20. Ibid., 345.
21. Alfred Zerbel, Operational Report of Grenadier Regiment 933 in Southern France from Begin [sic] of the Invasion in the Bay of St. Raphael to the Vosges.
22. Letter from Bert Akiyama to James Comstock, a member of the 1/141.
23. Speech by Chaplain Israel Yost at a memorial service on October 5, 1947.
24. Hawaii Nikkei History Editorial Board, Japanese Eyes, American Heart, 260.
25. Martin Higgins, speech at the fifty-seventh anniversary memorial service held at the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific on March 25, 2000.
CHAPTER 8
1. Asahina, Just Americans, 202.
2. Lcdr. Joni I Parker, “Nisei Soldiers in World War II: The Campaign in the Vosges Mountains,” 75–76.
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid.
5. Ibid.
6. Renita Foster, “March to Freedom Filled with Danger,” MG Keith L. Ware Journalism Awards Competition, 2006.
7. Operational Report of the 442nd Regimental Combat Team Covering the Period 4 to 15 April 1945, 1.
8. Ibid., 5.
9. Michael Higgins (son of Martin Higgins), correspondence.
10. U.S. Department of the Interior, People in Motion: The Postwar Adjustment of the Evacuated Japanese Americans, 19.
11. George Baer, One Hundred Years of Sea Power, 246.
12. The War (PBS documentary by Ken Burns, 2007).
13. Steidl, Lost Battalions, 91.
CHAPTER 9
1. “Wounded Nisei War Veteran Ejected from Barber Shop,” Pacific Citizen, November 18, 1944.
2. Tokiwa, oral history, Go For Broke Association.
3. U.S. Department of the Interior, People in Motion, 28.
4. “Front Line GIs Condemn Hood River Legion,” Pacific Citizen, January 6, 1945.
5. McGaugh, Battlefield Angels, 100.
6. “Reagan Signs Measure to Pay WWII Internees,” Los Angeles Times, August 10, 1988.
7. McGaugh, Battlefield Angels, 101.
8. Kenneth Inada, correspondence, July 4, 2004.
9. Ego, oral history.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid.
12. Puka-Puka Parade (100th Infantry Battalion Veterans Club newsletter), February 2008, 11–12.
13. Sakato, oral history, C-SPAN.
14. Ibid.
15. George C. Marshall Papers, Pentagon Office Collection, Selected Materials, George C. Marshall Research Library, Lexington, VA.
16. Eason Bond, interview by the author, Monroe, GA, August 2015.
17. Young Oak Kim speech, 1982.
INDEX
1st Battalion, 141st Regiment (1/141)
Bond, Eason and, 107–109
burial of dead, authorization for, 97
capture of Company A, 195–196
capture of German soldiers, 57, 90–91
casualties/losses, 71, 72, 80, 89, 91, 111, 147, 154, 173, 178, 181–182
evacuation/withdrawal of, 183–184, 190
food shortages, 128, 130
Germans’ strategy for, 98–99
guides, 12, 64
morale, 167
October 22nd, 1944, 7
October 23rd, 1944, 5, 8, 11–13
October 24th, 1944, 27–32
October 25th, 1944, 39–43, 45, 51
October 26th, 1944, 80
October 27th, 1944, 89–90, 92, 102, 109–111
October 28th, 1944, 115–117, 127–132
October 29th, 1944, 147–149, 153–154
October 30th, 1944, 172–173, 178–183
October 31st, 1944, 183–184
October 1944, 39–43, 45, 48, 51, 58, 62–63, 71–72
relief of by 442nd, 177–181, 219
replacement troops, 91
rescue mission casualties, 186
resupplying attempts, 2, 30–31, 81–84, 86–87, 95–96, 109–111, 116–117, 121–123, 129–131, 141, 148–149, 166–167
trench foot, 71, 97, 128, 154, 167, 173
See also individual soldiers; specific companies
2nd Battalion, 141st Infantry Regiment (2/141), 43, 45, 58, 132
2nd Battalion, 442nd Regimental Combat Team (2/442), 21, 210
artillery support, 75–77
attachment to the 141st, 45
casualties, 83, 102–104, 143–144
ceremony for the dead (November 11th, 1944), 191
forward artillery observers, 75–76
Hanley, James and (see Hanley, James, Jr.)
