it ‘Pu Gong Ying’ ” Sebastian Jordana, “UK Pavilion for Shanghai World Expo 2010 / Heatherwick Studio,” ArchDaily, May 3, 2010, http://www.archdaily.com/58591.
CHAPTER 8
1. “published at the end of the nineteenth century” Frederick Boyle, About Orchids, A Chat (London: Chapman and Hall, Ltd., 1893).
2. “thirteen species are found north of the Arctic Circle” Carlyle A. Luer, The Native Orchids of the United States and Canada Excluding Florida (New York: American Orchid Society, 1975), 11.
3. “where there are only three!” M. M. Bruegmann and V. Caraway, “Anoectochilus sandvicensis,” in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (Cambridge, UK: International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 2003), last modified January 2013, http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/44091/0.
4. “smallest orchid on the planet” “The Orchid Family (Orchidaceae),” Kew Royal Botanic Gardens, accessed August 8, 2013, http://www.kew.org/plants-fungi/for-gardeners/orchids/.
5. “has no leaves at all” Lin Taylor and David L. Roberts, “Biological Flora of the British Isles: Epipogium aphyllum Sw.,” Journal of Ecology 99 (2011): 878–90.
6. “discovered by Dutch botanist Ed de Vogel in 2008” Andre Schuiteman, Jaap Jan Vermeulen, Ed de Vogel, and Art Vogel, “Nocturne for an Unknown Pollinator: First Description of a Night-Flowering Orchid (Bulbophyllum nocturnum),” Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 167 (2011): 344–50. See also “Bulbophyllum nocturnum,” Kew Royal Botanic Gardens, accessed August 8, 2013, http://www.kew.org/plants-fungi/Bulbophyllum-nocturnum.htm.
7. “serve as a ‘landing pad’ ” Kew, op. cit., accessed August 13, http://www.kew.org/plants-fungi/Bulbophyllum-nocturnum.htm.
8. “offer nectar as a reward” Mary Ruth M. Neiland and Christopher C. Wilcock, “Fruit Set, Nectar Reward, and Rarity in the Orchidaceae,” American Journal of Botany 85 (1998): 1657–71.
9. “bee orchid” M. Streinzer, T. Ellis, H. F. Paulus, and J. Spaethe, “Visual Discrimination between Two Sexually Deceptive Ophrys Species by a Bee Pollinator,” Arthropod-Plant Interactions 4 (2010): 141–48. F. P. Schiestl, “On the Success of a Swindle: Pollination by Deception in Orchids,” Naturwissenschaften 92 (June 2005): 255–64.
10. “who wrote in a letter to Sir Joseph Hooker” “Plants for Gardeners,” Kew Royal Botanic Gardens, accessed August 9, 2013, http://www.kew.org/plants-fungi/for-gardeners/.
11. “as many as four million” Bindiya Prakash et al., “Effect of Different pH on In Vitro Seed Germination of Vanda tesselata (Roxb.)Hook. Ex.G an Endangered Medicinal Orchid,” Advances in Life Science and Technology 8 (2013), www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/ALST/article/download/5944/6112.
12. “obsessive fascination for orchids” Kew, op. cit., http://www.kew.org/plants-fungi/for-gardeners/orchids/. Albert Millican, Travels and Adventures of an Orchid Hunter (London: Cassel & Company, 1801).
13. “providing others with false maps” Susan Orlean, The Orchid Thief (New York: Random House, 1998), 59.
14. “extraordinary feats of endurance” Ibid. A. M. Martin, “The Perils of Plant Collecting,” accessed August 11, 2013, http://www.lmi.org.uk/Data/10/Docs/16/16Martin.pdf.
15. “after an unsuccessful trip” Stephen W. Ingram and Margaret D. Lowman, “The Collection and Preservation of Plant Material from the Tropical Forest Canopy,” in Forest Canopies (Waltham, MA: Academic Press, 1995), 587–603.
16. “who perished of disease, wild animals, natives” Martin, op. cit., http://www.lmi.org.uk/Data/10/Docs/16/16Martin.pdf.
17. “survived to die peacefully” M. Benedict Roezl, “Obituary,” The Garden 28 (October 4, 1885): 438.
18. “robbed seventeen times” Orlean, op. cit., 59.
19. “for the Mexican bandits who had captured him” Tyler-Whittle and Charles Elliott, The Plant Hunters: Tales of the Botanist-Explorers Who Enriched Our Gardens (New York: Lyons & Burgord, 1997).
