Elizabeth of York, 44
Emmanuel Philibert (Duke of Savoy), 54–55, 56, 58–59, 63, 71–72, 132
Eric XIV (Prince of Sweden): 50; 83–84; as suitor, 89–90; 133; 141; 217
Essex, Robert Devereux, Earl of, 137, 209–15, 216, 218
Exeter, Marquis of, 44
Ferdinand, Archduke, 71, 72, 80–81, 83, 85, 86, 87, 88, 98, 99, 100
Ferdinand (King of Spain), 18
Feria, Count de (Spanish ambassador), 62–73, 74, 75–81, 83, 84–85, 94–95, 119
Fitzalan, Henry. See Arundel, Earl of
Fowler, John, 20, 22, 27
France: civil war in, 155, 157, 158, 190; English relations with, 59, 61, 168, 169, 170, 178, 182–84, 191–92, 195; Philip of Spain-Elizabeth of France marriage and, 78–79; Spanish relations with, 64–66, 67, 71–80, 81, 166, 188–89, 190, 193; St. Bartholomew’s Eve massacre in, 169–70, 178, 191. See also specific person
Francis I (King of France), 11, 12, 13
The Gaping Gulf (Stubbs), 182–84, 187
Gardiner, Bishop, 43, 44, 52
Grey, Lady Catherine, 53, 115, 121–22, 141, 156
Grey, Lady Jane, 26–27, 37, 41–42, 53, 55, 93, 114, 115, 155
Grey, Lady Mary, 115, 156
Grindal, William, 18, 21, 23
Gustavus (King of Sweden), 60, 83–84, 89, 94
Habsburg family, 72, 217. See also specific member
Hales, John, 121, 122
Hatton, Christopher, 197, 204, 205–6
Heneage, Thomas, 111
Henry II (King of France), 48–49, 55, 56, 64, 78–79, 80, 147
Henry III (King of France), 136, 157–67, 171, 176, 190, 193, 195, 196
Henry VII (King of England), 7, 44, 65, 123
Henry VIII (King of England): accomplishments of, 6–7; Catholicism and, 12–13; death of, 15; Edward’s birth and, 8; Elizabeth’s relationship with, 4–5, 14; marriages/divorces of, 2–3, 5, 6, 8–9, 13, 17, 35, 47, 54, 87, 114; personality and character of, 7, 37; Seymour brothers’ relationship with, 17; will of, 16, 26, 41, 115, 121
Hertford, Earl of, 17, 27, 121–22
Howard, Catherine, 8–9, 10, 14, 35
Huguenots, 158, 165, 168, 169–70, 171, 178, 190
Huntingdon, Earl of, 115
James VI (King of Scotland), 141–42, 214, 215–16
John of Finland, Duke, 89, 90
Jones, Robert, 102–3
Kingston, Sir William, 3–4
Knollys, Lettice (Viscountess of Hereford), 111–12, 179, 180
Latimer, Lady. See Parr, Catherine
Latimer, Lord, 34, 39–40
Leicester, Earl of. See Dudley, Robert
Lennox, Lady, 123–24
“The Lie” (Raleigh), 207
Lyly, John, 218
Maitland of Lethington (Scottish envoy), 118–19, 120
Maltravers, Lord, 67
Marchaumont (French agent), 191
Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots: Alençon-Elizabeth negotiations and, 174–75; Anjou and, 158, 164; Bothwell marriage of, 155; Darnley and, 12, 123–24, 127, 155; Don Carlos as suitor to, 120–21; Dudley and, 102, 118–20, 121, 122–23, 126–27, 129; Elizabeth compared with, 125–26, 148, 157; Elizabeth’s relationship with, 12, 122, 123, 124; flight to England of, 155; imprisonment of, 156; James birth and, 141–42; Philip II as suitor to Elizabeth and, 71, 73; reputation of, 157; Spain and, 64–65, 118, 120–21, 127, 166; St. Bartholomew’s Eve massacre and, 170; succession to the throne and, 64–65, 71, 73, 76, 77, 80, 114, 115, 118–20, 122, 124, 127, 141–42, 156, 158, 217
Mary Tudor (Queen of England): Catholicism of, 9, 15–16, 40, 45, 47, 61, 145, 167; Courtnay and, 44, 46; Courtnay-Elizabeth relationship and, 50–51, 52, 58; death of, 61, 64, 94; Dudley and, 93; Edward and, 8; Elizabeth compared with, 61, 148; Elizabeth during reign of, 42–61; Elizabeth’s relationship with, 37, 43, 45, 47, 50, 51–52, 58–59, 70–71, 145; Elizabeth’s suitors and, 58–59, 60; Henry VIII relationship with, 7; importance of marriage of, 12–13, 37, 42, 43–44, 48, 50, 55, 81, 114, 116; and Lady Jane Grey as queen, 41–42; legitimacy of, 4, 6, 10, 13–14, 16; Northumberland and, 93; Philip of Spain and, 47, 49, 54, 55–57, 58, 59, 60–61, 69, 70–71, 73, 141, 152, 155, 161, 181, 184, 217; popularity of, 42; “pregnancies” of, 56–57, 59, 61; Privy Council’s consent to marriage of, 26; public opinion and, 35, 48, 55; rescinding of Henry VIII-Catherine of Aragon divorce by, 54; Seymour (Thomas) and, 20; stepmothers’ relationship with, 3, 5–6, 9–10; succession to throne and, 4, 6, 7, 13–14, 15–16, 40, 41–43, 45, 49, 59, 93, 114, 145