land mines, 74–75
October 25th, 1944, 45, 48–49, 52–53
October 26th, 1944, 59–61, 66–68, 73, 76–79, 83
October 27th, 1944, 93, 102, 104, 107
October 28th, 1944, 113, 119, 125
October 29th, 1944, 141–147
October 31st, 1944, 184
replacement troops, 77–78
3rd Battalion, 141st Infantry Regiment (3/141), 43–45, 58, 61, 67, 81, 99
3rd Battalion, 442nd Regimental Combat Team (3/442), 21
casualties, 106, 123, 156
October 25th, 1944, 48, 52
October 27th, 1944, 21, 48, 52, 91–93, 99–100, 102, 104–107
October 28th, 1944, 113, 118, 123
October 29th, 1944, 141, 156–159, 164
October 30th, 1944, 169–170, 172, 180, 182
October 31st, 1944, 184
Pursall, Alfred and (see Pursall, Alfred)
Spring 1945, 198–200
3rd Infantry Division, 10, 29–30, 54, 67
9th U.S. Air Force, 95
10th Cavalry, 9
11th Panzer Division (Germany), 17
14th Infantry, 218
15th Army Group, 197
16th Volksgrenadier Division (German), 151
21st Infantry Brigade, 124
34th Division, 186
36th Infantry Division, 13, 15, 85, 102, 108, 167
111th Engineer Battalion, 27, 66, 182
442nd Regimental Combat Team attachment to, 22
advance in November 1944, 194
in Belmont, 17
in Bruyères, 34
components of, 10
fractured command of, 134
Hill C, 54
intelligence, 142–143
October 24th, 1944, 32
October 25th, 1944, 43, 49–50
October 26th, 1944, 66–69, 73
October 1944 objective, 11
postbattle analysis, 193
as VI Corps component, 10
war record, 218
Wiese’s combat with, 56
See also specific battalions
41st Infantry Division, 218
45th Infantry Division, 10, 185
65th Infantry Regiment, 124
100th Battalion, 442nd Regimental Combat Team
142 Infantry relief of, 191
attachment to 442nd Regimental Combat Team, 21–22
Biffontaine attack, 8, 53–54, 211
at Camp Shelby, 36, 47
causalities, 8, 27, 35, 91, 167–168, 204
Hill C, 54
in Italy, 21–22, 37, 204
Kim, Young Oak and, 36–39
October 22nd, 1944, 7–8
October 25th, 1944, 48
October 27th, 1944, 85, 91–92, 94, 99–100, 102, 105–107
October 28th, 1944, 118, 125–127, 132
October 29th, 1944, 141, 149, 155, 157
October 30th, 1944, 169–170, 172, 180
October 31st, 1944, 184
October 1944, 7–8, 48, 52–54
“Purple Heart Battalion,” 201
radio crews, 106
replacement troops, 94
Singles, Gordon and (see Singles, Gordon)
Spring 1945, 197–200
Yamada, Masao and, 174–175, 186
Yost, Israel and, 53, 216
111th Engineer Battalion, 36th Infantry Division, 27, 66, 182
116th Infantry Regiment (Germany), 16
131st Field Artillery
Battalion, 66, 67, 86, 130
141st Infantry Regiment, 12–13, 15, 17, 43, 72
as 36th Infantry Division component, 10
attachment to 442nd, 112
in Belmont, 12
combat efficiency, 112
Dahlquist as operational leader of, 68, 111–112, 124
escapes from POW camp, 202
Higgins and Huberth joining of, 10
lineage of, 17
October 22nd, 1944, 7
October 27th, 1944, 85–86, 94, 99
October 30th, 1944, 172
Owens assumes command of, 124
postwar experiences, 209
See also specific battalions
142nd Infantry Regiment, 10, 66, 191
143rd Infantry Regiment, 10, 66, 132–133, 217
198th Fusilier Battalion (Germany), 57
201st Mountain Battalion (Germany), 57, 150–151
202nd Mountain Battalion (Germany), 57, 150–151
232nd Combat Engineer Company, 21, 190
405th Fighter Squadron, 86, 121, 131, 148, 154, 167, 171, 216
442nd Regimental Combat Team
2nd Battalion (see 2nd Battalion, 442nd Regimental Combat Team (2/442))
3rd Battalion (see 3rd Battalion, 442nd Regimental Combat Team (3/442))
