26. Quoted in Blumberg and Owens, Energy and Conflict, p. 209.
27. Quoted in Shepley and Blair, The Hydrogen Bomb, p. 64.
28. U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, In the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer, pp. 460–461.
29. Quoted in Davis, Lawrence and Oppenheimer, p. 266.
30. Lee DuBridge, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, In the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer, pp. 518–519.
31. Quoted in Goodchild, J. Robert Oppenheimer, p. 200.
32. Manuscript Journal, David E. Lilienthal Papers, Seeley G. Mudd Library, Princeton University.
33. Quoted in Lilienthal, The Atomic Energy Years, p. 581.
34. GAC Report, October 30, 1949, reprinted in York, The Advisors, pp. 152–160.
35. Enrico Fermi and I. I. Rabi, “An Opinion on the Development of the ‘Super,’” October 30, 1949, reprinted in York, The Advisors, pp. 161–162.
36. U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, In the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer, p. 395.
37. Quoted in Bernstein, “Profiles: Physicist—II,” p. 77.
38. Quoted in Rigden, Rabi, p. 208.
39. Herbert Childs interview with Robert Oppenheimer, EOLP, BL, UCB.
40. Quoted in Foreign Relations of the United States: 1950, vol. 1, pp. 200–201.
41. See note 9.
42. Ibid.; and Bundy, Danger and Survival, pp. 219–221.
43. Teller with Brown, Legacy of Hiroshima, p. 44.
44. Quoted in Bernstein, “Four Physicists and the Bomb,” p. 260.
45. Edward Teller to Maria Mayer (undated), Box 3, MMP, MSCD, GL, UCSD.
46. John H. Manley, “Recollections and Memories,” unpublished manuscript, LANLA.
47. Edward Teller to John von Neumann, November 9, 1949, John von Neumann Papers, Box 7, MDLOC.
48. Edward Teller to Maria Mayer (undated), Box 3, MMP, MSCD, GL, UCSD.
49. J. H. Manley Diary, November 15, 1949, p. 14, Accession #A-92–024, 1–1, LANLA.
50. Dean Acheson, Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Department (W.W. Norton, 1969), p. 346.
51. Quoted in R. Gordon Arneson, “The H-Bomb Decision,” Foreign Service Journal, May 1969, p. 29; and Acheson, Present at the Creation, p. 346.
52. Transcript of Warner Schilling interview, Box 65, JROP, MDLOC.
53. Quoted in ibid., p. 27.
54. See The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion, 1935–1971, vol. 2, p. 888.
55. Quoted in NYT, February 1, 1950, p. 3.
56. Andrei Sakharov, Memoirs (Alfred A. Knopf, 1990), pp. 94, 98–101.
57. Quoted in Davis, Lawrence and Oppenheimer, pp. 330–331.
58. Transcript, “Mrs. Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Simulcast on Sunday, February 12, 1950, NBC Network,” JROP, MDLOC.
59. “We Got to Go On,” unpublished letter, March 6, 1950, LSP, MSCD, GL, UCSD; and Leo Szilard at University of Chicago Roundtable Discussion, February 26, 1950, reprinted in “The Facts About the Hydrogen Bomb,” BAS, April 1950, pp. 107–109.
60. Arthur Compton to George Gallup, January 21, 1950, AHCP, Series 3, Box 12,WUA.
61. Quoted in Moss, Men Who Play God, p. 40.
62. Statement by S. K. Allison et al., Samuel Allison Papers, Box 2, DSC, JRL, UC.
63. Hans Bethe, “The Hydrogen Bomb,” Scientific American, April 1950, pp. 102–103.
64. Hans Bethe to Norris Bradbury, February 14, 1950, LANLA.
65. Quoted in Lifton and Markusen, The Genocidal Mentality, p. 117.
66. Ibid., p. 139.
67. “Talk to FAS Members and Others at Los Alamos, July 9, 1953,” HABP, CAKL, CU.
