by Edwin Black
43. “Stupidity Should Be Cured, Says DNA Discoverer.“
44. Lee M. Silver, Remaking Eden (New York: Avon Books, 1997), pp. 4-8.
45. “Details of Hybrid Clone Revealed,” British Broadcasting Corporation, 18 June 1999. “Frankenfish Wiping Out Wild Salmon,” Associated Newspapers Ltd., 19 September 1999. “Genetically Modified Monkey Could Be Key to Curing Some Diseases,” Cable News Network, 18 January 2001. “Scientists Want A Life,” AP Wire Services, 21 November 2002. “Scientists Planning to Make New Form of Life,” Washington Post, 21 November 2002. Author’s communication with The Center for the Advancement of Genomics, March 2003.
Major Sources
ARCHIVAL REPOSITORIES
Original papers and documents were accessed at several dozen archival repositories, record collections and unprocessed files in storage. The challenging range of repositories spanned the gamut from governmental and organizational archives to corporate and private files. Many key records are held by the special collections and manuscript departments of libraries, such as the Laughlin Papers in the Special Collections of Pickler Memorial Library at Truman University. I estimate there are some five hundred key and niche repositories of eugenic information in the United States and just as many overseas. Most of them are listed below, but space precludes a complete roster.
UNITED STATES
American Breeders Association Files (ABA) Maryland
American Civil Liberties Union Files Richmond
American Genetics Association Files Maryland
American Heritage Center Laramie, WY
American Philosophical Society (APS) Philadelphia
Charles B. Davenport Papers
American Eugenics Society Records
Leon F. Whitney Collection
Eugenics Record Office Records
California Institute of Technology Archives Pasadena, CA
Ezra Gosney / Human Betterment Foundation Papers
California State Archive Sacramento
Carnegie Institute of Washington (CIW) Washington, DC
Central Virginia Training Center Files Lynchburg, VA
Chicago Tribune Newspaper Morgue Chicago
Cold Spring Harbor Archive (CSH) Cold Spring Harbor
Cook County Circuit Court Archives Chicago
Hoover Institute Archives Stanford, CA
Indiana Historical Society Indianapolis
Indiana State Archives Indianapolis
Indiana State Library Indianapolis
Margaret Sanger Papers Project at NYU New York
Monacan National Tribal Archives Files Madison Heights, VA
National Archives (NA) College Park, MD
RG 29 Bureau of the Census
RG 40 Commerce
RG 43 Conference Commissions and Expositions
RG 59 State Department
RG 60 Department of Justice
RG 242 Captured German Records
RG 238 War Crimes Records
RG 330 Department of Defense
Pickler Memorial Library, Truman State University (Truman) Kirksville, MO
Harry H. Laughlin Papers.
Planned Parenthood Foundation, New York
Records of the Montgomery County Courthouse, Christiansburg, VA
Richmond Times-Dispatch Newspaper Morgue, Richmond
Rockefeller Foundation Archives (RF), Sleepy Hollow, NY
RG 1.1 Projects
RG 1.2 Projects
RG 3.1 Administration, Program and Policy
RG 6.1 Field Officers
RG 10 Fellowship Recorder Cards
