Modernity Britain

by David Kynaston

  3. Daily Express, 2 Sep 1958; Manchester Guardian, 2 Sep 1958; Scotsman, 2 Sep 1958; Kensington News and West London Times, 5 Sep 1958; Phillips, Windrush, pp 175–6; Daily Express, 2 Sep 1958; Benn, p 286; Glass, Newcomers, p 140; The Times, 3 Sep 1958; Glass, Newcomers, p 141.

  4. Michael Banton, White and Coloured (1959), p 159; City and Suburban News (Manchester), 11 Oct 1957; Spectator, 5 Sep 1958 (Eleanor Ettlinger); Glass, Newcomers, p 81; Observer, 22 Jun 1958; Coventry Standard, 1 Aug 1958; Birmingham Mail, 30 Aug 1958.

  5. Kensington News and West London Times, 22 Aug 1958; Glass, Newcomers, p 60; Manchester Guardian, 23 Nov 1957; Sheila Patterson, Dark Strangers (1963), pp 179–84; Glass, Newcomers, p 76; Manchester Guardian, 4 Mar 1957.

  6. Glass, Newcomers, p 86; Big Issue, 26 Apr 2004; Radio Times, 6 Jun 1958; Punch, 27 Aug 1958.

  7. BBC WA, Any Questions?, 12 Sep 1958.

  8. The Times, 4 Sep 1958; Observer, 7 Sep 1958; D. W. Dean, ‘Conservative Governments and the Restriction of Commonwealth Immigration in the 1950s’, Historical Journal (Mar 1992), p 189; Smethwick Telephone, 12 Sep 1958; Glass, Newcomers, pp 153, 155; Simon Heffer, ‘What Enoch Was Really Saying’, Spectator, 24 Nov 2001.

  9. Paul Foot, Immigration and Race in British Politics (Harmondsworth, 1965), p 169; Arthur Marwick, The Sixties (Oxford, 1998), p 235; Daily Mail, 2 Sep 1958; Daily Mirror, 3 Sep 1958; Ken Lunn, ‘Complex Encounters: Trade Unions, Immigration and Racism’, in John McIlroy et al (eds), British Trade Unions and Industrial Politics, Volume Two (Aldershot, 1999), p 80; Reynolds News, 7 Sep 1958; Dean, ‘Conservative Governments’, p 192; The Times, 29 Sep 1958.

  10. Heap, 1 Sep 1958; Maurice Edelman Papers (Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick), Ms 125/1/3/33; News Chronicle, 8 Sep 1958; Glass, Newcomers, p 123; Turtle, 17 Sep 1958; Colin MacInnes, England, Half English (1986 edn), p 39; BBC WA, R9/19/2, Oct–Nov 1958; Glass, Newcomers, p 247.

  11. Listener, 11 Sep 1958 (Philip Henderson); Kensington News and West London Times, 12 Sep 1958; Express and Star (Wolverhampton), 4 Sep 1958, 6 Sep 1958, 8–9 Sep 1958, 11 Sep 1958; Guardian Journal (Nottingham), 13 Sep 1958; The Times, 18 Sep 1958; North London Press, 19 Sep 1958, 26 Sep 1958; The Times, 19 Sep 1958, 22 Sep 1958; North London Press, 3 Oct 1958; Emily Green, ‘Sylvester Hughes’, Independent, 23 Jul 1991.

  12. Evening Standard, 4 Sep 1958; Frank Cousins Papers (Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick), Ms 282/8/3/1, Sep 1958; Olga Cannon and J.R.L. Anderson, The Road from Wigan Pier (1973), pp 192–6; Billingham Post, 11 Sep 1958; David Kynaston, The City of London, Volume 4 (2001), p 153.

  13. Michael Hellicar, ‘The First TV Set’, Daily Mail, 14 Sep 2002; Daily Mirror, 15 Sep 1958, 29 Sep 1958, 6 Oct 1958, 19 Sep 1958; Morris Bright and Robert Ross, Carry On Uncensored (1999), pp 8, 10; Sue Harper and Vincent Porter, British Cinema of the 1950s (Oxford, 2003), p 193.