68. Notes on “The Social Responsibilities of Scientists and Engineers,” November 6, 1963, HABP, Box 4, CAKL, CU.
69. Quoted in Jungk, Brighter than a Thousand Suns, p. 291.
70. AEC chairman Gordon Dean, quoted in ibid., p. 295.
71. See Hans Bethe to John Strauss, February 28, 1950, HABP, CAKL, CU.
72. Notes, “TV 1995—Anniversary,” BPP.
73. Quoted in Jungk, Brighter than a Thousand Suns, p. 296.
74. Quoted in Teller with Shoolery, Memoirs, p. 289.
75. Quoted in Blumberg and Owens, Energy and Conflict, p. 251.
76. Quoted in Blumberg and Panos, Edward Teller, p. 141.
77. Teller, “The Work of Many People,” Science, February 25, 1955, p. 274.
78. Quoted in Chuck Hansen, The Swords of Armageddon: U.S. Nuclear Weapons Development Since 1945. CD-ROM. (Chukelea Publications, 1995).
79. Raemer Schreiber, quoted in Rhodes, Dark Sun, p. 509.
80. Author’s interview with Edward Teller, Stanford, Calif., July 27, 1998.
81. Quoted in Relman Morin, “Dr. Cloyd Marvin Discusses Teller’s Tear in His Heart,’” Washington Post, June 23, 1954.
82. Quoted in Coughlan, “Dr. Edward Teller’s Magnificent Obsession,” p. 74.
Chapter 10: The Oppenheimer Affair
1. Rigden, Rabi, p. 221.
2. U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, In the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer, pp. 837–838.
3. Quoted in Davis, Lawrence and Oppenheimer, p. 278.
4. Quoted in Alsop, We Accuse!, p. 19.
5. Ibid.
6. Joint Congressional Committee on Atomic Energy, Investigation into the United States Atomic Energy Project (U.S Government Printing Office, 1949), pp. 277–315; and NYT, June 16, 1949, p. 20.
7. Quoted in Stern with Green, The Oppenheimer Case, p. 131; and Lilienthal, The Atomic Energy Years, p. 522.
8. Herken, Brotherhood of the Bomb, p. 266.
9. “Record of Telephone Conversation (Robert Oppenheimer and Lewis Strauss),” December 14, 1953, AEC Records, Historian’s Office, Department of Energy, Germantown, Md.
10. Quoted in Bernstein, “Profiles: Physicist—II.”
11. Stern with Green, The Oppenheimer Case, p. 234.
12. Quoted in ibid., p. 235.
13. Quoted in Coughlan, “Tangled Drama,” p. 88.
14. Bernstein, “In the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer,” p. 213.
15. J. Robert Oppenheimer to Lewis Strauss, December 22, 1953, reprinted in NYT, April 13, 1954, p. 16.
16. Author’s interview with Ralph Lapp, Alexandria, Va., March 12, 1999.
17. Quoted in Blumberg and Owens, Energy and Conflict, p. 360.
18. Edward Teller, paraphrased in McCabe to FBI Director, May 14, 1952; and SAC, Albuquerque, to Director, FBI, “Dr. J. Robert Oppenheimer,” May 27, 1952, J. Robert Oppenheimer FBI/Freedom of Information Act File.
19. Jon Else interview with I. I. Rabi, quoted in Bernstein, “In the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer,” p. 222.
20. Harold Green, “The Oppenheimer Case: A Study in the Abuse of the Law,” BAS, September 1977, pp. 59–60.
21. See Transcript of Gordon Gray Oral History, p. 187, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, Abilene, Kansas.
22. Hans Bethe and Victor Weisskopf to J. Robert Oppenheimer, Box 202, JROP, MDLOC.
23. Stern with Green, The Oppenheimer Case, pp. 260–261.
24. Bernstein, “In the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer,” pp. 220–221.
25. U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, In the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer, p. 20.
26. Ibid., p. 56.
27. David Lilienthal, quoted in Stern with Green, The Oppenheimer Case, pp. 309–310.
28. Quoted in Goodchild, J Robert Oppenheimer, p. 248.
29. Eltenton FBI interview, June 26, 1946, cited in Herken, Brotherhood of the Bomb, p. 92.
30. U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, In the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer, p. 137.
