by Stark, Peter
289 “It was [Astor’s] great misfortune”: Ibid., p. 498.
291 “the crafty M’Dougall”: Franchère, Narrative, p. 227.
“charge of treason will always be attached”: Ibid., p. 204.
293 “I have not had so quiet and delightful a nest”: Gebhard, The Life and Adventures of the Original John Jacob Astor, p. 288. Gebhard includes an illustration of Hell Gate.
for whom Astor happily sent: Stanley T. Williams, The Life of Washington Irving (New York: Oxford University Press, 1935), p. 83.
“occupation and amusement”: Irving, Astoria, pp. xix–xx.
294 “old gentleman’s”: Irving, Astoria, pp. xix–xx.
“What the vague term of the ‘whole country’ ”: Ross, Adventures, p. 259.
“[W]hile I breath & so long as I have a dollar to spend”: Porter, John Jacob Astor, Business Man, p. 239.
Soon Mackenzie came under Astor’s suspicions: Ronda indicates Astor and Mackenzie had a falling-out in the fall of 1814. Ronda, Astoria & Empire, p. 304.
295 “Had our place and our property been fairly captured”: Irving, Astoria, p. 485.
Astor later estimated: Letter from Astor to James Monroe, August 17, 1815, in Porter, John Jacob Astor, Business Man, p. 585.
“If I was a young man”: Letter from Astor to Gallatin dated December 30, 1818, quoted in Ronda, Astoria & Empire, p. 315.
“I remember well having invited”: Letter from Thomas Jefferson to Astor, May 24, 1812, in The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Retirement Series, vol. 5 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2008), p. 74.
296 “I learn with great pleasure the progress you have made”: Letter from Jefferson to Astor, November 9, 1813, in The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Retirement Series, vol. 6, p. 603.
297 But on October 22, 1812: Rollins, The Discovery of the Oregon Trail, pp. 163–66.
298 Astor pressed the U.S. government through Albert Gallatin: Letter from Gallatin to Astor, August 5, 1835, reprinted in Irving, Astoria, pp. 507–509.
American politicians strived to bring the region solely to U.S. control: For a detailed account of this, see Ronda, Astoria & Empire, pp. 330–36.
“The settlement of the Oregon”: Floyd quoted in ibid., p. 333.
“Not an American ship will be able to show itself beyond Cape Horn”: Benton, quoted in ibid., p. 334.
299 Among them was an elderly Marie Dorion: J. Neilson Barry, “Madame Dorion of the Astorians,” Oregon Historical Quarterly 30, no. 3 (September 1929): 275.
“She, from various traditions”: T. C. Elliott, “The Grave of Madame Dorion,” Oregon Historical Quarterly 36, no. 1 (March 1935): 104.
300 “It is no flight of fancy”: Chittenden, The American Fur Trade of the Far West, vol. 1, p. 227.
301 “[W]hen California came into our hands”: Charles M. Harvey, “Our Lost Opportunity on the Pacific,” North American Review 193, no. 664 (March 1911): 402.
which ranks him fourth: See http://www.forbes.com/2007/09/14/richest-americans-alltime-biz_cx_pw_as_0914ialltime_slide_5.html.
At his death, John Jacob Astor came under criticism: Porter, John Jacob Astor, Business Man, pp. 1096–97.
which went to found the Astor Library: Ibid., pp. 1094–97.
ended with Vincent Astor: Axel Madsen, John Jacob Astor: America’s First Multimillionaire (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2001), p. 292.
302 The ten-foot-long, thousand-pound anchor: See Robinson and Griffiths, “Investigations of a Potential Shipwreck Site, Templar Channel, Clayoquot Sound, B.C.”
304 “Let him but visit these regions of want and misery”: Stuart journal entry, in Rollins, The Discovery of the Oregon Trail, pp. 157–58.