  14. Muriel Beadle, These Ruins Are Inhabited (1961), pp 15–17; Daily Mirror, 24 Sep 1958; John Bloom, It’s No Sin to Make a Profit (1971), pp 14–15, 21–32; T.A.B. Corley, Domestic Electrical Appliances (1966), p 55.

  15. Daily Mirror, 15 Sep 1958; The Times, 21 Jul 2008 (Mick Hume); Joe Moran, ‘Milk Bars, Starbucks and The Uses of Literacy’, Cultural Studies (Nov 2006), p 564; Willmott, 1 Oct 1958.

  16. Raymond Williams, Politics and Letters (1979), p 132; John Mullan, ‘Rebel in a Tweed Suit’, Guardian, 28 May 2005; Raymond Williams, Culture and Society, 1780–1950 (1958), pp 205–6; Raphael Samuel, ‘“Philosophy Teaching By Example”: Past and Present in Raymond Williams’, History Workshop (Spring 1989), p 146; Williams, Culture and Society, pp 327–8; New Statesman, 27 Sep 1958; Spectator, 10 Oct 1958; Times Literary Supplement, 26 Sep 1958; Encounter, Jan 1959, pp 86–8; Samuel, ‘Past and Present’, p 142; Fred Inglis, Raymond Williams (1995), p 146.

  17. Norman MacKenzie (ed), Conviction (1958), pp 92, 138, 230; Socialist Commentary, Nov 1958, pp 29; Noel Annan, Our Age (1990), p 596.

  18. Architects’ Journal, 25 Sep 1958; Turtle, 21 Sep 1958; Daily Telegraph, 26 Sep 1958; Benn, p 289; Sheffield Telegraph, 24 Sep 1958; Architectural Review (Oct 1958), p 282; Bevis Hillier, Betjeman: The Bonus of Laughter (2004), pp 167–8; Lost City, BBC TV, 26 Oct 1958 (TV Heaven at National Media Museum, Bradford); Dan Smith, An Autobiography (Newcastle upon Tyne, 1970), pp 48, 61–5.

  19. Spencer Leigh, ‘Halfway to Paradise’, Record Collector (Feb 2008), p 59; Observer Music Monthly (May 2004), p 25 (Simon Napier-Bell); Spencer Leigh, ‘Ian Samwell’, Independent, 17 Mar 2003; Guardian, 26 Sep 2008 (John Pidgeon); The Times, 25 Jun 2004 (Lisa Verrico).

  20. The Times, 4 Oct 2008 (David Robertson); Guardian, 23 Jun 2007 (Ian Jack); Ronald Miller and David Sawers, The Technical Development of Modern Aviation (1968), pp 179–82; Clive Jenkins, ‘BOAC: The Anatomy of a Strike’, Universities and Left Review (Spring 1959), pp 30–34.

  21. Peter Weiler, ‘The Rise and Fall of the Conservatives’ “Grand Design for Housing”, 1951–64’, Contemporary British History (Spring 2000), p 132; Hilary Spurling, Secrets of a Woman’s Heart (1984), p 245; Richard Davenport-Hines, ‘Peter Rachman’, in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, vol 45 (Oxford, 2004), p 716. In general on the Rent Act’s background and implementation, see (in addition to Weiler’s ‘Rise and Fall’): John Davis, ‘Rent and Race in 1960s London: New Light on Rachmanism’, Twentieth Century British History, 12/1 (2001), pp 69–92; Alan G. V. Simmonds, ‘Raising Rachman: The Origins of the Rent Act, 1957’, Historical Journal (Dec 2002), pp 843–68.

  22. Guardian, 11 Oct 2008 (Bobby Smith); Garry Whannel, ‘“Grandstand”, the Sports Fan and the Family Audience’, in John Corner (ed), Popular Television in Britain (1991), p 188; Radio Times, 3 Oct 1958; Larkin, Ms Eng. c.7418, 16 Oct 1958, fol 120; Martin Bauml Duberman, Paul Robeson (1989), p 471.