20. “ ‘For when a man falls in love with orchids’ ” Norman MacDonald, The Orchid Hunters: A Jungle Adventure (New York: Farrar & Rinehart, 1939).
21. “most lucrative flower business worldwide” Craig Pittman, “The Case of the Purloined Orchid,” Sarasota Magazine, March 1, 2005, http://sarasotamagazine.com/blog/2005/03/01/the-case-of-the-purloined-orchid/
22. “involving some $44 billion” Craig Pittman and Raymond Arsenault, The Scent of Scandal: Green, Betrayal, and the World’s Most Beautiful Orchid (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2012), 25.
23. “followed the discovery, in 2002” John T. Atwood, Stig Dalström, and Richardo Fernandez, “Phragmipedium kovachii, a New Species from Peru,” Selbyana 23 (2002): 1–4.
24. “stopped at a roadside kiosk” Pittman, Sarasota Magazine, op. cit., http://sarasotamagazine.com/blog/2005/03/01/the-case-of-the-purloined-orchid/. See also “Phragmipedium kovachii,” Spike: Newsletter of the Ottawa Orchid Society, September 2007, http://www.ottawaorchidsociety.com/september_2007.pdf.
25. “He flew with one of the plants” Ibid.
26. “more than six thousand living orchids” “The Gardens,” Marie Selby Botanical Gardens, accessed August 12, 2013, http://www.selby.org/gardens/marie-selby-botanical-gardens.
27. “if the orchid was being cultivated in Peru” “PERU: Exports of Specimens of Wild Fauna and Flora,” No. 2009/053, Convention of International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, last modified December 22, 2009, http://www.cites.org/eng/notif/2009/E053.pdf.
28. “already knew about Kovach’s orchid” Pittman, Sarasota Magazine, op. cit., http://sarasotamagazine.com/blog/2005/03/01/the-case-of-the-purloined-orchid/. Pittman, The Scent of Scandal, op. cit. See also Spike: Newsletter of the Ottawa Orchid S
ociety, op. cit., http://www.ottawaorchidsociety.com/september_2007.pdf.
29. “in honor of its homeland” Ibid.
30. “Selby’s taxonomists heard about this rival effort” Pittman, Sarasota Magazine, op. cit., http://sarasotamagazine.com/blog/2005/03/01/the-case-of-the-purloined-orchid/. Pittman, The Scent of Scandal, op. cit. See also Spike: Newsletter of the Ottawa Orchid Society, op. cit., http://www.ottawaorchidsociety.com/september_2007.pdf.
31. “Kovach was ecstatic” Pittman, The Scent of Scandal, op. cit.
32. “one of the most coveted” Ibid.
33. “unusual plants that attract pollinators” Nelis A. Cingel, An Atlas of Orchid Pollination: America, Africa, Asia and Australia (Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2001), 178.
34. “using them for a variety of ailments” Christopher J. Bulpitt, Yan Li, Pauline F. Bulpitt, and Jiguang Want, “The Use of Orchids in Chinese Medicine,” Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 100 (2007): 558–63. C. J. Bulpitt, “The Uses and Misuses of Orchids in Medicine,” QJM: An International Journal of Medicine 98 (2005): 625–31.
35. “ ‘is it not formed like the male’s privy parts?’ ” James Franklin, The Science of Conjecture: Evidence and Probability Before Pascal (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001).
36. “treat a whole variety of sexual disorders” Bulpitt, op. cit., 558–63.
37. “orchid’s supposed aphrodisiac qualities” Marilyn Ekhald Ravicz, Erotic Cuisine: A Natural History of Aphrodisiac Cookery (Bloomington, IN: XLibris, 2001).
38. “became popular in England” “Salop/Saloop,” Gourmet Britain, accessed August 13, 2013, http://www.gourmetbritain.com/food-encyclopedia/4484/salopsaloop/.
39. “increasingly popular outside Turkey” “Ice Cream Threatens Turkey’s Flowers,” BBC News, August 5, 2003, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3126047.stm.
40. “cultivate them commercially” “Rare Species…,” Phytesia, accessed August 12, 2013, http://www.phytesia.com/en/pharma-cosmetics-natural-extract-orchids.php?PHPSESSID=57fe966bc7833867780178605b94d03e.
41. “valued as medicinal plants and food” Iosbyl La Croix and Eric La Croix, African Orchids in the Wild and in Cultivation (Portland, OR: Timber Press, 1997).