FATE OF THE ASTORIANS
305 Wilson Price Hunt: T. C. Elliott, “Wilson Price Hunt, 1783–1842,” Oregon Historical Quarterly 32, no. 2 (June 1931): 132.
Duncan McDougall: Dictionary of Canadian Biography, s.v. “McDougall, Duncan,” http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?id_nbr=2538.
Ramsay Crooks: Dictionary of Canadian Biography, s.v. “Crooks, Ramsay,” http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/crooks_ramsay_8E.html.
Chinook Nation: John Robinson, “From Boston Men to the BIA: The Unacknowledged Chinook Nation,” in Recognition, Sovereignty Struggles, and Indigenous Rights in the United States, ed. Amy E. Den Ouden and Jean M. O’Brien (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2013), pp. 263–86. For Christopher Stevens, see “Slain Ambassador Was Member of Local Chinook Tribe,” Chinook Observer, September 13, 2013.
306 Clayoquot Nation: See http://www.tla-o-qui-aht.org/.
Robert Stuart: Rollins, The Discovery of the Oregon Trail, p. xl.
Donald Mackenzie: Dictionary of Canadian Biography, s.v. “Mackenzie, Donald,” http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=4075.
Alfred Seton: Seton, Astorian Adventure, introduction and pp. 176–77.
307 Joseph Miller: Rollins, The Discovery of the Oregon Trail, pp. c–ci, 86.
Robert McClellan: Ibid., pp. xci–xcv.
Alexander Ross: Dictionary of Canadian Biography, s.v. “Ross, Alexander,” http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/ross_alexander_8E.html.
308 Ross Cox: Dictionary of Canadian Biography, s.v. “Cox, Ross,” http://www
.biographi.ca/en/bio/cox_ross_8E.html.
308 Gabriel Franchère: Dictionary of Canadian Biography, s.v. “Franchère, Gabriel,” http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/franchere_gabriel_9E.html.
Baptiste Dorion: See http://www.oregonpioneers.com/JeanBaptisteDorion
.htm.
John Day: Chittenden, The American Fur Trade of the Far West, vol. 2, p. 889; Rollins, The Discovery of the Oregon Trail, p. xcvii.
SELECTED SOURCES
ORIGINAL JOURNALS AND ACCOUNTS BY PARTICIPANTS
* * *
Brackenridge, H. M. Journal of a Voyage up the Missouri River, performed in 1811. In Early Western Travels, vol. 6, ed. Reuben Gold Thwaites. Cleveland: Arthur H. Clark, 1904.
. Views of Louisiana: Containing Statistical, Geographical, and Historical Notices of that Vast and Important Part of America. Baltimore: Schaeffer & Maund, 1817.
Bradbury, John. Travels in the Interior of America, in the Years 1809, 1810, and 1811, Including a Description of Upper Louisiana. London: Sherwood, Neely & Jones, 1817.
Cox, Ross. Adventures on the Columbia River. New York: J. & J. Harper, 1832.
Franchère, Gabriel. Narrative of a Voyage to the Northwest Coast of America in the Years 1811, 1812, 1813, and 1814, or, The First American Settlement on the Pacific. Ed. and trans. J. V. Huntington. New York: Redfield, 1854.
Gilbert, George. The Death of Captain James Cook (From Gilbert’s Narrative of Cook’s Last Voyage, 1776–1780). Hawaiian Historical Society Reprints, No. 5. Honolulu: Paradise of the Pacific Press, 1926.
Henry, Alexander, and David Thompson. New Light on the Early History of the Greater Northwest: The Manuscript Journals of Alexander Henry, Fur Trader of the Northwest Company and of David Thompson, Official Geographer and Explorer of the same Company, 1799–1814. Ed. Elliot Coues. New York: Francis P. Harper, 1897.
Hunt, Wilson Price. “Voyage of Mr. Hunt and His Companions.” In New Annals of Voyages, Geography and History, vol. 10. Paris: J. B. Eyies and Malte-Brun, 1821. Translation available at http://user.xmission.com/~drudy/mtman/html/wphunt/wphunt.html, retrieved October 2, 2013.