  23. Alan Sillitoe, Saturday Night and Sunday Morning (Pan edn, 1960), p 5; Richard Bradford, The Life of a Long-Distance Writer (2008), p 152; New Statesman, 25 Oct 1958.

  24. Turtle, 16 Oct 1958; Radio Times, 10 Oct 1958; Biddy Baxter, ‘Christopher Trace’, Independent, 8 Sep 1992; Lawrence Black, Redefining British Politics (Basingstoke, 2010), p 87; BBC WA, R9/7/36 – VR/58/558; Guardian, 28 Oct 2008 (Frank Keating), 15 Sep 2009 (Richard Williams); News Chronicle, 21 Oct 1958; New Yorker, 1 Nov 1958; Daily Mirror, 20 Oct 1958, 22 Oct 1958.

  25. Macmillan, dep.d.33, 4 Oct 1958, fol 60, 18 Oct 1958, fol 74; Neil Rollings, ‘Butskellism, the Postwar Consensus and the Managed Economy’, in Harriet Jones and Michael Kandiah (eds), The Myth of Consensus (Basingstoke, 1996), p 111; Macmillan, dep.d.33, 22 Oct 1958, fols 80–81; Manchester Guardian, 28 Oct 1958; George H. Gallup, The Gallup International Public Opinion Polls: Great Britain 1937–1975, Volume One (New York, 1976), p 482.

  26. Jonathan Dimbleby, Richard Dimbleby (1975), p 342; Langford, 28 Oct 1958; Heap, 28 Oct 1958; TV Times, 26 Oct 1958; Tony Jasper, The Top Twenty Book (1994 edn), p 42; Radio Times, 24 Oct 1958, 31 Oct 1958; Oldie, Sep 2000, p 59 (Frank Keating); Jim White, ‘And Coleman is 70’, Independent, 26 Apr 1996; Dennis Barker, ‘Bryan Cowgill’, Guardian, 18 Jul 2008.

  9 Parity of Esteem

  1. Socialist Commentary (May 1956), p 13; Michael Young, The Rise of the Meritocracy, 1870–2033 (Penguin edn, 1961), pp 94, 169.

  2. Paul Barker, ‘A Tract for the Times’, in Geoff Dench (ed), The Rise and Rise of Meritocracy (Oxford, 2006), pp 44, 40; Spectator, 21 Nov 1958; The Times, 30 Oct 1958; Barker, ‘Tract’, p 39; Encounter, Feb 1959, pp 68–72.

  3. Harry Ritchie, Success Stories (1988), p 79; Humphrey Carpenter, The Angry Young Men (2002), p 153; Crossman, p 598; Daily Sketch, 25 Jan 1958; David Edgerton, Warfare State (Cambridge, 2006), p 180; Joe Moran, On Roads (2009), pp 20, 34; ‘Sir Denis Rooke, OM’, Daily Telegraph, 6 Sep 2008; Tam Dalyell, ‘Sir Denis Rooke’, Independent, 8 Sep 2008.

  4. Nicholas Faith, ‘Lord Weinstock’, Independent, 24 Jul 2002; D. C. Coleman, Courtauld’s: III (Oxford, 1980), pp 141–2, 327; David Kynaston, The City of London, Volume 4 (2001), p 78.