Smith College, North Hampton, MA
Sophia Smith Collection
Tamiment-Wagner Labor Archives Archive, New York
University of California at Berkeley Archive, Berkeley, CA
71/3C William E. Ritter Papers
72/227C Berkeley PD
C-B 403 August Vollmer Papers
C-B 927 Robert H. Lowie Papers
CU-23 UCB Department of Anthropology
University of California at Davis, Davis, CA
Vermont Public Records (VT-PRA), Middlesex, VT
Virginia State Archive, Richmond
UNITED KINGDOM
House of Lords Records Office London
Public Records Office (PRO) London
Colonial Office
Department of Education
Department of Technical Co-Operation, Ministry of Overseas Development
Dominions Office
Foreign Office
General Register Office
Home Office
Medical Research Council
Ministry of Health
University College of London (UCL) London
Galton Papers
Pearson Papers
Penrose Papers
Wellcome Library London
SA-EUG Eugenics Society
PP-MCS Marie Stopes Papers
GC-088 Rockefeller Papers
GERMANY
Buchenwald Archiv Weimar
Bundesarchiv Berlin (BAB) Berlin
NS 2 Rasse- und Siedlungshauptamt
NS 5 Deutsche Arbeitsfront
R 2 Reichsfinanzministerium
R 3 Reichsministerium für Rüstung und Kriegsproduction
R 7 Reichswirtschaftsministerium
R 36 Deutscher Gemeindetag
R 86 Reichsgesundheitsamt
R 1501 Reichsministerium des Inneren
R 1509 Reichssippenamt
R 4901 Reichsministerium für Wissenschaft, Erziehung und Volksbildung
Bundesarchiv Koblenz (BAK) Koblenz
R 73 Notgemeinschaft der deutschen Wissenschaft
Max Planck Archiv Berlin
I. Abt., Rep. IA, Nr. 762-781 Presse
I. Abt., Rep. IA, Nr. 1050-1065 Auslands- und internationale Angelegenheitne
I. Abt., Rep. IA, Nr. 1076-1086 Besuche durch ausländische Gelehrte
I. Abt., Rep. IA, Nr. 1094 Rockefeller Foundation
I. Abt., Rep. IA, Nr. 2443-2451 Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut für Psychiatrie
I. Abt., Rep. 3, Nr. 4 Jahtesberichte des Kaiser-Wilhelm-Instituts für Anthropologie, menschiliche, Erblehre und Eugenik
I. Abt., Rep. 3, Nr. 23 International Federation of Eugenic Organisations
I. Abt., Rep. 3, Nr. 26 Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut für Anthtopologie, menschlich Erblehre und Eugenik
V. a Abt., Rep. 16 Verschuer
Max-Planck-Institut für Psychiatrie, München (Deutsche Munich Forschungsanstalt für Psychiatry) Historisches Archiv der Klinik
GDA (ehemalige Genealogisch-Demographische Abteilung)
Universitatsarchiv Heidelberg Heidelberg
B-1523/3-7 Ehrepromotionen
H-III-869/2 Akten der medizinischen Fakultät
Universitatsarchiv Münster Münster
Nachlass Verschuer, Nr. 4
LIBRARIES
Libraries are crucial to research on eugenics because so much information resides in period secondary sources. In addition, each library maintains its own unique and often precious collection of obscure literature and local materials. Sometimes the most valuable materials are found in small community libraries. I estimate there are hundreds of libraries in the United States, and just as many overseas, containing important secondary materials. Most of the libraries we accessed are listed below, but space precludes a complete roster.
