by Jane Goodall
56. “warning of possible allergic reactions and gene transfer” “Food Safety: 20 Questions on Genetically Modified Foods,” World Health Organization, accessed July 22, 2013, http://www.who.int/foodsafety/publications/biotech/en/20questions_en.pdf.
57. “are found to be contaminated” Patricia Callahan and Scott Kilman, “Laboratory Tests Belie Promises of Some ‘GMO-Free’ Food Labels,” Wall Street Journal, April 5, 2001, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB986417503485216508.html.
58. “Monsanto has filed 145 ‘patent infringement’ lawsuits” “Saved Seed and Farmer Lawsuits,” Monsanto Company, accessed July 3, 2013, http://www.monsanto.com/newsviews/Pages/saved-seed-farmer-law-suits.aspx. See also “Monsanto v. U.S. Farmers 2012 Update,” Center for Food Safety, last modified November 28, 2012, http://www.centerforfoodsafety.org/files/monsanto-v-us-farmer-2012-update-final_98931.pdf.
59. “severely contaminated with the GM variety” Lyle F. Friesen, Alison G. Nelson, and Rene C. Van Acker, “Evidence of Contamination of Pedigreed Canola (Brassica napus) Seedlots in Western Canada with Genetically Engineered Herbicide Resistance Traits,” Agronomy Journal 95 (2003): 1342–47.
60. “ ‘There is no organic canola in Canada any more’ ” Australian Associated Press, “GM Canola ‘Contaminated’ Canadian Farms,” The Age, February 4, 2008, http://news.theage.com.au/national/gm-canola-contaminated-canadian-farms-20080204-1pzh.html.
61. “more than eighty non-GMO organizations” US Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, Organic Seed Growers and Trade Association et al v Monsanto Company and Monsanto Technology LLC, decided June 10, 2013, http://www.cafc.uscourts.gov/images/stories/opinions-orders/12-1298.Opinion.6-6-2013.1.PDF.
62. “USDA granted Monsanto approval of its new corn” US Department of Agriculture, “Monsanto Co.; Determination of Nonregulated Status of Corn Genetically Engineered for Drought Tolerance,” Federal Register 76 (December 2011): 80869–70.
63. “new GM plant does not always perform better” “Monsanto Company Petition (07-CR-191U) for Determination of Non-Regulated Status of Event MON 87460,” US Department of Agriculture, November 2011, http://www.aphis.usda.gov/brs/aphisdocs/09_05501p_fea.pdf.
64. “ ‘They are pirated from nature and farmers’ ” V. Shiva, op. cit., http://www.navdanya.org/attachments/Latest_Publications7.pdf.
65. “biotech firms spent over $547 million on lobbying Congress” “Food and Agriculture Biotechnology Industry Spends More than Half a Billion Dollars to Influence Congress,” Food and Water Watch, November 2010, http://documents.foodandwaterwatch.org/doc/BiotechLobbying-web.pdf.
66. “ ‘product-development, marketing, and political lobbying’ ” Wendell Berry, “Twelve Paragraphs on Biotechnology,” Citizenship Papers (Washington, DC: Shoemaker & Hoard, 2003): 275–80.
67. “phytoestrogen levels that were 12 to 14 percent lower” Marc A. Lappé, E. Britt Bailey, Chandra Childress, and Kenneth D. R. Setchell, “Alterations in Clinically Important Phytoestrogens in Genetically Modified, Herbicide-Tolerant Soybeans,” Journal of Medicinal Food 1 (1998): 241–45.
68. “ ‘substantial equivalence is a pseudoscientific concept’ ” Erik Millstone, Eric Brunner, and Sue Mayer, “Beyond ‘Substantial Equivalence,’ ” Nature 401 (October 1999): 525–26.
69. “consumers make it clear they prefer” Chantal Nielsen and Kym Anderson, “Global Market Effects of Alternative European Responses to GMOs,” Weltwertschaftliches Archiv 137 (2001): 320–46. Rudy Ruitenberg and Claudia Carpenter, “Monsanto Drops Bid to Grow GM Crops in European Union,” Montreal Gazette, July 18, 2003, http://www.montrealgazette.com/technology/Monsanto+drops+grow+crops+European+Union/8676522/story.html.