  5. Mic
hael Leapman, ‘Robert Robinson’, Independent, 15 Aug 2011; Michael Leapman, ‘Brian Redhead’, Independent, 24 Jan 1994; Harold Evans, My Paper Chase (2009), p 208; ‘Jean Rook’, Daily Telegraph, 6 Sep 1991; Michael Leapman, ‘Keith Waterhouse’, Independent, 8 Sep 2009; Peter Guttridge, ‘Professor Sir Malcolm Bradbury’, Independent, 29 Nov 2000; Jonathan Coe, Like a Fiery Elephant (2004), p 82; Lucasta Miller, ‘John Carey’, Guardian, 4 Jun 2005; Ian Hamilton in Conversation with Dan Jacobson (2002), pp 13, 113; Tony Richardson, Long Distance Runner (1993); Stephen Fay, Power Play (1995); ‘John Thaw’, Daily Telegraph, 23 Feb 2002; Peter Stead, Film and the Working Class (1989), pp 190–91; Val Williams, ‘Terence Donovan’, Independent, 25 Nov 1996; Tim Cumming, ‘Shooting Stars’, Independent, 7 Aug 2002; Pierre Perrone, ‘Brian Duffy’, Independent, 17 Jun 2010; Financial Times, 3 Nov 2007 (Julian Flanagan); Natalie Rudd, Peter Blake (2003), pp 7, 25; Tim Marlow, ‘Bryan Robertson’, Independent, 26 Nov 2002; Wikipedia, ‘Zandra Rhodes’; Independent, 9 Jan 2009 (Michael Coveney); John Repsch, The Legendary Joe Meek (1989), pp 52, 63.

  6. Encounter, Feb 1958, p 60, Apr 1958, p 70; Humphrey Carpenter, Dennis Potter (1998), pp 55–98; Margaret Forster, Hidden Lives (1995), pp 244–9; Daily Telegraph, 31 May 2003; Guardian, 10 Oct 1998.

  7. Sunday Times, 11 Oct 1959; Anton Rippon, A Derby Boy (Stroud, 2007), chap 6; Mary Evans, A Good School (1991), pp 91, 9, 83–5, 101, 4, 10–11, 41, 120; Roy Greenslade, Goodbye to the Working Class (1976), pp 23, 151–9; The Ashbeian, 1957–8, pp 28–9.

  8. Spectator, 28 Jun 1957; Jacqueline Wilson, Jacky Daydream (2007), pp 285–7; Haines, 24 Jan 1958; Wilson, Jacky, pp 287–90; Haines, 24–5 Apr 1958; Ken Blakemore, Sunnyside Down (Stroud, 2005), pp 145–6; Greenslade, Goodbye, pp 20–21; Kevin Cann, Any Day Now (2010), p 18.

  9. Peter Willmott, ‘Some Social Trends’, in J. B. Cullingworth (ed), Problems of an Urban Society, Volume III (1973), p 96; News Chronicle, 21–3 Apr 1958; Listener, 24 Oct 1957; Roy Lewis and Rosemary Stewart, The Boss (1958), p 99.

  10. J. E. Floud et al, Social Class and Educational Opportunity (1956), p 42; William Taylor, The Secondary Modern School (1963), pp 51, 156, 47; Michael Sanderson, Educational Opportunity and Social Change in England (1987), p 56; William Liversidge, ‘Life Chances’, Sociological Review (Mar 1962), pp 21–2, 33; M. P. Carter, Home, School and Work (Oxford, 1962), pp 71, 79.

  11. Sanderson, Educational Opportunity, p 52; Alan Little and John Westergaard, ‘The Trend of Class Differentials in Educational Opportunity in England and Wales’, British Journal of Sociology (Dec 1964), p 303; Eva Bene, ‘Some Differences between Middle-Class and Working-Class Grammar School Boys in their Attitudes towards Education’, British Journal of Sociology (Jun 1959), p 151.

  12. Sanderson, Educational Opportunity, p 71; Brian Simon, Education and the Social Order, 1940–1990 (1991), pp 201–2; Observer, 4 Sep 1960; Willmott, ‘Social Trends’, p 96; New Statesman, 30 Aug 1958 (K. W. Wedderburn); Sunday Times, 29 Dec 1957; Observer, 4 Sep 1960.

  13. Floud et al, Social Class, p 81; Abrams, Box 85, file ‘1 of 3’, Research Services Ltd, ‘A Pilot Enquiry into Some Aspects of Working-Class Life in London’ (1957); Peter Willmott, The Evolution of a Community (1963), pp 115–16; Brian Jackson and Dennis Marsden, Education and the Working Class (1962), pp 103–23, 237; Carter, Home, pp 118–19.