42. “orchid tubers were considered a ‘famine food’ ” Eric Hagsater and Vinciane Dumont, eds., Orchids: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan (Gland, Switz.: International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 1996).
43. “boiled tubers became a fashionable dish” Bulpitt, op. cit., 625–31.
44. “is valued for various medicinal reasons” Ana Ribeiro et al., “Ethnobotanical Survey in Canhane Village, District of Massingir, Mozambique: Medicinal Plants and Traditional Knowledge,” Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 6 (2010), http://www.ethnobiomed.com/content/pdf/1746-4269-6-33.pdf.
45. “unsustainable illegal trade across the border” Bulpitt, op. cit., 625–31.
46. “Tanzanian authorities have made a new and beautiful” “Kitulo National Park,” Tanzania National Parks, accessed August 12, 2013, http://www.tanzaniaparks.com/kitulo.html.
47. “source of vanilla flavoring” “Vanilla planifolia (Vanilla),” Kew Royal Botanic Gardens, accessed August 12, 2013, http://www.kew.org/plants-fungi/Vanilla-planifolia.htm. “Meet the Plants,” National Tropical Botanical Garden, accessed August 12, 2013, http://ntbg.org/plants/plant_details.php?plantid=11345. Melina Gerosa Bellows, “The Buzz in Mexico,” National Geographic Traveler, January/February 2012, http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/countries/mexico-honey-traveler/.
48. “like all members of the vanilla genus” Kew, op. cit., http://www.kew.org/plants-fungi/Vanilla-planifolia.htm. Bellows, op. cit., http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/countries/mexico-honey-traveler/.
49. “Totonac people of Veracruz, Mexico” Pesach Lubinsky et al., “Origins and Dispersal of Cultivated Vanilla (Vanilla planifolia Jacks. [Orchidaceae]),” Economic Botany 62 (2008): 127–38.
50. “conquered by the Aztecs in 1427” Carlos Ossenbach, “Orchids and Orchidology in Central America: 500 Years of History,” Lankesteriana 9 (2009), http://lankesteriana.org/lankesteriana/Vol.9(1-2)/Lankesteriana%209(1-2)%20COMPLETE%20ISSUE.pdf.
51. “fondness for the scent as well as the taste” E. A. Weiss, Spice Crops (New York: CABI Publishing, 2002). Mary Tucker, Mayans & Aztecs: Exploring Ancient Civilizations (Dayton: Teaching & Learning Co., 2002).
52. “flavoring for their cacahuatl” Ossenbach, op. cit., http://lankesteriana.org/lankesteriana/Vol.9(1-2)/Lankesteriana%209(1-2)%20COMPLETE%20ISSUE.pdf. See also “Chocolate: Food of the Gods,” Cornell University, accessed August 12, 2013, http://exhibits.mannlib.cornell.edu/chocolate/cacahuatl.php.
53. “added it to their medicinal remedies” Weiss, op. cit. Tucker, op. cit.
54. “sent vanilla beans, along with cacao beans” Ossenbach, op. cit., http://lankesteriana.org/lankesteriana/Vol.9(1-2)/Lankesteriana%209(1-2)%20COMPLETE%20ISSUE.pdf. Cornell University, op. cit., http://exhibits.mannlib.cornell.edu/chocolate/cacahuatl.php.
55. “cultivation of the orchid did not occur until 1836” “Vanilla’s Origins,” Nielsen Massey, accessed August 12, 2013, http://www.nielsenmassey.com/consumer/vanillas-origins.php. “Vanilla Mill,” Brazilian Orchids, accessed August 12, 2013, http://www.delfinadearaujo.com/generos/vanilla/vanilaen.htm.
56. “twelve-year-old Edmond Albius” “The Vanilla of French Polynesia,” Sea Education Association, accessed August 12, 2013, http://www.sea.edu/spice233/moorea_atlas/the_vanilla_of_french_polynesia.
57. “Thousands of species live in rain forest trees” “Orchid Smuggling and Conservation (ORCHID),” American University, accessed August 12, 2013, http://www1.american.edu/ted/orchid.htm.
CHAPTER 9
1. “on the bank of the Euphrates” Encyclopaedia Britannica Online, s.v. “Hanging Gardens of Babylon,” accessed August 14, 2013, http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/254309/Hanging-Gardens-of-Babylon.
2. “built for his wife” Ibid.
3. “driven up pipes” Ibid.
4. “highest garden was one hundred feet square” Irving L. Finkel, “The Hanging Gardens of Babylon,” in Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, ed. Peter A. Clayton and Martin Price (New York: Routledge, 2001), 45.