70. “as much as 70 percent of the processed foods” California State Department of Food and Agriculture, “A Food Foresight Analysis of Agricultural Biotechnology: A Report to the Legislature,” January 1, 2003, www.cdfa.ca.gov/files/pdf/ag_biotech_report_03.pdf.
71. “more than one hundred beekeepers” Agence France-Press, “Une Centaine d’Apiculteurs Occupe un Site Monsanto,” video, in French, accessed July 2, 2013, http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xnhmui_une-centaine-d-apiculteurs-occupe-un-site-monsanto_news#.UdMtReC9xm0. Nathalie Kosciusko-Morizet, “Une Centaine d’Apiculteurs Occupent un Site Monsanto en Tarn-et-Garonne,” Le Nouvel Observateur, January 6, 2012, in French. Maryam Henein, “A Colony of French Beekeepers Occupy Monsanto, Land Meeting with Government Officials,” January 12, 2012 [translation from French article above], http://maryamhenein.tumblr.com/post/15737412791/a-colony-of-french-beekeepers-occupy-monsanto-land.
72. “France reinstated a ban on Monsanto’s MON810 corn” Marcel Kuntz, John Davison, and Agnes E. Ricroch, “What the French Ban of Bt MON810 Maize Means for Science-Based Risk Assessment,” Nature Biotechnology 31 (2013): 498–500. “Amflora Makes Paper and Yarn Glossier and Stronger,” BASF, accessed July 2, 2013, http://www.basf.com/group/corporate/en/news-and-media-relations/science-around-us/amflora/story. “Monsanto to Stop Seeking GMO Approval in Europe,” CBC News, June 3, 2013, http://www.cbc.ca/news/business/story/2013/06/03/business-monsanto-europe.html.
73. “ ‘significant risks for the environment’ ” Sybille de La Hamaide, “France to Restore GMO Maize Ban within Days: Ministry,” Reuters, March 6, 2012, http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/03/06/us-france-gmo-idUSTRE82516F20120306.
CHAPTER 15
1. “Zimmermann’s Coffee House in Leipzig” Anthea Bell, trans., Bach (London: Haus Publishing Ltd., 2003), 96. Gordon Jones, Bach’s Choral Music: A Listener’s Guide (Milwaukee: Amadeus Press, 2009), 13.
2. “both originally from Central and West Africa” Paul H. Moore and Ray Ming, eds., Genomics of Tropical Crop Plants (New York: Springer Science, 2008), 204. Mario A. Monge and Rubén Guevara, Agriculture in Alliance with Nature: CATIE’s Recent Advances in Breeding and Conservation of Plant Genetic Resources (Turrialba, Costa Rica: CATIE, 2000), 8.
3. “drunk globally is from the Arabica bean” Aaron P. Davis, Tadesse Woldemariam Gole, Susana Baena, and Justin Moat, “The Impact of Climate Change on Indigenous Arabica Coffee (Coffea arabica): Predicting Future Trends and Identifying Priorities,” Public Library of Science One 7 (November 2012): e47981.
4. “originated in the cloud or ‘Coffee Forests’ ” Diriba Muleta, Fassil Assefa, Elisabet Börjesson, and Ulf Granhall, “Phosphate-Solubilising Rhizobacteria Associated with Coffea arabica L. in Natural Coffee Forests of Southwestern Ethiopia,” Science 12 (2013): 73–84.
5. “more and more coffee has been grown” “Historical Data,” International Coffee Organization, accessed August 23, 2013, http://www.ico.org/new_historical.asp.
6. “around 2700 BC by the Chinese ruler Shen Nung” Paul U. Unschuld, “Shen-Nung, Pen-ts’ao, and the Origins of Pharmaceutical Literature in China,” in Medicine in China: A History of Pharmaceutics (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1986), 11–16. Laura C. Martin, Tea: The Drink That Changed the World (North Clarendon, VT: Tuttle Publishing, 2007), 25–27. Jane Pettigrew, “The History of China,” in The Tea Companion: A Connoisseur’s Guide (London: Quintet Publishing, 2004), 10.