Maximilian II (Emperor of Austria), 96, 127, 129, 142–43, 153, 154, 157, 165
Melville, James (Scottish envoy), 122–24, 125–26, 141, 142
Mendoza, Bernardino de (Spanish ambassador); Alençon as suitor and, 176, 177, 178, 181, 182, 186, 187, 190, 191, 194, 196, 198
More, Sir Thomas, 39
de La Mothe Fénelon (French ambassador), 158–59, 161, 162, 164
Netherlands, 156, 173–74, 190, 194, 199
de Noailes, Antoine, 47, 48, 49, 52, 55, 56
“Noli me tangere,” 1, 2, 3, 14, 36, 206
Norfolk, 3rd Duke of, 18, 43, 66, 67, 99, 100, 109, 111
Norfolk, 4th Duke of, 143, 151, 154–55, 156
Northumberland, John Dudley, Duke of, 18, 40–41, 42, 47–48, 53, 92–93, 98
Nowell, Dr., 116
“On Monsieur’s Departure” (Elizabeth), 199
Orléans, Duke of, 11, 13
Paget, Lord (Chief Secretary), 16, 17, 47, 54
Parliament: Elizabeth’s speeches to, 82–83, 117, 140, 144–46; Elizabeth’s suitors and, 59, 104, 116–18, 120, 122, 140, 143–46, 156, 172, 185, 191, 196, 216; Mary Tudor’s marriage and, 48; as protector of Elizabeth, 156–57; succession to the throne and, 116–18, 120, 122, 143–46, 156–57, 216
Parr, Catherine: death of, 25–26, 38; Elizabeth at home of, 19–20, 21–22; Elizabeth’s departure from home of, 24–25, 33; Elizabeth’s relationship with, 10, 11, 19, 21–22, 24–25, 38; Henry VIII marriage to, 9–11; pregnancy of, 21, 35; Seymour (Thomas)-Elizabeth relationship and, 21–24; Seymour (Thomas) marriage/relationship with, 16–17, 18, 19–24, 25–26, 34; succession to throne and, 14
Parry, Thomas, 24, 28–29, 31–33, 58, 94, 179
Philip II (King of Spain): Archduke Charles as suitor and, 88; Dudley-Elizabeth relationship and, 94–95, 99, 105–6, 107; Elizabeth of France marriage to, 78–79, 189; Elizabeth as “sister” to, 81; Elizabeth’s early relationship with, 57, 59; Elizabeth’s first meeting with, 56; Elizabeth’s marriage negotiations with, 62–67, 70–80, 83, 90, 119, 161–62; as Elizabeth’s protector, 64; Emmanuel Philibert as cousin of, 54; Emmanuel Philibert-Elizabeth match and, 58, 59; Eric of Sweden as suitor and, 89; French relations with, 188–89; influence on Elizabeth of, 64, 121; Mary Stuart and, 64–65, 118, 120–21; Mary Tudor and, 47, 49, 54, 55–57, 58, 59, 60–61, 69, 70–71, 73, 141, 152, 155, 161, 181, 184, 217; Mary Tudor’s death and, 62; Mary Tudor’s “pregnancy” and, 56–57; picture of, 134; Portugal and, 188; St. Bartholomew’s Eve massacre and, 170
Pickering, William, 68–70, 75, 81–82, 83, 95
Pope, Sir Thomas, 60, 81
Privy Council: creation of, 16; Elizabeth’s marriage and, 66, 70, 72, 81, 115, 116, 155, 176, 177, 186, 187, 190; Henry VIII will and, 16; Mary Tudor’s marriage and, 44; and need for consent for marriage, 26, 28; Seymour (Thomas)-Elizabeth relationship and, 28, 29, 34
Protector, Lord. See Seymour, Edward
de Quadra, Alvarez (Bishop of Spain): Arundel as suitor and, 67, 69, 70; Dudley-Elizabeth relationship and, 95, 98, 99, 100, 101, 103, 105–8, 109; Habsburg archdukes as suitors and, 85–86, 87, 88; named ambassador to England, 84; passion of Elizabeth comment of, 91; Pickering as suitor and, 69, 70; succession to the throne and, 115
Rabenstein, Baron von. See Breuner, Caspar
Raleigh, Sir Walter, 204–7, 209, 210, 215, 216
religion. See Catholicism/Catholic Church; Huguenots
Renard, Simon, 44, 45–46, 47, 48, 50–51, 52, 53, 54
Richmond, Duke of, 5, 6, 18
Robsart, Amy, 101–2, 103, 108, 139, 155
Russell, Lord, 29–30
