49. Arnold to MacArthur, 14 Oct. 1941, box 1, RG 2, General of the Army Douglas MacArthur papers, MacArthur Memorial Library, Norfolk, VA.; Edward Curtis, secretary of air staff, to Adjutant General, 20 Oct. 1941, box 88, Arnold papers; Gerow to General Moore, deputy chief of staff, 8 Oct. 1941, WPD 4561–3, RG 165.
50. CNO to CINCPAC, 27 Oct. 1941, A3-1/SS, CNO Secret, RG 80; Clay Blair, Jr., Silent Victory: The U.S. Submarine War Against Japan (Philadelphia, 1975), 33–35, 54–62.
51. Marshall-Smedberg phone transcript, 25 Sept. 1941, OPNAV phone records, NOA; “Strategic Concept of the Philippines,” Gerow to Stimson, 8 Oct. 1941, Philippines folder, box 11, RG 107; Stimson to FDR, 21 Oct. 1941, in Stimson diary, 21 Oct. 1941; Halifax to FO, 13 Oct. 1941, FO 371/27986, F11299/1 299/2 3, PRO; CIN-CAF to OPNAV, 2 Nov. 1941, box 117, SPDR, NOA.
52. Arnold to MacArthur, 14 Oct. 1941, box 1, RG 2, MacArthur papers; Arnold to COS, 20 Sept. 1941, 686 Haw.-Phil.21, box 153, Arnold papers; Stimson to Hull, 16 Oct. 1941, “Philippines” folder, box 43, ibid,; WPD 4571–1, RG 165.
53. “Strategic Concept of the Philippines,” Gerow to Stimson, 8 Oct. 1941, “Philippines” folder, box 11, RG 107 (also in WPD 4510–60, RG 165); Arnold to MacArthur, 14 Oct. 1941, box 1, RG 2, MacArthur papers.
54. Stimson diary, 12 Sept., 7, 21, 28 Oct. 1941, Stimson to FDR, 21 Oct., in Stimson diary, 21 Oct 1941.
55. Marshall-Smedberg phone transcript, 25 Sept. 1941, OPNAV phone records, NOA.
56. Ibid.; Watson, Chief of Staff, 442–44; Wohlstetter, Pearl Harbor, 138–40, especially fns #135–37; F. J. Haley to W. M. McLintic, 19 Nov. 1941, 633 Phil, box 1117, RG 18; L. R. Whitten to Chief of Facilities Section, Office of Chief of Air Corps, 1 Oct. 1941, 463.7, ibid.; Stimson diary, 7, 9 Oct. 1941; conference in General Marshall’s office, 3 Nov. 1941, misc. conferences folder, box 886, Army-COS Secretariat, RG 165; Brig, Gen. Frank D. Lackland to Commanding General, Air Force Combat Command, 28 Oct. 1941, 370.5 Phil.26, box 108, Arnold papers; transcripts of phone conversations between Col. Vanaman and General Emmons, 16 Oct. 1941, “Telephone Conversations, Sept.-Dec. 1941” folder, box 185, Arnold papers; Arnold to COS, 4 Nov. 1941, “Flight of B-17’s to Philippines” folder, box 41, Arnold papers.
57. Minutes of War Cabinet Defense Committee meeting, 1 Aug. 1941, CAB 69/8, PRO; Churchill to Pound, 25 Aug. 1941, ADM 205/10, PRO; Eden to Churchill, 12 Sept. 1941, FO 371/27891, F9615/1299/23, PRO. On the genesis of the Eastern fleet: Marder, Old Friends, New; Enemies, chap. 8.
58. Eden as quoted in Marder, ibid, 224; Harvey, Diary, 53.
59. Churchill to R. G. Menzies, 10 Oct. 1941, PREM 3/663–3, PRO; SPENAVO London to OPNAV, 26 Oct. 1941, Pacific-Far East U.S. Joint Staff correspondence #2, box 117, SPDR, NOA; Admiralty to British delegation in Washington, 5 Nov. 1941, ibid.; Danckwerts to U.S. Secretary for Collaboration, 6 Oct. 1941 (schedule of the Indomitable), U.S.-British Far East correspondence, reel 6, “Strategic Planning in the Navy: Its Evolution and Execution, 1891–1945,” Scholarly Resources microfilm publication.