31. Ibid.
32. Ibid., p. 149.
33. Ibid., p. 154.
34. Stern with Green, The Oppenheimer Case, p. 287.
35. Leslie Groves to Lewis Strauss, February 1, 1954, cited in Bernstein, “In the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer,” pp. 216–217.
36. Goodchild, J. Robert Oppenheimer, p. 242.
37. U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, In the Matter
of J. Robert Oppenheimer, p. 243.
38. Ibid., p. 229.
39. Quoted in Goodchild, J. Robert Oppenheimer, p. 244.
40. Quoted in Coughlan, “Tangled Drama,” p. 101.
41. U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, In the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer, p. 331.
42. Quoted in Davis, Lawrence and Oppenheimer, p. 346.
43. Rigden, Rabi, pp. 222–223.
44. U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, In the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer, p. 468.
45. Ibid., p. 469.
46. Ibid., p. 470.
47. “Familiarity, Rejection of Reds Favor Oppenheimer—Compton,” Washington Post, April 19, 1954, p. 10.
48. See Arthur H. Compton to Gordon Gray, April 21, 1954, AHCP, Series 3, Box 18, WUA.
49. U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, In the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer, pp. 565, 567.
50. Ibid., p. 517.
51. Ibid., p. 660.
52. See Herken, Brotherhood of the Bomb, pp. 248, 258.
53. Author’s interview with Harold Agnew, Solana Beach, Calif., March 13, 2001.
54. U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, In the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer, p. 754.
55. Charter Heslep to Lewis Strauss, “Conversation with Edward Teller at Liver-more on April 22, 1954,” May 3, 1954, Lewis Strauss Papers, Herbert Hoover Library, West Branch, Iowa.
56. Author’s interview with Herbert York, La Jolla, Calif., March 12, 2001.
57. Ibid.
58. Draft of a Statement, 1954, in Helen Hawkins, G. Allen Greb, and Gertrud Weiss Szilard, eds., Toward a Livable World (MIT Press, 1987), p. 129.
59. See ibid., p. xliii.
60. Hans Bethe interview with Charles Weiner, May 9, 1972, OHC, NBL, AIP; and Bernstein, Hans Bethe, p. 99.
61. Quoted in Dyson, Disturbing the Universe, p. 90.
62. Coughlan, “Tangled Drama”; and Stern with Green, The Oppenheimer Case, p. 343.
63. Quoted in Jonathan Weisman, “Teller Recants Oppenheimer Denunciation,” Tri-Valley Herald, December 16, 1992.
64. U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, In the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer, pp. 709–710.
65. Ibid., p. 726.
66. Handwritten Notes, Box 205, JROP, MDLOC.
67. Quoted in Stern with Green, The Oppenheimer Case, p. 345.
68. Quoted in York, The Advisors, p. 64.
69. Quoted in Herken, Brotherhood of the Bomb, p. 283.
70. Author’s interview with Herbert York, La Jolla, Calif., March 12, 2001.
71. Ernest O. Lawrence for C. A. Rolander, AEC, picked up by courier on May 4, 1954, LWA-1234, EOLP, BL, UCB.
72. Quoted in Hans Bethe interview with Charles Weiner, May 9, 1972, OHC, NBL, AIP.
73. Quoted in Coughlan, “Tangled Drama,” p. 98.
74. Stern with Green, The Oppenheimer Case, p. 390.
75. Notes of Phone Conversation with Joseph Alsop, June 8, 1954, Box 200, JROP, MDLOC.
76. Decision and Opinions of the United States Atomic Energy Commission in the Matter of Dr. J. Robert Oppenheimer, reprinted in U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, In the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer (MIT Press edition), pp. 1047–1066.
77. Quoted in NYT, July 4, 1954, p. 15.
78. Quoted in Alsop, We Accuse!, p. 21.
79. Quoted in Lifton and Markusen, The Genocidal Mentality, p. 136.
80. Quoted in Bernstein, Hans Bethe, p. 101.
81. Hans Bethe to Edward Teller, November 30, 1954, Edward Teller Papers, Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, Stanford University.