100th Battalion (see 100th Battalion, 442nd Regimental Combat Team)
141st temporary attachment to, 112
arrival in France (September 1944), 25
attachment of 100th Battalion to, 21–22
attachment to 36th Infantry Division, 22
in Belmont, France, 45–46
in Biffontaine, France, 53–54
in Bruyères, France, 26–27, 54
burials at Arlington National Cemetery, 205
in Camp Shelby, Mississippi, 47, 124, 212
casualties, 24, 123, 139, 167–168, 182, 186, 190, 194
ceremony for the dead (November 11th, 1944), 191–192
Champagne Campaign, 194, 197
creation of, 17, 20–21
decorations/citations, 201–204, 208, 214–215
enemy forces faced, 151
forward artillery observers, 75–76
“Go For Broke Regiment,” 3, 201
in Italy, 21–24, 93, 197–201, 203–204
morale, 52, 55
news from home, 33, 34
November 1944, 189–192, 194
October 24th, 1944, 27
October 25th, 1944, 52–53
October 27th, 1944, 88, 92–94, 99, 104–107, 111–112
October 28th, 1944, 117–119, 123, 126–127, 134–135, 137–139
October 29th, 1944, 142, 166
October 30th, 1944, 1, 172, 174, 178–182
October 31st, 1944, 184
Pence, Charles and, 46–48, 66
postbattle analysis, 193
postwar experiences, 209–216
postwar treatment, 205–207
Presidential Unit Citation to, 192
prisoners, 111
reassignment to southern France, 194
relief of 1/141st, 177–181, 219
replacement troops, 24, 34–36, 50, 190, 194, 203
reputation for courage, 109
rescue mission (October 1944), 1–3, 48–50
return to United States (July 1946), 203
Spring 1945, 197–201
structure of, 21
trench foot, 118, 190
as VI Corps component, 10
522nd Field Artillery Battalion, 21, 75, 76, 86, 117–118, 152–153
716th Volksgrenadier Division (German), 151
933rd Grenadier Regiment (Germany), 57, 73, 185–186
936th Grenadier Regiment (Germany), 142
Adams, Paul Dewitt, 133, 217
aid stations, 30, 53, 62–63, 75, 80, 91, 103–104, 114, 123, 134, 138, 146, 160–164, 174, 182, 186
Air Medals, 216
Airheart, Gene, 178
Akagi, Nelson, 75–76, 77
Akiyama, Bert, 185
Amakawa, Nobuo, 2, 100–101
American Legion, 169, 206, 212
ammunition
resupplying, 83
shortages, 11, 30, 51, 57, 72, 80, 120–121, 152, 154, 166–167
ammunition-and-pioneer platoons, 103
anti-Japanese sentiment, 18–19, 205–207
antiaircraft fire, 115–116, 121–122
Anzio, Italy, 182
Archilla, Eliel, 86–87, 131, 166–167, 216
Ardennes Offensive, 10
Arlington National Cemetery, 147, 207, 219
Army Group G (Germany), 56, 97, 216
Army Hour, 183
Army Pictorial Service, 22
Arno River, 24
artillery
accuracy and timing, 77
firing angle, 75
forward observers, 75–76, 86, 105, 117–118, 126–127, 153, 179
friendly fire, 68, 110
German, 1–2, 12, 31, 34, 78, 81, 98, 113, 116, 121, 123, 126, 141–145, 147, 156, 170–171, 190
identifying targets for, 143
sound of shells, 78
artillery shells, resupply materials placed in, 82, 109–110, 130
attrition, war/battle of, 5, 39, 57, 98, 147, 154
Azzano, Italy, 198–200
Balck, Hermann, 56, 97–98, 216–217
“banzai charge,” 158, 202
“Banzai Hill,” 158
BAR (Browning Automatic Rifle), 23, 24, 159–161
Barby, C. J., 108
Barry, Charles, 184
battery, radio, 70, 83, 112, 129, 149, 171
Battle of the Bulge, 10
bazooka, 101
Beahler, Lieutenant, 27
Belmont, France, 5, 17, 26, 33–35, 44–45, 49, 59
Belvedere, Italy, 22
Biffontaine, France, 6–8, 35, 38, 53, 96, 173, 211
Bird, William, 7, 29
Blonder, Erwin, 106
comment to Nelson on the 442nd, 109
October 25th, 1944, 40
October 26th, 1944, 68–70, 84
October 27th, 1944, 90, 97, 109–112