60. Churchill to FDR, 2 Nov. 1941, C-125x, Kimball, ed., Churchill-Roosevelt Correspondence, 1:265.
61. Admiralty to British delegation in Washington, 5 Nov. 1941, box 117, SPDR, NOA; OPNAV to SPENAVO London, 6 Nov. 1941, ibid.; Cdr. L. R. McDowell to Joint Secretaries of British Joint Staff Mission, Washington, 11 Nov. 1941, WPD 4402, RG 165. On 27 Oct. 1941 Admiral Turner circulated a memorandum by an RAF officer on the virtues of Luzon as an offensive base (“Notes on the Defense Problems of Luzon,” report of Group Captain Dorvall, Turner to all naval districts, CINCLANT, CINCPAC, EA-EF, box 102, SPDR, NOA).
62. Admiral Thomas Hart oral history transcript, Columbia University Oral History Collection, New York; Stark to Hart, 7 Nov. 1941, ABDA-ANZAC correspondence, 1941–42, box 117, SPDR, NOA; Ghormley to Pound, 7 Nov. 1941, ADM 205/9, PRO.
63. American objections to ADB plans are set forth in: Maj. Gen. J. E. Cheney and Rear Adm. R. E. Ghormley to COS Committee, 6 Aug. 1941, #8, American-Dutch-British conferences, Singapore, April-Nov. 1941, series 2, COMNAVFOREUR records, NOA.
64. Harrington, “Careless Hope,” Pacific Historical Review, (May 1979), 48:217; Marder, Old Friends, New Enemies, 213; Sherry, Rise of American Air Power, 100–115.
65. Butow, Tojo, 314; ibid., 294–327; Barnhart, Japan Prepares for Total War, 25462.
66. Butow, Tojo, 296.
67. Memoranda of conversations, 15, 17 Nov. 1941, FR Japan, 2:732–33, 740–41. Conversations of 7–18 Nov. 1941: ibid, 706–50.
68. Memoranda of conversations, 12, 18, Nov. 1941, ibid, 725, 748–49.
69. As quoted in Clark, Barbarossa, 167. Erickson, Road to Stalingrad, 249–57.
70. 740.0011 EW/16270A, 16336, 16219, 16498, 16585, 16539, 16631, RG 59.
71. Grew to SecState, 7 Nov. 1941, FR 1941, 4:1024–25.
72. Browne (Saigon) to SecState, 29 Oct., 3 Nov., 1941, Reed (Hanoi) to SecState, 3 Nov. 1941, FR 1941, 5:329, 330, 332–33; Hull to Browne and Reed, 30 Oct. 1941, 740.0011 PW/597A, 597B, RG 59; Reed to SecState, 24 Oct., 3, 8 Nov. 1941, ibid./582, 606, 612; Browne to SecState, 20 Nov. 1941, ibid./634; naval attaché Tokyo, report of 3 Nov. 1941, 740.0011 EW/16631, RG 59.
73. Ibid.; American communications intelligence reports, 12, 18 Nov. 1941, #90, #139, “Magic” Background, 4A:45, 74–75; New York Times, 14 Nov. 1941.
74. New York Times, 2, 6 Nov. 1941; Japan Times and Advertiser, 25 Oct. 1941, as quoted in Grew diary, 25 Oct. 1941.
75. Grew to SecState, 3 Nov. 1941, FR Japan, 2:701–4; Grew diary, 3 Nov. 1941.
76. Tokyo to Washington, 2, 4 Nov. 1941, #20, #22, #23, “Magic” Background, 4A:11–13.
77. Langer and Gleason, Undeclared War, 839–48.
78. Ibid, 845; 740.0011 EW/16438, 16631 and 740.0011 PW/622, RG 59.
79. FDR to Churchill, 7 Nov. 1941, R-66x, Kimball., ed, Churchill-Roosevelt Correspondence, 1:267; memo, “Far Eastern Theater,” 1 Nov. 1941, WPD 4510, RG 165.
80. Ibid.; Ingersoll statement to Joint Army-Navy Board, 3 Nov. 1941, exec. #4, item 8, “Far East” folder, OPD, RG 165.
81. Langer and Gleason, Undeclared War, 845; minutes of meeting 3 Nov. 1941, box 1921, U.S. Army Joint Board papers, entry 284, RG 165.
82. Ibid.; C. W. Bundy memo, 1 Nov. 1941, WPD 4510, RG 165; memos for Stimson, n.a, n.d, “Philippines” folder, box 43, Arnold papers; MacArthur to Marshall, 28 Oct. 1941, WPD 4477, RG 165.
83. Tokyo to Washington, 5 Nov. 1941, tr. same date, #44, “Magic” Background, 4A:22.
84. Gerow to Arnold, 8 Nov. 1941, 370.5 Phil. 26, box 108, Arnold papers; Grew to SecState, 17 Nov. 1941, FR Japan, 2:743–44; New York Times, 6, 11, Nov. 1941.