82. Quoted in Herken, Brotherhood of the Bomb, p. 299.
83. Crawford Greenewalt to Herbert Anderson, August 22, 1960, Personal Papers of Crawford Greenewalt, Accession 2016, HML.
84. Quoted in Segrè, Enrico Fermi, p. 182.
85. Segrè, A Mind Always in Motion, pp. 251–252.
86. Quoted in Blumberg and Owens, Energy and Conflict, p. 374.
87. Quoted in Jungk, Brighter than a Thousand Suns, p. 331.
88. Jon Else interview with I. I. Rabi, quoted in Bernstein, “In the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer,” p. 222.
89. Felix Bloch, quoted in Rigden, Rabi, pp. 218–219.
90. Quoted in ibid., pp. 230–231.
91. Quoted in Bernstein, Hans Bethe, p. 99.
92. Robert Serber quoted in Rhodes, Dark Sun, p. 558.
93. Quoted in Else, The Day After Trinity (KTEH-TV, 1980).
94. Quoted in Moyers, “Meet I.I. Rabi.”
95. Quoted in John Mason Brown, Through These Men (Harper and Brothers, 1956), p. 288.
96. Coughlan, “Tangled Drama,” p. 103.
97. Quoted in ibid., p. 104; and Brown, Through These Men, pp. 228–229.
98. Quoted in Coughlan, “Tangled Drama,” p. 104.
99. Edward Teller to William L. Borden, July 9, 1954, excerpted in Teller with Shoolery, Memoirs, p. 390.
100. Edward Teller to Maria Mayer (undated), MMP, MSCD, GL, UCSD.
101. Quoted in Blumberg and Owens, Energy and Conflict, p. 378.
102. Quoted in Moss, Men Who Play God, p. 78.
103. Excerpted in Blumberg and Owens, Energy and Conflict, p. 368.
104. Teller-Strauss Correspondence File, Lewis Strauss Papers, Herbert Hoover Library.
105. Quoted in Blumberg and Owens, Energy and Conflict, p. 364.
106. Teller with Shoolery, Memoirs, pp. 371, 383.
107. Quoted in Blumberg and Owens, Energy and Conflict, p. 365.
108. See NYT, September 11, 2003, p. A22.
109. See NYT, April 5, 1963, p. 1.
110. Quoted in Michelmore, The Swift Years, p. 232.
111. Quoted in Jungk, Brighter than a Thousand Suns, p. 333.
Chapter 11: Twilight Years
1. Niels Bohr to George C. Marshall, June 10, 1948, JROP, MDLOC.
2. Niels Bohr, “Open Letter to the United Nations,” June 9, 1950, reprinted in Rozental, Niels Bohr, pp. 340–352.
3. Arthur Compton, “The Moral Meaning of the Atomic Bomb” (1946), quoted in Johnston, The Cosmos of Arthur Holly Compton, pp. 304–305.
4. Arthur Compton, “How Peace with the Hydrogen Bomb?” (1954), reprinted in ibid., p. 325.
5. Arthur Compton to Senator Stuart Symington, May 8, 1958, AHCP, Series 3, Box28,WUA.
6. Quoted in York, Making Weapons, Talking Peace, p. 39.
7. See Ernest O. Lawrence to Mrs. Martin Johnson, January 31, 1955, EOLP, BL, UCB.
8. Quoted in Davis, Lawrence and Oppenheimer, p. 351.
9. Quoted in Herken, Brotherhood of the Bomb, p. 320.
10. Ernest O. Lawrence to Mrs. Edwin S. Spencer, February 17, 1955, EOLP, BL, UCB.
11. Quoted in Coffin, “Leo Szilard.”
12. Leo Szilard to Niels Bohr, November 7, 1950, LSP, Box 4, Folder 34, MSCD, GL, UCSD.
13. See Szilard, The Voice of the Dolphins.
14. Libby, The Uranium People, pp. 60–64; and Coffin, “Leo Szilard.”
15. Smith, “The Elusive Dr. Szilard”; and Coffin, “Leo Szilard.”
16. Herken, Brotherhood of the Bomb, p. 321.
17. Quoted in Childs, An American Genius, p. 531.
18. Quoted in Herken, Brotherhood of the Bomb, p. 328.
19. Author’s interview with Hans Bethe, Ithaca, N.Y., June 6, 1997.
20. Frank Oppenheimer interview with Charles Weiner, May 21, 1973, OHC, NBL, AIP.
21. “Dr. Oppenheimer Discusses Future,” NYT, July 4, 1954.