October 28th, 1944, 129
October 29th, 1944, 153
October 30th, 1944, 172, 182–183
postwar experiences, 209, 220
prewar history of, 69
trench foot, 97, 182, 220
body odor, 128
Bond, Eason
breakout attempt, 117
C rations, 109
October 27th, 1944, 107–110
October 28th, 1944, 120–121
October 29th, 1944, 147
October 30th, 1944, 172
postwar experiences, 220
on potential for capture, 120–121, 147
prewar history of, 107
remembrance of a battlefield casualty, 130
resupply attempts and, 116–117, 131
Bondar, Peter, 129
Boodry, James, 125, 149
Booth, Robert, 2, 86–87, 96
Boy Scouts, 61
Bronze Star
Amakawa, Nobuo, 2
Comstock, James, 129
Higgins, Martin, 218
Kanaya, Jimmie, 38
for members of 442nd, 201
Brooks, Edward, 67–68
Browning Automatic Rifle (BAR), 23, 24, 159–161
Bruyères, France, 5, 10, 26–27, 33–35, 44, 49, 54, 84, 182–183, 191
Buchheim, Harold, 41
“Buffalo Soldiers,” 9
Bureau of Water, Forests, Roads, and Bridges, 143
burial of dead
1st Battalion, 141st Regiment (1/141), 97, 179
Arlington National Cemetery, 147, 207, 219
Tanamachi burial cemetery, 147
“buzz saw,” 73
Byrne, Joseph Laurence
death of, 3, 168
October 29th, 1944, 158, 168
October 30th, 1944, 180
prewar history, 93
respect f
or, 3, 93
C rations, 109, 116
Camaiani, Robert, 52, 90
camouflage, 67, 81
Camp Lockett, California, 9, 215
Camp Minidoka, Idaho, 162
Camp Patrick Henry, Virginia, 9
Camp Shelby, Mississippi, 21
442nd in, 37, 124, 212
Hajiro, Barney and, 24
Kim, Young Oak and, 36
living conditions in, 37
capture
of American soldiers, 9, 39, 50, 89–90, 120–121, 147, 180, 195–196
of German soldiers, 57, 90–91, 201, 217
See also prisoners
casualties
1st Battalion, 141st Regiment (1/141), 71, 72, 80, 89, 91, 111, 147, 154, 173, 178, 181–182
2nd Battalion, 442nd Regimental Combat Team (2/442), 83, 102–104, 143–144
3rd Battalion, 442nd Regimental Combat Team (3/442), 106, 123, 156
36th Division, 218
100th Battalion, 442nd Regimental Combat Team, 8, 27, 35, 91, 167–168, 204
442nd Regimental Combat Team, 24, 123, 139, 167–168, 182, 186, 190, 194
Germans’ objective in war of attrition, 98
handling of the dead at aid stations, 163–164
October 29th, 1944, 162–164
rescue mission, 1, 186
total in World War II, 210
cavalry, 9
censors, Army, 47
Champagne Campaign, 194, 197
chemical weapons (mortar) battalion, 105
Civil Liberties Act (1988), 207
Clark, Mark, 14, 197, 204
Clinton, Bill, 208, 215
codes, 106
Col de la Croisette, France, 29, 39, 72, 129, 141, 152, 157, 165–166
Col des Huttes, France, 39, 72, 128, 154, 157, 169, 171, 174
cold, 113, 126–128
Colton, California, 24
combat stress, 174–175
communication, 98, 105–106, 132
communications wire, 176
Company A
capture by Germans, 195–196
escape from POW camp, 202
in Italy, 199
October 23rd, 1944, 12
October 24th, 1944, 28–30
October 25th, 1944, 39–40, 43, 51
October 26th, 1944 breakout patrol, 71
October 27th, 1944, 91, 111
October 29th, 1944, 166
October 30th, 1944, 170–171
See also 1st Battalion, 141st Regiment (1/141)
Company B
December 9th, 1944, 195
October 23rd, 1944, 12
October 24th, 1944, 28–30
October 25th, 1944, 39–40
October 29th, 1944, 166
October 30th, 1944, 169–171
See also 1st Battalion, 141st Regiment (1/141)
Company C, 108
December 9th, 1944, 195
October 23rd, 1944, 12
October 24th, 1944, 28–30
October 25th, 1944, 39–40
October 26th, 1944 breakout patrol, 71
Honor Before Glory Page 26