7. “very concerned about cleanliness” Martin, op. cit., 25–26. Pettigrew, op. cit., 10.
8. “overwhelming sense of well-being” Pettigrew, op. cit., 10. Martin, op. cit., 25.
9. “tea plantations rely on heavy spraying” “Occupational Safety and Health in the Tea Plantation Sector in Sri Lanka, 1996–1997,” International Labour Organization, Employers’ Federation of Ceylon, last modified January 17, 2001, http://www.ilo.org/public/english/region/asro/bangkok/asiaosh/country/srilanka/sloshtea.htm.
10. “even banned for agricultural purposes” “The Tea Market—A Background Study,” Oxfam, last modified June 26, 2002, http://mvoplatform.nl/publications-en/Publication_1025/at_download/fullfile
11. “well trained to handle these chemicals” “Tea,” US Department of Labor Bureau of International Labor Affairs, accessed July 30, 2013, http://www.dol.gov/ilab/media/reports
/iclp/sweat4/tea.htm. See also Oxfam, op. cit., mvoplatform.nl/publications-en/Publication_1025/at_download/fullfile.
12. “workers are untrained” “Fairtrade Tea,” Oxfam New Zealand, accessed July 30, 2013, http://www.oxfam.org.nz/what-we-do/issues/fair-trade/about-fairtrade/fairtrade-tea. International Labour Organization, op. cit., http://www.ilo.org/public/english/region/asro/bangkok/asiaosh/country/srilanka/sloshtea.htm. Oxfam, op. cit., http://mvoplatform.nl/publications-en/Publication_1025/at_download/fullfile. US Department of Labor Bureau of International Labor Affairs, op. cit., http://www.dol.gov/ilab/media/reports/iclp/sweat4/tea.htm.
13. “protect the health of consumers and workers” “The Biodiversity Benefits of Organic Farming,” Soil Association, May 2000, http://www.soilassociation.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=Xe2yOpM84w0%3D&tabid=385.
14. “57 percent more animal species” Soil Association, op. cit., http://www.soilassociation.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=Xe2yOpM84w0%3D&tabid=385.
15. “Theobroma cacao is indigenous to Mexico” “Theobroma cacao (Cocoa Tree),” Kew Royal Botanic Gardens, accessed July 30, 2013, http://www.kew.org/plants-fungi/Theobroma-cacao.htm.
16. “first European to set eyes on cacao beans” Sophie D. Coe, “Cacao: Gift of the New World,” in Chocolate: Food of the Gods, ed. Alex Szogyi (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1997), 148–53. P. L. Crown, “Pre-Hispanic Use of Cocoa,” in Ronald Ross Watson, Victor R. Preedy, and Sherma Zibadi, eds., Chocolate in Health and Nutrition (New York: Springer Science, 2013), 8.
17. “he encountered the biggest native boat” Coe, op. cit., 148. Martin Dugard, The Last Voyage of Columbus (New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2005), 152–53.
18. “ ‘almonds’ ” Dugard, op. cit., 152.
19. “associated with the afterlife” Crown, op. cit., 6. John S. Henderson et al., “Chemical and Archaeological Evidence for the Earliest Cacao Beverages,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104 (2007): 18937–40.
20. “Creator had given them the tree” Melitta Weiss Adamson and Francine Segan, eds., Entertaining from Ancient Rome to the Super Bowl: An Encyclopedia (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2008), 135.
21. “Olmec name cacao” Teresa L. Dillinger et al., “Food of the Gods: Cure for Humanity? A Cultural History of the Medicinal and Ritual Use of Chocolate,” Journal of Nutrition 130 (August 1, 2000): 2057S–72S.
22. “great deal of chemical spray” C. A. Thorold, “Methods of Controlling Black-Pod Disease (Caused by Phytophthora palmivora) of Theobroma cacao in Nigeria,” Annals of Applied Biology 47 (December 1959): 408–15.