  14. Daily Mail, 1 Aug 1958, 4–5 Aug 1958; Wisden Cricketers’ Almanack, 1958 (1958), pp 111–12; Michael Marshall, Gentlemen and Players (1987), pp 253–4.

  15. Gerald Aylmer, ‘Lord James of Rusholm’, Independent, 21 May 1992; George Perry, The Great British Picture Show (1985 edn), pp 200–201; Basil Bernstein, Class, Codes and Control, Volume 1 (1971), pp 43–61; Anne de Courcy, Snowdon (2008), p 57; John Moynihan, ‘Sunday Soccer’, in Ian Hamilton (ed), The Faber Book of Soccer (1992), pp 76–86.

  16. Radio Times, 15 Aug 1958; BBC WA, R9/2/10, week 17–23 Aug 1958; Kynaston, City, p 212.

  17. Turtle, 15 Sep 1958; New Statesman, 23 Aug 1958; Anthony Crosland, The Future of Socialism (2006 edn), p 218; Spectator, 4 Jan 1957; Dennis Dean, ‘Preservation or Renovation? The Dilemmas of Conservative Educational Policy 1955–1960’, Twentieth Century British History, 3/1 (1992), pp 28–9; Daily Mail, 20 May 1958.

  18. New Statesman, 30 Aug 1958, 20 Sep 1958, 27 Sep 1958, 11 Oct 1958; Socialist Commentary, Oct 1958, p 26; Muriel Beadle, These Ruins are Inhabited (1961), pp 148–51; Crosland, Future, p 218; BBC WA, R9/7/26 – VR/57/66.

  19. Sanderson, Educational Opportunity, p 47; Robin Pedley, Comprehensive Education (1956), p 41; Simon, Education, p 209; P. E. Vernon, Secondary School Selection (1957), pp 169, 177; Harry Judge, A Generation of Schooling (Oxford, 1984), pp 47–8; New Statesman, 25 May 1957; News Chronicle, 5 Feb 1957; Daily Express, 8 May 1957.

  20. Taylor, Secondary Modern, p 34; Sunday Times, 21 Apr 1957; Spectator, 14 Jun 1957; Carter, Home, p 5; Gary McCulloch, Failing the Ordinary Child? (Buckingham, 1998), p 89; Taylor, Secondary Modern, p 50.

  21. Taylor, Secondary Modern, p 37; New Statesman, 21 Sep 1957; H. C. Dent, Secondary Modern School (1958), pp 14, 42, 152; Melissa Benn, School Wars (2011), pp 45–7; John Lanchester, Family Romance (2007), pp 234–5.

  22. Taylor, Secondary Modern, pp 106–7, 110; Rhodes Boyson, Speaking My Mind (1995), p 52; Taylor, Secondary Modern, p 118; Brian Simon, ‘The Tory Government and Education, 1951–60’, History of Education (Dec 1985), p 293; Economist, 6 Dec 1958.

  23. George H. Gallup, The Gallup International Public Opinon Polls: Great Britain, 1937–1975, Volume One (New York, 1976), p 470; Melissa Benn, ‘Allen Clarke’, Guardian, 25 Aug 2007; Economist, 6 Dec 1958.

  24. Sunday Times, 27 Jan 1957; Times Educational Supplement, 15 Feb 1957; Economist, 22 Jun 1957; Spectator, 12 Dec 1958; Brian Simon, ‘Harry Rée’, Independent, 21 May 1991; Simon, Education, p 210; New Statesman, 12 Oct 1957, 18 Oct 1958; Listener, 11 Jul 1957; New Statesman, 21 Feb 1959, 25 May 1957; Vernon, Secondary School Selection, p 50; Raymond Williams, Culture and Society, 1780–1950 (1958), pp 331–2.

  25. David Crook, ‘The Disputed Origins of the Leicestershire Two-Tier Comprehensive Schools Plan’, History of Education Society Bulletin (Autumn 1992), pp 55–8; Observer, 19 Oct 1958; Times Educational Supplement, 12 Apr 1957; Leicestershire RO, DE 3627/207, Oadby Gartree School minutes, 23 Sep 1957, 21 Jan 1958; Gerald T. Rimmington, The Comprehensive Issue in Leicester 1945–1974 and Other Essays (Peterborough, 1984), pp 8–9.