Jones, Robert F., ed. Annals of Astoria: The Headquarters Log of the Pacific Fur Company on the Columbia River, 1811–1813. New York: Fordham University Press, 1999.
Ross, Alexander. Adventures of the First Settlers on the Columbia River, Being a Narrative of the Expedition Fitted Out by John Jacob Astor. London: Smith, Elder, 1849.
Seton, Alfred. Astorian Adventure: The Journal of Alfred Seton, 1811–1815. Ed. Robert F. Jones. New York: Fordham University Press, 1993.
Stuart, Robert. Robert Stuart’s Narratives. In The Discovery of the Oregon Trail, ed. Philip Ashton Rollins. New York: Scribner’s, 1935.
/> OTHER SOURCES
* * *
Achenbach, Joel. “When Yellowstone Explodes.” National Geographic, August 2009.
Ambrose, Stephen E. Undaunted Courage: Meriwether Lewis, Thomas Jefferson, and the Opening of the American West. 1996: rept., New York: Simon & Schuster, 2002.
Anders, Mark. “Yellowstone hotspot track” (map). Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University Earth Institute. http://www.ldeo.colum bia.edu/~manders/SRP_erupt.html, retrieved October 6, 2013.
Anderson, Bern. Surveyor of the Sea: The Life and Voyages of Captain George Vancouver. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1960.
Auerbach, Paul S., M.D., ed. Wilderness Medicine: Management of Wilderness and Environmental Emergencies. 3rd ed. St. Louis: Mosby, 1995.
Barrett, Walter (pseudonym for Joseph A. Scoville). The Old Merchants of New York City. New York: Carleton, 1863.
Barrow, John. The Life, Voyages, and Exploits of Sir Francis Drake, with Numerous Original Letters from Him and the Lord High Admiral to the Queen and Great Officers of State. 2nd ed., abridged. London: John Murray, 1844.
Barry, J. Neilson. “Archibald Pelton, the First Follower of Lewis and Clark.” Washington Historical Quarterly 19, no. 3 (July 1928): 199–201.
. “The Indians of Oregon—Geographic Distribution of Linguistic Families.” Oregon Historical Quarterly 28, no. 1 (March 1927): 49–61.
Beach, Moses Yale. Wealth and Biography of the Wealthy Citizens of New York City, Comprising an Alphabetical Arrangement of Persons Estimated to be Worth $100,000 and Upwards. With the Sums Appended to Each Name, Being Useful to Banks, Merchants, and Others. New York: Sun Office, 1845.
Bevis, William W. “The Dugout Canoes of Lewis and Clark.” At Discovering Lewis & Clark, lewis-clark.org, 2014.
Bishop, Sheryl L. “From Earth Analogs to Space: Getting There from Here.” In The Psychology of Space Explorations. Edited by Douglas A. Vakoch. Washington, D.C.: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 2011.
“Boatswain John Young, His Adventures in Hawaii Recalled.” New York Times, February 14, 1886.
Boit, John. “Log of the Columbia.” Ed. F. W. Howay, T. C. Elliott, and F. G. Young. Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society 22, no. 4. Portland: Oregon Historical Society, 1921.
Boyle, Steve, and Stephanie Owens. North American Beaver (Castor canadensis): A Technical Conservation Assessment. Prepared for USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Region, Species Conservation Project, February 6, 2007, http://www.fs.fed.us/r2/projects/scp/assessments/northamerican beaver.pdf, retrieved October 3, 2013.
Buckley, Jay H. “Life at Fort Astoria: John Jacob Astor’s Pacific Fur Company Post on the Columbia River.” Proceedings of the 2012 Fur Trade Symposium. Edited by Jim Hardee. Pinedale, WY: Sublette County Historical Society/Museum of the Mountain Man, 2013.