5. “built by King Sennacherib” Britannica, op. cit., http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/254309/Hanging-Gardens-of-Babylon.
6. “ ‘the ultimate romantic flower’ ” Jeroen Haijtink, “The Jane Goodall Rose,” February 2012, http://www.janegoodall-italia.org/varhtml/news/Rose_JG_GB.pdf.
7. “most severely traumatized patients” Interview with Freedom from Torture staff member.
8. “gardening promotes well-being” M. T. Gonzalez et al., “Therapeutic Horticulture in Clinical Depression: A Prospective Study of Active Components,” Journal of Advanced Nursing 66 (September 2010): 2002–13. T. Eriksson, Y. Westerberg, and H. Jonsson, “Experiences of Women with Stress-Related Ill Health in a Therapeutic Gardening Program,” Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy 78 (December 2011): 273–81. L. Grabbe, J. Ball, and A. Goldstein, “Gardening for the Mental Well-Being of Homeless Women,” Journal of Holistic Nursing (2013): in press. Detweiler et al., “What Is the Evidence to Support the Use of Therapeutic Gardens for the Elderly?” Psychiatry Investigations 9 (July 2012): 100–10. Enbel Shacham et al., “Urban Farming: A Non-Traditional Intervention for HIV-Related Distress,” AIDS Behavior 16 (July 2012): 1238–42.
9. “putting one’s hands in the soil” Leonard P. Perry, “Garden Design to Reduce Stress,” University of Vermont Department of Plant and Soil Science, last modified January 1, 2005, http://pss.uvm.edu/ppp/pubs/oh82stress.htm. Jean Larson, Anne Hancheck, and Paula Vollmar, “Accessible Gardening for Therapeutic Horticulture,” University of Minnesota, last modified 2008, http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/horticulture/dg6757.html.
10. “half an hour of gardening” Tatiana Morales, “Gardening as Exercise,” CBS News, Februrary 11
, 2009, http://www.cbsnews.com/2100-500164_162-515010.html. Raymud Flandez, “Vegetable Gardens Help Morale Grow,” Wall Street Journal, August 18, 2009, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB125055110227438411.html.
11. “prisons are sponsoring onsite gardening programs” Mike Maddox, “Using Gardening to Teach Life Skills to Jail Inmates,” University of Wisconsin-Extension, accessed July 29, 2013, http://rock.uwex.edu/files/2011/01/RECAP-2010.pdf. James Jiler, Doing Time in the Garden: Life Lessons Through Prison Horticulture (Oakland, CA: New Village Press, 2006). Rachel Cernansky, “Prison Gardens a Growing Trend, Feeding Inmates on the Inside and Food Banks on the Outside,” TLC: How Stuff Works, accessed July 29, 2013, http://recipes.howstuffworks.com/prison-gardens-growing-trend1.htm.
12. “ ‘A garden is one of the few things’ ” Nelson Mandela, Long Walk to Freedom (Abacus 40th Anniversary) (New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2008).
13. “ ‘Going out there and taking responsibility’ ” Louise Gray, “The Secret Life of the ‘Guerilla Gardener,’ ” Telegraph, April 15, 2009, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/lifestyle/5154388/The-secret-life-of-the-guerilla-gardener.html.
14. “biggest new gardening trends in the United States” “Top Garden Trends for 2013: Less Grass—More Flowers,” Better Homes and Gardens, accessed August 15, 2013, http://www.bhg.com/gardening/gardening-trends/top-garden-trends/#page=17.
15. “gardeners are discovering the joys of creating” “Garden Media Reveals Its 2013–14 Garden Trends Report: Finding ‘Bliss’ by Channeling the Forces of Nature,” Garden Media Group, accessed August 15, 2014, http://www.gardenmediagroup.com/clients/client-news/278-garden-media-reveals-its-2013-14-garden-trends-report.
16. “ ‘Pollinator Pathway’ in Seattle” “About: The Program,” Pollinator Pathway, accessed August 15, 2013, http://www.pollinatorpathway.com/about/what-is-it.
CHAPTER 10
1. “from the resin of Tolu” “Germplasm Resources Information Network,” US Department of Agriculture, accessed July 8, 2013, http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?24873. “Myroxylon balsamum Harms,” in C. P. Khare, ed., Indian Medicinal Plants (New York: Springer), accessed July 8, 2013, http://www.springerreference.com/docs/html/chapterdbid/68988.html.