23. “compared to the Irish potato famine” C. A. Thorold, “Airborne Dispersal of Phytophthora palmivora, Causing Black-Pod Disease of Theobroma cacao,” Nature 170 (October 25, 1952): 718–19.
24. “farmers simply cut more forest down” Emma Bryce, “Reshaping the Future of Cocoa in Africa,” New York Times, December 11, 2012, http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/12/11/reshaping-the-future-of-cocoa-in-africa/?_r=0.
25. “cacao trees were allowed to grow in the shade” Fred Pearce and Michel Schnelder, “Cocoa: A Harvest to Save the Forest,” American Association for the Advancement of Science Atlas of Population & Environment, accessed August 23, 2013, http://atlas.aaas.org/index.php?part=4&sec=cocoa. Hervé Bertin Daghela Bisseleua et al., “Shade Tree Diversity, Cocoa Pest Damage, Yield Compensating Inputs and Farmers’ Net Returns in West Africa,” Public Library of Science One 8 (2013): e56115.
26. “cacao prices fell on the international market” “Medium-Term Prospects for Agricultural Commodities,” Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 2003, ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/006/y5143e/y5143e00.pdf.
27. “unable to make a living by selling cacao” Ousseynou Ndoye and David Kaimowitz, “Macro-Economics, Markets, and the Humid Forests of Cameroon, 1967–1997,” accessed August 23, 2013, http://www.wrm.org.uy/deforestation/Africa/Cameroon2.html. “Sub-Saharan Africa,” FAO, accessed August 23, 2013, http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/y1860e/y1860e04.htm.
28. “resorted to exactly the same solution” “Cocoa Campaign,” International Labor Rights Forum, accessed August 23, 2013, http://www.laborrights.org/stop-child-labor/cocoa-campaign. Norimitsu Onishi, “The Bondage of Poverty That Produces Chocolate,” New York Times, July 29, 2001, http://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/29/world/the-bondage-of-poverty-that-produces-chocolate.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm. Alan Rice, “Life on Plantations,” Revealing Histories: Remembering Slavery, accessed August 23, 2013, http://revealinghistories.org.uk/africa-the-arrival-of-europeans-and-the-transatlantic-slave-trade/articles/life-on-plantations.html.
29. “lured from impoverished Mali” Onishi, op. cit., http://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/29/world/the-bondage-of-poverty-that-produces-chocolate.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm. Sudarsan Raghavan and Sumana Chatterjee, “A Taste of Slavery,” [copy], Knight Ridder Newspapers, June 24, 2001, http://vision.ucsd.edu/~kbranson/stopchocolateslavery/atasteofslavery.html.
30. “earn money to help their families” Raghavan, op. cit., http://vision.ucsd.edu/~kbranson/stopchocolateslavery/atasteofslavery.html.
31. “treated with extreme brutality” Ibid.
32. “on a typical small farm” Ibid.
33. “some six hundred thousand small farms in the country” Ibid.
34. “When a child did escape” Ibid.
35. “general outrage, additional inspections” Elliot J. Schrage and Anthony P. Ewing, “The Coca Industry and Child Labour,” Journal of Corporate Citizenship (Summer 2005): 99–112.
36. “the first ‘bean-to-bar’ organic” “About Us,” Theo Chocolate, accessed July 30, 2013, https://www.theochocolate.com/about-theo.
37. “need to grow excellent-quality cacao beans” “Theo & Jane Goodall,” Theo Chocolate, accessed July 30, 2013, https://www.theochocolate.com/product/17.
38. “by journalist Barry Estabrook” Barry Estabrook, “Organic Can Feed the World,” The Atlantic, December 5, 2011, http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2011/12/organic-can-feed-the-world/249348/.
39. “British Soil Association has conducted an exhaustive review” Ibid. E. Hewlett and P. Melchett, “Can Organic Agriculture Feed the World? A Review of the Research,” accessed August 23, 2013, http://www.pigbusiness.co.uk/pdfs/Soil-Association-Can-Organic-feed-the-World.pdf.