Salisbury, Dr. Jewel, Bishop of, 76, 89
Savoy, Duke of. See Emmanuel Philibert
Scheyfve, Jean (imperial ambassador), 40–41
Seymour, Edward (Earl of Hertford and Duke of Somerset): ambitions of, 16; death of, 40; Edward VI and, 8, 27; Elizabeth’s relationship with, 38; Elizabeth’s reputation and, 39; family background of, 17; Grey marriage and, 27; Parr-Thomas marriage and, 20–21; personality and character of, 17, 24; power of, 19; as Protector, 16; Thomas-Elizabeth relationship and, 19, 22, 29, 32, 34; Thomas’s relationship with, 20–21, 22, 26, 27, 30–31, 34, 52; treason charges against Thomas and, 34, 38
Seymour, Jane, 3, 6, 7, 8, 17
Seymour, Sir John, 17
Seymour, Thomas: ambitions of, 19, 26, 29, 30, 39, 212; death of, 34, 215; Edward Seymour’s relationship with, 20–21, 22, 26, 27, 30–31, 34, 52; Edward VI relationship with, 20, 26–27, 34; Elizabeth’s memory of, 36, 51–52; as Elizabeth’s model for attractive men, 19, 36; Elizabeth’s relationship with, 18, 19, 21–24, 26, 27, 28–29, 37–38, 39–40, 91, 107; as Elizabeth’s suitor, 17, 19, 26, 27, 28–30, 31–34, 39–40; Essex compared with, 212; family background of, 17; Grey courtship and, 26–27; Parr marriage/relationship to, 16–17, 18, 19–24, 25–26, 34; Parr’s death and, 25–26; personality and character of, 17–18, 21, 27, 29, 39–40; picture of, 132; professional career of, 17, 18–19; titles of, 16, 17; in Tower of London, 30–31; treason charges against, 34, 38; views about Parliament of, 82
Shakespeare, William, 145
Shrewsbury, Countess of, 174–75
Sidney, Sir Henry, 105–6, 141
Sidney, Lady, 98
Sidney, Sir Philip, 192, 209
de Silva, Diego Guzmán (Spanish ambassador), 112, 126, 140–41, 144, 147, 148, 151, 152, 156, 158, 160–61
de Simier, Jean, 174–75, 177, 178–79, 180, 182, 187–88, 190
Smith, Sir Thomas, 150–51, 166–67, 168
Somerset, Duchess of, 20, 21, 28, 29, 39, 43
Somerset, Duke of. See Seymour, Edward
Spain: English relations with, 166, 188–89, 190; French relations with, 64–66, 67, 71–80, 81, 166, 188–89, 190, 193; Portugal acquired by, 188, 190; rebellion in, 155. See also specific person
St. Bartholomew’s Eve massacre (Paris), 165, 169–70, 178, 191
Stafford, Sir Edward, 189
Stubbs, John, 183–84, 185
Succession Act (1544), 13–14
Suffolk family, 41, 115, 121
Sussex, Earl of, 99, 104, 111, 153, 154, 155, 175, 181
Throckmorton, Sir Nicholas, 26, 100, 102–3, 104, 111
“Triumph” enactment, 192
Tyrwhitt, Lady, 33
Tyrwhitt, Sir Robert, 31–32, 33–34, 35, 38, 84
Valois, House of. See specific member
Vaucelles, Treaty of, 58
Wallop, John, 18
Walsingham, Francis: Alençon as suitor and, 167, 168–70, 175, 186–87, 188, 189, 193, 195, 196, 202; Anjou as suitor and, 160, 161–62, 163, 164, 165, 166; St. Bartholomew’s Eve massacre and, 169–70
Warwick, Earl of, 118–19
weal of the kingdom: Cecil’s devotion to Elizabeth and, 130; Elizabeth’s dedication to, 128, 146, 172; Elizabeth’s health and, 115–16; Elizabeth’s promise about, 145–46; Elizabeth’s suitors and, 114–46, 216; succession to the throne and, 114–46
Wriothesley, Charles, 8
Wyatt, Thomas, 1, 2, 3, 192
Wyatt, Thomas, the younger, 50, 51, 69, 215, 216
York, Archbishop of, 190
Zwetkovich, Adam von, 127–29
A C K N O W L E D G M E N T S
I am deepy grateful to Beatrix Miller, who helped and encouraged me from the outset, and the late Christopher Falkus, whose inspiration and enthusiasm made this book possible. Others who have given me valuable assistance include Dr. David Starkey, who kindly read the manuscript, and Francesca Ronan, who edited it. For this paperback edition, I am indebted to Kate Shearman, Gail Paten, and Emily Krump. I should also like to thank the staff of the Public Record Office, the staff of the London Library, my late parents, Andrew Todd, and John Wilder.
