by Gerald Gaus
indignation, 181
information markets, 263
inherent justice, 9–11, 41, 51, 62, 66, 76, 105, 107, 140, 242
injunctive rules, 212–15
innovation, 98, 175, 197
institutional fundamentalism, 21, 178
institutions, xix, 13, 19–21, 24–26, 33, 43, 52, 61, 67, 77, 86–90, 101, 141, 145, 149, 153, 178, 220; based on moral framework, 180; claims that they are judged in light of ideal justice, 5; as forming common social world, 177; in ideal theory, 4; need to both preserve and update, 239; and niti, 158; and NK optimization, 64–65, 136; of Open Society maximally friendly to diversity, 244; space of in Open Society, 222; in utopian thought, 63; in well-ordered society, 245
intransitivity of reform, 85
intuitions, 27–28, 36, 237, 248–49
Jubb, R., 2, 36
jurisdictions, 198ff. See also rights
justice, 4–8, 11, 13, 21–26, 55, 72–112, 115, 121–30, 133, 139–53, 164, 173, 191, 216, 230, 249; agreement on among evaluation normalized perspectives, 107; anti-technology conviction about, 183; categorical judgments of, 48; changing views of, 122; claims that humans are not up to, 249; comparative, 5, 23; and correlated equilibrium, 223; definite and normalization, 154; determinate, 150ff; distributive, 202; dreams of, 12; eligible perspectives on, 157; eligible views of, 174; endorsed in a common social world, 178; experiments about in Open society, 196; as fairness, 5, 22, 152, 154, 208; ideals of derived from human condition, 250; incompleteness of, 156; interperspectival, 174–75; intuitions about, 28; is up to us, 249; judgments of under full normalization, 173; knowledge of is changeable, 248; landscape of in ideal theories, 243; liberal view of, 19, 152; local v. ideal, xix; niti v. nyaya approaches to, 158; as one of many virtues, 26; optimizing perspective on, 215; and pairwise judgments, 8; paraphernalia of the practice, 16; pluralism of views of, 162; as the preeminent virtue of social institutions, 25; prime, 16; provides framework for diverse moral perspectives, 174; as responsive to configuration of diversity, 175; and reversibility, 170; search for a normalized perspective on, 150; Sen’s full theory of, 157; supposed accountability and so is inconsistent with optimizing stance, 216; surrealist, 13; and theory of second best, 15; as a vector of all the eligible perspectives, 174, 199; view that it must be reflected in law, 206. See also ideal justice
justice, scalar, 46–48, 255–57
justice scoring, 43–51, 55–6, 63, 65–7, 76, 80, 99, 116, 128–9, 132, 160
Kallgren, C., 212
Kant, I., 22–23, 249
Kauffman, S., 65, 68, 72, 113
Kautsky, K., 2
Kavka, G., xv
Kenyon, T., 2, 4
Kepler, J., 35
Keynes, J., 52, 253–55
King, M., 12, 15
Kirk, R., 137
Kogelmann, B., xxi
Kohlberg, L., 171
Kotkavirta, J., 177
Kuhn, T., 34
Kumar, K., 3, 91–3
Lancaster, K., 14
Landemore, H., xv, 112, 115–17, 119, 127–29, 134
Lapham, V., 188
law, 22, 90, 206–7, 214, 222
Lawford-Smith, H., 7, 14, 26, 31, 36, 45, 57, 81
left-libertarianism, 146. See also bleeding heart libertarianism; libertarianism
legitimacy, 153
Lehrer, K., xxi
Lenin, V., 143
liberal/liberalism, 19, 27, 35, 89, 96–97, 122–25, 134–36, 138, 143–47, 152, 163, 168, 220; as accommodating diversity per se, 176; communities of inquiry 96ff, 145–9; based on natural liberty, 191; family of views, 152, 173; framework of Open Society, 174, 243; justice can be endorsed from a variety of comprehensive views, 162; not necessarily in support of open society, 233; perspective, 168; public social world of, 177; subjects in Haidt’s studies, 237; theory of public reason, 244
libertarianism, 64, 109, 136–38, 146, 185. See also bleeding heart libertarianism; left-libertarianism