85. Stimson diary, 23 Oct. 1941; Ghormley to Pound, 14 Nov. 1941, A16–3, CNO secret, RG 80; King to Stark, 5 Nov. 1941, director NWPD folder, special file #1, box 20, Turner papers.
86. OPNAV to Admiralty, 9 Oct. 1941, reel 2590, OPNAV messages: convoy, out, RG 38; 16 Nov. 1941 chart, navy briefing charts, NOA; Jürgen Rohwer to author, 2 April 1987; Abbazia, Mr. Roosevelt’s Navy, chaps. 23, 25.
87. Roskill, War at Sea, 1:473–75.
88. Little to Pound, 6 Nov. 1941, ADM 205/9, PRO.
89. Roskill, War at Sea, 1:532–34; Marder, Old Friends, New Enemies, 229–30.
90. Langer and Gleason, Undeclared War, 860; Hull memo, 10 Nov. 1941, FR Japan, 2:718; Washington to Tokyo, 10 Nov. 1941, #79, “Magic” Background, 4A:39.
91. Tokyo to Washington, 4 Nov. 1941, #29, “Magic” Background, 4A:16.
92. Washington to Tokyo, 18 Nov. and Tokyo to Washington, 14 Nov. 1941, #146, #150, ibid., 80, 82; Washington to Tokyo, 18 Nov. 1941, tr. 21 Nov. 1941, SRDJ 16780, RG 457.
93. Hull memo of conversation, 18 Nov. 1941, FR Japan, 2:750; proposal handed to Hull by Nomura, 20 Nov. 1941, ibid, 755–66; Tokyo to Washington, 19 Nov. 1941, tr. 20 Nov. 1941, SRDJ 16733, 16735, 16736, 16739, RG 457.
94. Hamilton to Hull, 18 Nov. 1941, 711.94/2540 17/35, RG 59; Langet and Glea son, Undeclared War, 871–81.
95. As Lan
ger and Gleason (ibid., 872) argue, 17 Nov. 1941 is the more likely date of this outline than “probably … shortly after November 20” as the State Department noted (FR 1941, 4:626, fn. 52). Roosevelt would undoubtedly have included the Nomura-Kurusu proposal in his outline if he had written it aftet 18 Nov.
96. 22 Nov. 1941 draft modus vivendi with outline comprehensive agreement and revised 24 Nov. draft, ibid., 635–40, 642–46.
97. Halifax to FO, 22 Nov. 1941, FO 371/27912, 12654/86/23, PRO; Washington (Campbell) to FO, 18 Nov. 1941, FO 371/27917, F12475/86/23, PRO; Hull memo of conversation, 22 Nov. 1941, FR 1941, 4:640; Reynolds, Creation of the Anglo-American Alliance, 243.
98. FO to Craigie, 8, 24, 26 Nov. 1941, FO 371/27911, F11672/86/23, and/27912, FT 2544/86/23, PRO; Churchill to prime ministers of Canada, Australia, New Zealand, 23, 24 Nov. 1941, FO 371/27912, Fl2654/86/23, PRO; minute by W. G. Hayter, 27 Nov. 1941, FO 371/27914, F14304/86/23, PRO; Harvey, Diary, 24, 26 Nov. 1941, 65–66; Hull memo of conversation, 25 Nov. 1941, and Halifax to Hull, 25 Nov. 1941, FR 1941, 4:654–57; New York Times, 23 Nov. 1941 (Prince of Wales); Reynolds, Creation of the Anglo-American Alliance, 242–44. On continuing withholding of British 1941 intelligence documents on Japan: Rear Adm. Edwin T. Layton with Capt. Roger Pineau and John Costello, “And I Was There”: Pearl Harbor and Midway — Breaking the Secrets (New York, 1985), 534, fn. 5.
99. Lattimore to Currie, and Hull memo of conversation, 25 Nov. 1941, FR 1941, 4:652–54; Soong to Stimson, 25 Nov. 1941, “Unfiled Papers” folder, box 14, Stimson safe file, RG 107.
100. Halifax to FO, 25 Nov. 1941, FO 371/27912, F12765/86/23, PRO; Hull memos of conversations, 24, 25 Nov. 1941, FR 1941, 4:646–47, 655–57; FDR to Churchill, 24 Nov. 1941, R-69x, and Churchill to FDR, 26 Nov. 1941, C-133x, Kimball, ed, Churchill-Roosevelt Correspondence, 1:275–78; New York Times, 23 Nov. 1941 (“alphabetical lute”); Reynolds, Creation of the Anglo-American Alliance, 245.