The author has quoted mainly from the following sources:
MANUSCRIPT SOURCES
State Papers, Domestic (SP 1,10,11,12)
State Papers, Foreign, General Series (SP 70)
PRINTED SOURCES
Acts of the Privy Council of England, ed. J. R. Dasent, HMSO, London 1890.
Ambassades de MM de Noailles en Angleterre, ed. R. Vertot, Paris 1763.
Burghley State Papers, ed. S. Haynes, London 1740.
Burghley State Papers, ed. W. Murdin, London 1740.
Calendar of Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, vols. VI–XX, ed. J. Gairdner, R. H. Brodie, HMSO, London 1882–1907.
Calendar of Salisbury MSS, vol. II, Historical MSS Commission, HMSO, London 1888.
Calendar of State Papers, Spanish. Edward VI–Philip and Mary, vols. X–XIII, ed. R. Tyler, HMSO, London 1914–54.
Calendar of State Papers, Spanish. Elizabeth I, vols. I–III, ed. M. A. S. Hume, HMSO, London 1892–6.
Correspondence Diplomatique de la Mothe Fénelon, ed. C. P. Cooper, Paris and London 1840.
A Chronicle of England, H. Wriothesley, ed. W. D. Hamilton, Camden Society, London 1875.
The Chronicle of Queen Jane and Queen Mary, ed. J. G. Nichols, Camden Society, London 1850.
The Compleat Ambassador, ed. H. Digges, London 1658.
The Diary of Henry Machyn, Citizen of London, ed. J. G. Nichols, Camden Society, London 1848.
Elizabeth I and Her Parliaments, vol. I, J. E. Neale, Jonathan Cape, London 1953.
Fragmenta Regalia, ed. R. Naunton, London 1824.
Hardwicke State Papers, ed. the Earl of Hardwicke, London 1770.
John Stubbs’ “Gaping Gulf,” ed. L. C. Berry, Folger Shakespeare Library, University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville 1968.
Literary Remains of Edward VI, ed. J. G. Nichols, Roxburghe Club, London 1857.
Memoirs of Sir James Melville, ed. G. Scott, London 1735.
The Progresses and Public Processions of Queen Elizabeth, ed. J. G. Nichols, Roxburghe Club, London 1823.
Queen Elizabeth and Some Foreigners, ed. V. von Klarwill, trans. T. H. Nash, John Lane/The Bodley Head, London 1928.
C R E D I T S
Cover painting: Portrait of a Woman (said to be Elizabeth I) 1576, attr. to George Gower, Private Collection © Arthur Ackermann Ltd., London/The Bridgeman Art Library
C O P Y R I G H T
First published in Great Britain in 1975 by Weidenfeld & Nicholson as Suitors to the Queen.
Reissued by Orion Books as The Men Who Would Be King in 2005 and 2011.
THE MEN WHO WOULD BE KING. Copyright © 1975, 2005, 2011, 2012 by Josephine Ross. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. By payment of the required fees, you have been granted the nonexclusive, nontransferable right to access and read the text of this e-book on-screen. No part of this text may be reproduced, transmitted, downloaded, decompiled, reverse-engineered, or stored in or introduced into any information storage and retrieval system, in any form or by any means, whether electronic or mechanical, now known or hereinafter invented, without the express written permission of HarperCollins e-books.
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