Bullfinch, Thomas. Oregon and Eldorado; or, Romance of the Rivers. Boston: J. E. Tilton, 1866.
Carpenter, Kenneth J. The History of Scurvy and Vitamin C. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988.
Cerami, Charles A. Jefferson’s Great Gamble: The Remarkable Story of Jefferson, Napoleon, and the Men Behind the Louisiana Purchase. Naperville, IL: Sourcebooks, 2003.
Chittenden, Hiram Martin. The American Fur Trade of the Far West. Vols. 1–2. New York: Rufus Rockwell Wilson, 1936.
Corning, Howard McKinley. Willamette Landings: Ghost Towns of the River. Portland, OR: Binfords & Mort, 1947.
Dictionary of Canadian Biography. http://www.biographi.ca.
Dolin, Eric Jay. Fur, Fortune, and Empire: The Epic History of the Fur Trade in America. New York: Norton, 2010.
Dunnigan, Bryan Leigh. A Picturesque Situation: Mackinac Before Photography, 1615–1860. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2008.
Durand, Elliot. Memoir of the Late Thomas Nuttall. From Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 7, p. 297. Philadelphia: C. Sherman & Sons, 1860.
Eastman, Charles Alexander (Ohiyesa). The Soul of the Indian, an Interpretation. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1911.
Elliot, T. C. “Wilson Price Hunt, 1783–1842.” Oregon Historical Quarterly 32, no. 2 (June, 1931).
Franklin, John. “Franklin’s First Retreat.” In Ring of Ice: True Tales of Adventure, Exploration, and Arctic Life, ed. Peter Stark. New York: Lyons Press, 2000.
Gebhard, Elizabeth L. The Life and Adventures of the Original John Jacob Astor. Hudson, NY: Bryan, 1915.
Ghio A. J., C. Ghio, and M. Bassett. “Exercise-Induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage After Running a Marathon.” Lung 184, no. 6 (Nov.–Dec. 2006): 331–33.
Gough, Barry. Fortune’s a River: The Collision of Empires in Northwest America. Madeira Park, B.C.: Harbour Publishing, 2007.
Gray, William Henry. A History of Oregon, 1792–1849, Drawn from Personal Observations and Authentic Information. Portland, OR: Harris & Holman, 1870.
Haeger, John Denis. John Jacob Astor: Business and Finance in the Early Republic. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1991.
“Here Astor Once Lived: The Up-Town Home of the Old Merchant Prince.” New York Times, February 16, 1896.
Himes, George H., ed. “Wallamet or Willamette.” Portland, OR: Privately printed by Geo. H. Himes, 1875.
Holloway, Marguerite. The Measure of Manhattan: The Tumultuous Career and Surprising Legacy of John Randel Jr., Cartographer, Surveyor, Inventor. New York: Norton, 2013.
Howay, F. W. “The Loss of the Tonquin.” Washington Historical Quarterly 13, no. 2 (April 1922): 83–92.
Hubbard, Elbert. Little Journeys to the Homes of Great Businessmen. 1916, reprint [New York]:Cosimo Classics, 2005.
Idaho State Historical Society Reference Series. “Site of Ramsay Crooks 1811 Canoe Disaster.” No. 1011, May 1993, http://www.history.idaho.gov/sites/default/files/uploads/reference-series/1011.pdf, retrieved October 3, 2013.
Inglis, Robin. Historical Dictionary of the Discovery and Exploration of the Northwest Coast of America. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, Inc., 2008.
Innis, Harold A. The Fur Trade in Canada. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1962.
“Investigations of a Potential Shipwreck Site, Templar Channel, Clayoquot Sound, B.C.” Kevin Robinson, MA, NS, David W. Griffiths, with contributions by Roderic S. Palm, Melissa Darby, MA, RPA, and Richard Linden. Tonquin Foundation, May 2005 (with amendments, December 2005).