101. Tokyo to Washington, 22 Nov. 1941, tr. 24 Nov. 1941, SRDJ 16849, RG 457; SRDJ 16850, 16852, ibid.; Tokyo to Washington, 22, 24 Nov. 1941, #162, #163, “Magic” Background, 4A:89.
102. 740.0011 PW/645–647, 667; Col. Hayes A. Kroner to COS, 25 Nov. 1941, exec. #8, book A, box 40, OPD, RG 165; Navy Department to Department of State, 22 Nov. 1941, FR 1941, 5:344–45; OPNAV to CINCPAC, CINCAF, 21 Nov. 1941, #160, “Magic” Background, 4A:87.
103. OPNAV to CINCAF, CINCPAC, 27 Nov. 1941, #210, “Magic” Background, 4A:117; “Japanese Navy—Organization of Fleets,” 28 Nov. 1941, #211, ibid, 117; Navy Department to Department of State, 22 Nov. 1941, FR 1941, 4:633; Stimson to FDR, 26 Nov. 1941, OCS 18136/125, box 11, Chief of Staff files, entry 12, RG 165; “Japanese Troop Movement,” n.d. (about 26 Nov. 1941), “Far East (Before Dec. 7, 1941)” folder, box 4, RG 107; Wohlstetter, Pearl Harbor, 243.
104. Carl Spaatz to COS, 13 Nov. 1941, and memo (n.a, n.d.) “Philippines” folder, box 43, Arnold papers; memos for Crawford and Gerow, 26 Nov, 1 Dec. 1941, exec. #8, book A, box 40, OPD, RG 165; “Reinforcement of the Philippines,” memo for Stimson, 28 Nov. 1941, WPD 4561–7, RG 165; Stark to FDR, 27 Nov. 1941, OCS 18136/125, box 11, COS files, RG 165; “Data Concerning Far Eastern Situation,” 1 Dec. 1941, frame 1781, microfilm reel A1370, USAF archives, Boiling AFB.
105. New York Times, 21–25 Nov. 1941; Morgenthau presidential diary, 26 Nov. 1941.
106. Clark, Barbarossa, 172–79; Erickson, Road to Stalingrad, 257–65.
107. Ibid, 262; New York Times, 21–25 Nov. 1941; Morgenthau presidential diary, 26 Nov. 1941.
108. Gerow to Hull, 21 Nov. 1941, exec. #8, book A, box 40, OPD, RG 165.
Epilogue. Japan Attacks
1. Telegrams from consuls in Saigon and Hanoi, 25 Nov.-l Dec. 1941, 740:0011 Pacific War/645–64, RG 59; “Japanese Troop Movements,” n.d., notes in Stimson’s handwriting, “Far East (Before Dec. 7, 1941)” folder, box 4, RG 107.
2. Gordon W. Prange, At Dawn We Slept: The Untold Story of Pearl Harbor (New York, 1981), 439–40; Butow, Tojo, 349.
3. “Daily Information Summary, December 1, 1941,” “Far Eastern Situation” folder, box 47, SPDR, NOA.
4. 740.0011 Pacific War/659, 666–67, RG 59; Prange, At Dawn We Slept, 447–48.
5. Langer and Gleason, Undeclared War, 899, 911.
6. Halifax to FO, 1 Dec. 1941, FO 371/27913, F13114/86/23, and 4 Dec. 1941, FO 371/27914, F13219/86/23, PRO; Stimson diary, 28 Nov. 1941; Reynolds, Anglo-American Alliance, 246; S. Woodburn Kirby, The War Against lapan: Volume 1, The Loss of Singapore (London, 1957), 173–75; James Leutze, A Different Kind of Victory: A Biography of Admiral Thomas C. Hart (Annapolis, 1981), 224–26.
7. The message is in FDR to Hull, 6 Dec. 1941, FR 1941, 4:723–25.
8. Thurston (Kuibyshev) to SecState, 1 Dec. 1941, 740.0011 EW/16992, RG 59.
9. Layton et al, “And I Was There,” 287. On the coming of war: Morison, Rising Sun, chaps. 5–6; H. P. Willmott, Empires in the Balance: Japanese and Allied Pacific Strategies to April 1942 (Annapolis, 1982), chap. 5; Stanley L. Falk, Seventy Days to Singapore (New York, 1975); Prange, At Dawn We Slept, chaps. 59ff.
10. Herwig, Politics of frustration, 235–36; Roskill, War at Sea, 1: 614 (Appendix Q).
Bibliography
Unpublished Sources
(Note: Those sources extensively used and centrally important to this study are marked with an asterisk*)
MANUSCRIPT COLLECTIONS
At the Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Hyde Park, New York: Franklin D. Roosevelt papers (President’s Secretary’s File*, Official File, President’s Personal File, White House Usher’s diary); Adolf A. Berle Jr. diary (microfilm)*; Harry Hopkins papers; Henry J. Morgenthau Jr. presidential diary and diary.