liberty, 137, 187ff. See also freedom; natural
liberty like-mindedness, 101ff
Lincoln, A., 57–58
Lipsey, R., 14
List, C., 20
local improvements in justice, 1, 82–83, 105, 142, 246–47
local optima/optimum, 67–69, 72, 81, 84, 87, 100, 109ff
Locke, J., 121–22
Lorenz, E., 69
low-dimensional landscapes. See Mount Fuji landscapes
Macedo, S., 191, 207
Machiguenga, 205
MacIntyre, A., 148
Mack, E., 146, 216
Mackie, G., 206, 212
Maddox, W., 252
Majone, G., 30, 33
Malthus, T., 32, 33
Manchester School, 124
Mao, 88
maps, 1, 3, 85
mapping function, 43–44, 47–50, 53, 56, 63–64, 67, 80, 92, 99, 107–8, 116, 122, 131, 155, 158, 173
Mapuche, 205
market socialism, 125, 135
markets, 202ff
Marx, K., 19, 77
Marxian, 143
Marxism, xviii, 138, 160
Maximal Precision Requirement, 70ff
maximally rugged optimization landscapes. See high dimensional landscapes
maximin reasoning, 151
May, K. O., 189
McKelvey, B., 68
Meade, J., 72
meaningful structure of domain, 51, 53–54, 99, 107ff, 112, 121
Medin, D., 252
Menger, C., 137
Mercier, H., 186, 206, 229
metric of distance. See distance of social worlds
Meyer, F., 137
Mikhail, J., 187, 192
Mill, J., 33, 88–90, 100–101, 103, 124, 137, 163, 165, 169, 187–88, 239
Miller, D., 13
misogyny, 164
Mockus, A., 181, 207
model/modelling, xv–xx, 10, 22, 29ff, 38, 44, 50–51, 68, 77–80, 92–94, 107, 111, 116, 119, 123–8, 131, 134, 169, 207, 219, 262; attuned to current world, 79; of complex systems, 80; error inflation in, 81; expanding neighborhood, 81; and feasibility, 34, 56; of Hadfield and Weingast, 207; as ideal in economics, 38; of ideal theory, 242; interaction of dimensions, 67; in mapping function, 44, 92; Muldoon’s, 166, 172; necessarily incomplete, xvii; of normative change, 186; not to be confused with actual social worlds, 77; predictive, 17, 72, 94–95 103, 117–19, 243, 261–63, 50, 95; of similarity, 55; replaced in social experiments, 94; roles of evaluative standards and principles of justice in, 49; Sen’s, 39; small world ring models, 147; social contract, 169; as tales, xvi; of tolerance based on Ricardo’s theory of trade, 219; task of mapping function, 44, 116; used in CI procedure, 23; as using abstraction and idealization, 37
modularity, 135ff, 146
Moehler, M., xv, 168, 222
moral constitution. See public moral constitution
moral improvement, 145–47, 216–18, 226, 229, 241, 248. See also progress
More, T., 2, 4, 33, 88, 262
Morreau, M., 52, 254–7
Mount Fuji landscapes, 62–5, 72ff, 120, 121–22
Mráz, A., xxi
Mueller, D., 201
Muldoon, R., xv, xxi, 43, 69, 147, 153, 164–69, 172–5, 202, 219, 235
Müller, J., xxi
Mullin, W., 247
Munger, M., xx
Muslims, 169, 172. See also religious perspectives
Nash bargaining, 168
Nash equilibrium, 224, 229
Natural Liberty, 197ff
neighborhood(s), 74–84, 87–9, 94–5, 101–3, 106, 115, 120–21, 124, 128, 130, 141–42, 217, 242; bringing ideal within, 121; convergence of models within., 94; disputes about, 99; expanding, 89ff, 95–99, 103, 142; related to distance metric, 100; utopia brought within it, 123
Neighborhood Constraint, 81, 90, 95–98, 100–105, 115, 128–30, 141–44, 242
Neighborhood Diversity Dilemma, 116
networks, 146–47, 185–86, 199, 217–18, 221, 230, 246
New Harmony,
91–92
New Lanark, 90, 92
Newton, I., 148
Nichols, S., xx, 192
niti, 21, 158
NK optimization, 65–67, 108
Norenzayan, A., 252
normative expectations, 179–80, 183, 190, 197, 207, 212–13, 218, 224, 227–28, 230, 234. See also expectations