  26. Western Daily Press, 12 Oct 1957; Simon, Education, pp 206, 219; Western Daily Press, 14 Oct 1957, 18 Oct 1957; Northern Despatch, 3 Oct 1958, 8 Nov 1958, 23 Oct 1958; Richard Batley et al, Going Comprehensive (1970), pp 36–9, 98.

  27. City of Bradford, Official Records of Council Meetings, 1957–8 (Bradford, 1958), pp 148, 151, 1958–9 (Bradford, 1959), pp 142–5.

  28. Socialist Commentary, Apr 1957, p 9; Labour Party Archives (People’s History Museum, Manchester), ‘Study Group on Education: Minutes and Papers: 27 March 1957–8 Jan 1958’, ‘Study Group on Education: Minutes and Papers: 20 Jan 1958–4 Feb 1959’; Crossman, Ms 154/8/21, 10 Feb 1958, fols 1,070–72.

  29. Spectator, 20 Jun 1958; Robin Pedley, The Comprehensive School (Penguin edn, 1969), p 180; New Yorker, 6 Sep 1958; Beverley Shaw, Comprehensive Schooling (Oxford, 1983), pp 56–7; New Statesman, 28 Jun 1958, 5 Jul 1958.

  30. The Times, 30 Sep 1958; Journal (Newcastle), 30 Sep 1958; New Statesman, 4 Oct 1958; Philip M. Williams, Hugh Gaitskell (1979), pp 468, 896; Sociological Review (Dec 1959), pp 269–70.

  10 Unnatural Practices

  1. TV Times, 31 Oct 1958; Spectator, 21 Nov 1958 (Peter Forster); Radio Times, 7 Nov 1958; Tony Jasper, The Top Twenty Book (1994 edn), p 42; New Statesman, 8 Nov 1958, 22 Nov 1958; Charles Marowitz et al (eds), The Encore Reader (Methuen pbk edn, 1970), pp 96–103; Larkin, p 244; Fowles, EUL Ms 102/1/10, 9 Nov 1958; News Chronicle, 17 Nov 1958; Raynham, 8 Nov 1958; Haines, 17 Nov 1958; Heap, 28 Nov 1958.

  2. Ian Harvey, To Fall like Lucifer (1971), pp 105–13; The Times, 21 Nov 1958
, 25 Nov 1958; Macmillan, dep.d.33, 21 Nov 1958, fol 106; The Times, 30 Jul 2002.

  3. The Times, 19 Oct 1995 (William Rees-Mogg); New Yorker, 13 Dec 1958 (Mollie Panter-Downes); Hansard, House of Commons Debates, 26 Nov 1958, cols 417, 428–9, 465; Trevor Fisher, ‘Permissiveness and the Politics of Morality’, Contemporary Record (Summer 1993), p 161; George H. Gallup, The Gallup International Public Opinon Polls: Great Britain, 1937–1975, Volume One (New York, 1976), p 487; Encounter (Feb 1959), p 62 (Peter Wildeblood); Spectator, 26 Dec 1958 (letters); Gordon Westwood, A Minority (1960), pp ix, 182–90.

  4. Fisher, ‘Permissiveness’, pp 159, 161–2; Tanya Evans, ‘The Other Woman and Her Child’, seminar at Institute of Historical Research, London, 20 Feb 2008.

  5. Peter Pagnamenta and Richard Overy, All Our Working Lives (1984), pp 93–4; Stephen Wilks, Industrial Policy and the Motor Industry (Manchester, 1984), p 77; Peter Scott, ‘The Worst of Both Worlds’, Business History (Oct 1996), p 54; Michael P. Jackson, The Price of Coal (1974), pp 100–101; Listener, 13 Nov 1958; The Times, 4 Dec 1958; Geoffrey Owen, From Empire to Europe (1999), pp 66–7; John Singleton, Lancashire on the Scrapheap, (Oxford, 1991), p 160.