40. “Agroecology and the Right to Food” “Agroecology and the Right to Food,” presented at the Session of the United Nations Human Rights Council, March 8, 2011, last modified December 20, 2011, http://www.srfood.org/images/stories/pdf/officialreports/20110308_a-hrc-16-49_agroecology_en.pdf.
41. “9 billion human beings” Estabrook, op. cit., http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2011/12/organic-can-feed-the-world/249348/.
42. “seventy-five years” Ibid.
43. “870 million” “2013 World Hunger and Poverty Facts and Statistics,” World Hunger Education Service, accessed August 23, 2013, http://www.worldhunger.org/articles/Learn/world%20hunger%20facts%202002.htm#Number_of_hungry_people_in_the_world.
44. “7.1 billion people” “US and World Population Clock,” US Department of Commerce, accessed August 23, 2013, http://www.census.gov/popclock/.
45. “genetic engineering has not contributed to yield increase” Doug Gurian-Sherman, “Failure to Yield: Evaluating the Performance of Genetically Engineered Crops,” Union of Concerned Scientists, April 2009, http://www.ucsusa.org/assets/documents/food_and_agriculture/failure-to-yield.pdf.
46. “community-sponsored agriculture (CSA) programs” “Community Supported Agriculture,” LocalHarvest, accessed July 30, 2013, http://www.localharvest.org/csa/.
47. “four thousand listed in its database” Ibid.
CHAPTER 16
1. “representing at least a million US households” “2011 Late Summer Garden Trends Report,” Garden Writers Association, accessed August 21, 2013, http://www.gardenwriters.org/gwa.php?p=gwafoundation/surveys_gt_nonmembers.html. Todd Major, “Tracking the Trends for
2012,” North Shore News, January 11, 2012, A15.
2. “one million new food gardens” Roger Doiron, “The Little Garden That Could,” Kitchen Garden International, May 18, 2010, kgi.org/printpdf/2628.
3. “twenty million gardens were planted in the United States” “National Institute of Food and Agriculture: About Us,” US Department of Agriculture, last modified April 19, 2011, http://www.csrees.usda.gov/qlinks/extension.html. “The Seeds of Victory: Home Gardening Posters from the World Wars,” State Historical Society of North Dakota, accessed July 29, 2013, http://history.nd.gov/exhibits/travelseeds.html.
4. “when the US population was less than half” “Population Estimates Program, Population Division,” US Census Bureau, last modified July 28, 2000, http://www.census.gov/popest/data/national/totals/pre-1980/tables/popclockest.txt. “U.S. and World Population Clock,” US Census Bureau, last modified July 29, 2013, http://www.census.gov/popclock/.
5. “ ‘Urban knights’ ” Susan McCoy, “Garden Media Group Unveils 2012 Garden Trends Report: Cultivate the New Good Life with the Power of Plants,” Garden Media Group, accessed August 21, 2013, http://www.gardenmediagroup.com/pressroom/GMGtrends12.pdf.
6. “ ‘ “urban grit” influence to protect’ ” Ibid.
7. “ ‘three gardens and a pamphlet’ ” John Gallagher, “Taja Sevelle’s Urban Farming Began in Detroit; Now Has 20-Country Network of 61,000 Community Gardens,” Detroit Free Press, June 9, 2013, http://www.freep.com/article/20130609/BUSINESS06/306090027/Detroit-farming-Taja-Sevelle.
8. “planting of over sixty thousand community gardens” Ibid.
9. “rooftop in the Bronx” “Cities Ease Rules to Encourage Urban Farms,” September 20, 2011, http://www.tajasevelle.com/index.php?page=news&n_id=125.
10. “create a ‘paradigm shift’ ” “Faces of Public Health: Taja Sevelle,” New-PublicHealth, May 13, 2013, http://www.rwjf.org/en/blogs/new-public-health/2013/05/faces_of_public_heal.html.
11. “In Cedar Rapids, Iowa, an NGO” Brett T. Roseman, “Cities Ease Rules to Encourage Urban Farms,” USA Today, September 20, 2011, http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/story/2011-09-19/cities-encourage-urban-farms/50470978/1.