UNITED STATES
Alderman Library, University of Virginia Charlottesville, VA
BaileylHowe Library, University of Vermont Burlington, VT
Bancroft Library, University of California at Berkeley Berkeley, CA
Bobst Library, New York University New York
Boston Public Library Boston
California Institute of Technology Library Pasadena
Carnegie Library, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Cold Spring Harbor
Charles C. Sherrod Library, East Tennessee State University Johnson City, TN
Chicago Historical Society Research Center
Chicago
Chicago Public Library Chicago
Clapp Library, Occidental College Los Angeles
Dag Hammarskjöld Library, United Nations New York
Dahlgren Memorial Library, Georgetown University Washington, DC
Enoch Pratt Free Library Baltimore
Fairfax County Public Library Fairfax, VA
Fenwick Library, George Mason University Fairfax, VA
Gelman Library, George Washington University Washington, DC
History Office and Library, Immigration and Naturalization Washington, DC
Hodges Library, University of Tennessee at Knoxville Knoxville
Howard-Tilton Memorial Library, Tulane University New Orleans
Illinois State Historical Library Springfield, IL
Indiana State Library Indianapolis
John Crerar Library, University of Chicago Chicago
Kellogg-Hubbard Library Montpelier, VT
Kuhn Library, University of Maryland, Baltimore County Baltimore
Lane Medical Library, Stanford University Medical School Stanford, CA
Lauinger Memorial Library, Georgetown University Washington, DC
Lehman Social Sciences Library, Columbia University New York
Library of Congress Washington, DC
Library of the American Philosophical Society Philadelphia
Library of the American University Washington, DC
Library of the University of the District of Columbia Washington, DC
Library of Virginia Richmond
Library, U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum Washington, DC
Library, YIVO Institute for Jewish Research New York
Macdonald DeWitt Library, Ulster County Community College Stone Ridge, NY
McCormick Library, Planned Parenthood Foundation New York
McKeldin Library, University of Maryland College Park College Park, MD
Memorial Library, University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, WI
Merriam Library, California State University Chico, CA
Montgomery College Library Rockville, MD
Montgomery County Public Libraries Rockville, MD
Mullen Library, Catholic University of America Washington, DC
National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD
New York Academy of Medicine Library New York
New York Public Library New York
Newman Library, Virginia Polytechnic Institute Blacksburg, VA
Orange Public Library Orange, NJ
Pickler Memorial Library, Truman State University Kirksville, MO
Princeton University Library Princeton, NJ
Schlesinger Library, Harvard University Cambridge, MA
Science, Industry & Business Library, New York Public Library New York
Sheridan Libraries, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore
Smith Memorial Library, Indiana Historical Society Indianapolis
Washington College of Law Library, American University Washington, DC
Washington Research Library Consortium Upper Marlboro, MD
CANADA
Osler History of Medicine Library, McGill University Montreal, QC
McLennan-Redpath Library, McGill University Montreal, QC
FRANCE
Bibliothèque Nationale de France Paris
GERMANY
Bibliothek des Archivs zur Geschichte der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Berlin
Bibliothek für Geschichte der Medizin, Freie Universität Berlin Berlin
Bibliothek des Otto-Suhr-Institutes für Politikwissenschaft, Berlin
Freie Universität
Bibliothek des Zentrums für Antisemitismusforschung, Berlin
Technische Universität
Staatsbibliothek Berlin Berlin
UNITED KINGDOM
Bodleian Library, Oxford University London
British Library London
Library of the Public Records Office London
Library of the University College of London London
Wellcome Library London
JOURNAL, NEWSPAPERS AND MEDIA
Scores of publications and media outlets were consulted, both as sources of period materials and for topical information. These covered a spectrum, from obscure professional and medical journals, to Nazi-era scientific and political media, to the eugenics media, to contemporary publications and news organizations. In some cases, every issue of a publication was surveyed for as many as forty years; Eugenical News is an example. In other instances, we studied select editions. Many of the publications and media outlets we surveyed are listed below, but space precludes a complete roster.