Irving, Washington. Astoria, or, Anecdotes of an Enterprise Beyond the Rocky Mountains. Vol 8 of The Works of Washington Irving, new rev. ed. New York: George P. Putnam, 1849.
Jackson, Donald. Thomas Jefferson and the Rocky Mountains. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1981.
Jefferson, Thomas. The Papers of Thomas Jefferson. 39 vols. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1950–.
. The Papers of Thomas Jefferson. Retirement Series. 10 vols. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005–.
. Thomas Jefferson Papers. Library of Congress: American Memory Project. Series 1: General Correspondence 1651–1827. http://memory.loc.gov.
Johansen, Dorothy O. Empire of the Columbia. 2nd ed. New York: Harper & Row, 1967.
Johansen, Dorothy O., and Charles M. Gates. Empire of the Columbia: A History of the Pacific Northwest. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1957.
Klein, Kent. “Trapping Techniques of the Mountain Man.” HistoricalTrekking.com, p. 6, retrieved October 3, 2013.
Lang, H. O., ed. History of the Willamette Valley, Being a Description of the Valley and Its Resources, with an Account of Its Discovery and Settlement by White Men, and Its Subsequent History; Together with Personal Reminiscences of Its Early Pioneers. Portland, OR: Geo. H. Himes, 1885.
Lavender, David. The Fist in the Wilderness. 1964; reprint, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1998.
Ledyard, John. John Ledyard’s Journey Through Russia and Siberia, 1787–1788. Ed. Stephen D. Watrous. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1966.
Mackenzie, Alexander. Voyages from Montreal Through the Continent of North America to the Frozen and Pacifi
c Oceans in 1789 and 1793. Vols. 1–2. New York: Allerton, 1922.
Mackenzie, Cecil W. Donald Mackenzie: “King of the Northwest.” Los Angeles: Ivan Beach, Jr., 1937.
Madsen, Axel. John Jacob Astor: America’s First Multimillionaire. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2001.
Manning, William Ray, “The Nootka Sound Controversy.” In the Annual Report of the American Historical Association for the Year 1904. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1905.
Meinig, D. W. The Great Columbia Plain: A Historical Geography, 1805–1910. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1968.
Menard, Orville D. “Voyageurs with the Lewis and Clark Expedition.” We Proceeded On 38, no. 1 (February 2012): 21–29.
Nisbet, Jack. Sources of the River: Tracking David Thompson Across Western North America. Seattle: Sasquatch Books, 1994.
Nissenbaum, Stephen. The Battle for Christmas. New York: Vintage Books, 1997. Kindle ed.
North American Review, c. 1, vol. 2, 1815. Boston: Wells & Lilly, 1816.
Nute, Grace Lee. The Voyageur. New York: D. Appleton, 1931.
Oertel, W. Johann Jacob Astor: A Sketch of the Life of a Man of the People. Arranged by W. O. von Horn (W. Oertel.). 2nd ed. Wiesbaden: Julius Niedner, 1877. Trans. into English in ms. version in Astor Family Papers, Manuscript and Archives Division, New York Public Library.
Oxford Atlas of Exploration. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.
Parton, James. Life of John Jacob Astor. New York: American News Company, 1865.
Philbrick, Nathaniel. Mayflower: A Story of Courage, Community, and War. New York: Viking, 2006.
Porter, Kenneth Wiggins. John Jacob Astor, Business Man. Vols. 1–2. 1931; reprint, New York: Russel & Russel, 1966.
Robinson, John R. “From Boston Men to the BIA.” In Recognition, Sovereignty Struggles, and Indigenous Rights in the United States: A Sourcebook. Ed. Amy E. Den Ouden and Jean M. O’Brien. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2013.
Ronda, James P. Astoria & Empire. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1990.
Ruby, Robert H., and John A. Brown. The Chinook Indians: Traders of the Lower Columbia. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1976.