At the Library of Congress, Washington: Henry H. Arnold papers*, Joseph E. Davies papers, Loy Henderson papers, Cordell Hull papers, Ernest J. King papers, Breckinridge Long papers, Laurence A. Steinhardt papers.
Oral history transcripts at Columbia University Oral History Collection, New York: Walter S. Anderson, Thomas C. Hart, Alan G. Kirk. Oral history transcripts at U.S. Navy Operational Archives, Navy Yard, Washington: Walter C. W. Ansel, Arthur N. McCollum, Roland J. Smoot.
Other collections: Joseph C. Grew papers, Harvard University Library, Cambridge, MA; Henry L. Stimson diary (microfilm)*, Yale University Library, New Haven. At U.S. Navy Operational Archives, Navy Yard, Washington: Paul R. Heineman papers, Richmond Kelly Turner papers*.
U.S. NAVY RECORDS
At U.S. Navy Operational Archives, Navy Yard, Washington: Briefing Chart file, July-December 1941*; Commander U.S. Naval Forces in Europe records*; “Conferences” folder; Microfilm SPD-19 (WPL 50 and 51 and Related Correspondence); Strategic Plans Division records*; Strategical and Operational Planning Documents file; “Strategical Planning in the Navy: Its Evolution and Execution, 1891–1945” (microfilm document collection, Scholarly Resources, Wilmington, DE); Office of the Chief of Naval Operations telephone transcripts file, 1941–1942*; Samuel Eliot Morison office files, 1911–1969; Tenth Fleet files; World War II Command files.
At National Archives, Washington: Ships’ Deck Logs, Record Group 24; Ship Movements Division general correspondence, 1920–1942, and Office of Chief of Naval Operations message files, Record Group 38; Chief of Naval Operations secret and confidential records, 1940–1941, Record Group 80.
Other collections: Commander-in-Chief Atlantic Fleet World War II message files, 1941–1945, U.S. Naval History Operating Branch, Federal Record Center, Suitland, MD*; Commander Destroyers Atlantic Fleet and Commander-in-Chief Atlantic Fleet general administrative files, Record Group 313, Federal Record Center, Suitland, MD*; Historical Section, Office of Commander-in-Chief Atlantic Fleet, “U.S. Naval Administration in World War II: Commander-in-Chief Atlantic Fleet,” microfiche, U.S. Navy Historical Center, Navy Yard, Washington.
MILITARY RECORDS
Records of the War Department General and Special Staffs, 1920–1941, Record Group 165, National Archives, Washington: Army-Chief of Staff Secretariat records*
; Chief of Staff general correspondence, Military Intelligence Division files* Operations Division executive files*, War Plans Division numerical files*, Army Joint Army-Navy Board records.
Other collections: Army Air Forces central decimal files, 1939–1942, Record Group 18, National Archives, Washington; Army Intelligence Project decimal file (Germany), 1941–1945, Record Group 319, Federal Record Center, Suitland, MD; Military Intelligence Division regional files, Record Group 165, Federal Record Center, Suitland MD; Secretary of War (Henry L. Stimson) Safe File, 1940–1945, Record Group 107, National Archives, Washington*; U.S. Air Force Historical Archives (microfilm), Boiling Air Force Base, Washington, DC.
AMERICAN AND FOREIGN GOVERNMENT RECORDS
United States: Department of State Decimal File, Record Group 59, National Archives, Washington*; Office of Strategic Services records, Record Group 226, National Archives, Washington; Foreign Funds Control general correspondence, Alien Property records, Record Group 131, Treasury Department; Office of Administrator of Export Control records, Record Group 169, Federal Record Center, Suitland, MD.
Great Britain: Public Record Office, Kew: Foreign Office (FO 371)*, Admiralty*, Cabinet office, Prime Minister’s office records. Germany: German navy U-boat messages (SRGN), Record Group 457, National Archives, Washington.
Japan: translations of Japanese diplomatic messages (SRDJ)*, and collection of Japanese diplomatic messages, July 1938-January 1942 (SRH), Record Group 457, National Archives, Washington. (Note: This unpublished MAGIC file (SRDJ) is more satisfactory than the published version (U.S. Department of Defense, The “Magic” Background of Pearl Harbor) because some documents are missing from the latter, others are incomplete, and the organization of documents is awkward.)
Published Sources
Threshold of War Page 36