JOURNALS
American Bar Association Journal
American Journal of Medical Genetics
American Journal of Pathology
American Journal of Public Health
American Journal of Sociology
Bio IT World
BIOS
Birth Control Review
Brain Pathology
British Journal of Inebriety
The British Medical Journal
Canadian Medical Association Journal
Digestive Diseases
Dimensions
Epilepsia
History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences
History of Psychiatry
IAA Bulletin AAI
Institutional Quarterly
Journal of Abnormal Psychology
Journal of American History
Journal of American Public Health
Journal of Contemporary Health Law and Policy
Journal of Delinquency
Journal of Psycho-Asthenics
Journal of Southern History
Journal of the American Medical Association
Journal of the Anthropological Institute
Journal of the History of Sexuality
Journal of the History of Biology
Lancet
McGill Law Journal
Mental Retardation
National Geographic
Nature
Nature Reviews
Neurology
New York Medical Journal
New York University Law Review
Osiris
Psychological Review
The Standard
EUGENIC MEDIA
American Breeders’ Magazine
Eugenical News
Eugenics
Eugenics Quarterly
Eugenics Review
Journal of Heredity
GERMAN MEDIA
Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der Sexualforschung
Allgemeines Statistisches Archiv Bevölkerungsfragen
Archiv für Rassen- und Gesellschaftsbiologie
Der Erbarzt
Deutschest Ärtzeblatt
Die Neue Zeitung
Fortschritte der Erbpathologie, Rassenhygiene und ihrer Grenzgebiete Hollerith Nachrichten
Neues Volk
Rassenpolitische Auslands-Korrespondenz
Schleswig-Hoisteinische Hochschullblätter
Sexual-Probleme, Zeitschrift für Sexualwissenschaft und Sexualpolik Völkischer Beobachter
Volk und Rasse
Zeitschrift for Morphologie und Anthropologie Festschrift Zeitschrift für Rassenkunde
Zeitschrift für Sexualwissenschaft
Ziel und Weg
NEWSPAPERS, MAGAZINES, WIRE SERVICES AND OTHER MEDIA
Associated Press
Atlantic Monthly
The Australian
British Broadcasting Corporation
Cable News Network
Chicago Tribune
Christian Science Monitor
Economic Quarterly
Free World
The Guardian
The Independent
London Times
Los Angeles Times
Mind
New Republic
New York Times
The Pedagogical Seminary
The Poor-Law Officer
s’ Journal
Reuters
Richmond Times-Dispatch
Risk Management Magazine
San Francisco Daily News
Scientist
Time Magazine
U.S. News & World Report
Washington Post
Winston-Salem Journal
UNPUBLISHED MANUSCRIPTS
Numerous university dissertations, theses and other unpublished manuscripts and monographs were consulted. Some of the salient ones are listed below.
American Academy of Actuaries. “Genetic Information and Medical Expense Insurance.” June 2000.
Curtis, Patrick Almond. “Eugenic Reformers, Cultural Perceptions of Dependent Populations, and the Care of the Feebleminded in Illinois: 1909-1920.” Ph. D. diss., University of Illinois at Chicago, 1983.
Hassencahl, Francis Janet. “Harry H. Laughlin, ‘Expert Eugenics Agent’ for the House Committee on Immigration and Naturalization.” Ph. D. diss., Case Western Reserve University, 1970.
Lombardo, Paul A. “Eugenic Sterilization in Virginia: Aubrey Strode and the Case of Buck v. Bell.” Ph.D. diss, University of Virginia, 1982.
Mehler, Barry. “A History of the American Eugenics Society, 1921-1940.” Ph. D. diss., University of lliinois, 1988.
Mottier, Veronique. “Narratives of National Identity: Sexuality, Race, and the Swiss ‘Dream of Order.’” Paper presented at the European Consortium for Political Research Annual Joint Sessions, Workshop: The Political Uses of Narrative, at Mannheim, 26-31 March 1999.
Smith, Gregory H. “Securing our Personal Genome.” Forthcoming Master’s thesis, Indiana University, 2003.
DOCUMENTARIES
Film documentaries, including independently produced videos, provide an excellent source of eyewimess testimony and visual insight. Some of the salient videos utilized are listed below.
Baron, Saskia and Paul Sen, director and Dunja Noack, producer. Science and the Swastika. Videocassette. The History Channel, 2001.
Bryant, Sharon, producer. Reclaiming our Heritage. Virginia Foundation for the Humanities, 1997, Videocassette.
Trombley, Stephen, director and Brucie Eadier, producer. The Lynchburg Story. Videocassette. Worldview Pictures, 1993.
Blumenstein, Rob, producer-director. History’s Mysteries: Hitler’s Perfect Children. The History Channel, 2000.
MAJOR JOURNAL ARTICLES
I consulted numerous scholarly articles of great value. Some of the salient articles are listed below.
“Cecile and Oskar Vogt: On the Occasion of her 75th and his 80th Birthday.” Neurology Vol. 1 No. 3 (May-June 1951)