22. Victor Cohn, “Can a Security Risk Survive?” Minneapolis Tribune, June 16, 1957.
23. See Leo Szilard, “Memorandum Based on a Meeting Held on the Initiative of Bertrand Russell at Pugwash, Nova Scotia, in July 1957,” July 29, 1957; and “Has the Time Come to Abrogate War?” May 25, 1960, Eugene Rabinowitch Papers, Box 9, DSC, JRL, UC.
24. Quoted in Lanouette, Genius in the Shadows, p. 371.
25. Szilard-Teller Debate, reprinted in Hawkins, Greb, and Szilard, Toward a Livable World, pp. 238–250.
> 26. Arthur Compton to Leo Szilard, March 3, 1960, LSP, MSCD, GL, UCSD.
27. I. I. Rabi to Robert Oppenheimer, April 5, 1963, IIRP, MDLOC.
28. Edward Teller to Robert Oppenheimer (undated); and Robert Oppenheimer to Edward Teller, April 23, 1963, Box 71, JROP, MDLOC.
29. Quoted in Coughlan, “Tangled Drama,” p. 110.
30. Quoted in Lanouette, Genius in the Shadows, p. xix.
31. “Address by Dr. Leo Szilard,” reprinted in The Nation, December 3, 1945.
32. Goodchild, J. Robert Oppenheimer, p. 278.
33. J. Robert Oppenheimer, “Niels Bohr and Atomic Weapons,” May 18, 1964, LANLA.
34. Quoted in Herbert Smith interview with Charles Weiner, August 1, 1974, OHC, NBL, AIP.
35. Thomas B. Morgan, “With Oppenheimer, on an Autumn Day,” Look, December 27, 1966, pp. 63, 67.
36. Robert Reid to the Editor, The [London] Times, August 26, 1975.
37. Quoted in Peierls, Bird of Passage, p. 315.
38. Hans Bethe to Robert Oppenheimer, JROP, MDLOC.
39. Quoted in Michelmore, The Swift Years, p. 254.
40. Quoted in Science, March 3, 1967, p. 1080.
41. Quoted in Rigden, Rabi, p. 211.
42. Stern with Green, The Oppenheimer Case, pp. 505–506.
43. Quoted in Royal, The Story of J. Robert Oppenheimer, p. 180.
44. Quoted in Rigden, Rabi, p. 231.
45. Quoted in Stern with Green, The Oppenheimer Case, p. 514.
46. Kempton, “The Ambivalence of J. Robert Oppenheimer,” p. 247.
47. Robert Oppenheimer, “The Power to Act: The Scientific Revolution and Its Effects on Democratic Institutions” (1963), in Metropolis, Rota, and Sharp, Uncommon Sense, p. 144.
48. Quoted in Rigden, Rabi, p. 178.
49. Quoted in Bernstein, “Profiles: Physicist—II,” p. 66.
50. Author’s interview with Herbert York, La Jolla, Calif., March 12, 2001.
51. Quoted in Rigden, Rabi, p. 220.
52. The physicist was Richard Garwin. Cited in author’s interview with Herbert York, La Jolla, Calif., March 12, 2001.
53. Edward Teller to Lewis Strauss, 1957, quoted in Blumberg and Owens, Energy and Conflict, p. 420.
54. Quoted in NYT, August 14, 1963, p. 6.
55. Quoted in ibid., August 24, 1963, p. 18.
56. Quoted in ibid., January 12, 1988, p. A24.
57. I. I. Rabi Lecture, Columbia University, May 13, 1966, Manuscript Biographies, AIP.
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