normalization, 104–7, 142–57, 161, 165–68, 200, 216; claims that some amount of required for any theory of justice, 157; as fragile basis of social life, 232–33; and the harm principle, 164; inherent to socialism, 201; minimal degree appears required by Open Society, 222; not basis of common social world, 178; not presupposed by markets, 202; partial, 150; partial in ideal theory, 105ff; partial in Rawls’s later work, 153; in public reason views, 168; Rawls on 42ff; required for well-ordered society, 154, 245–47; of secular thought, 162–63; supposed by the social contact, 144; and use of disease labels, 164; in western ethics, 164
norms, xxi, 15, 59, 77, 171, 206, 212–13, 221–22, 229, 235, 238. See also descriptive norms; injunctive rules
Nozick, R., 225
nyaya, 158
O’Neill, M., 72
O’Neill, O., 36–37
Open Society, xvi, xviii, xix, 141, 148–50, 150–240, 244, 858–58; allows one to better know one’s ideal, 218; and the anti-technology conviction, 183; arose in commercial cities, 204, 219; based on a morality of prohibitions, 198; based on Natural Liberty, 187ff; characterized by deep diversity, 149; contains republican communities, 146; does not require people to renounce their perspectives on justice, 216; dynamism of, 169ff; as framework for inquiry, 243; as liberal society, 176; liberty is fundamental to, 187; life is not always comfortable in, 246ff; maintained by diversity, 230ff; as maximally friendly to diversity, 244; as a moral achievement of the first order, xix; as a small-world network, 147; moral decision making in, 194ff; moralities of residual prohibition are hostile to, 197; nature of diversity it must accommodate, 165; new act types constantly arising in, 194; normative improvement in, 186; no shared ideal in, 147; no single analysis that accounts for all the dynamics of rule change in, 186; not itself a community of inquiry, 146; place of distributional questions in, 201; polycentric institutions of, 185ff; provides framework for moral inquiry, 217; requires a public social world, 178; requires stability and flexibility, 237; role of markets in, 202; seeks to accommodate two realms of diversity, 174; socialism unsuited to, 201; social space of, 220ff, 244; some liberal societies do not qualify as, 172ff; worries about instability in, 230
optimization, 39, 50–53, 63–73, 78, 80–83, 92, 103, 106, 108, 112–14, 131, 210, 243
optimizing stance, 215–19, 222, 232, 244ff
option space of ideal theories, 36–40, 43, 54
oracle, 127, 128
orient/orientation, 4, 11–17, 26, 29, 35–41, 46, 52, 57–62, 67, 73, 76–78, 82–83, 86, 90–92, 101, 104, 112, 127, 141, 144
Orientation Condition, 2, 40–41, 51–62, 67, 72–74, 83–84, 103–5, 127, 140ff, 241, 251
original position, xv, 24, 49, 151–53, 208, 231; as forging common social world, 177; as idealizing, 37; multiple versions of in Rawls’s later work, 153; as normalizing, 245
Orwell, G., 51
Ostrom, E., xxii, 179, 184, 186, 214, 222
Ostrom, V., xxii, 184, 186, 214
overall evaluation task, 44, 116
Owen, R., 90–93
Owen, W., 93
Page, S., xxi, 43, 53, 69, 94–99, 106–7, 109, 111–35, 139, 144, 146, 199, 225, 231, 236, 255, 261, 263
paradise, 3–4, 20, 39, 88, 144, 247. See also utopia
parameters (in models and experiments), 30, 34–36, 40, 60, 89 103
Pareto criterion, 14, 151, 156–57, 160, 162, 175, 214, 232
Parfit, D., 74
Passmore, J., 148
pass-the-baton dynamic. See handing-off-the baton dynamic
Perestroika, 133
perfect justice. See ideal justice; global optimum
permissions, 192–98, 209
perspective(s), 43–55, 61–65, 76, 79–80, 86, 92–94, 103–12, 119, 128, 136, 168, 201, 225, 256, 263; change of in Lockean revolution, 122; Christian, 161; common projections of, 160; creates a landscape as it explores, 95; determines classificatory scheme, 70; distance metric as element, 54; diversity of in Muldoon’s social contract, 66ff; elements of, 45, 99, 114, 116, 146; evaluation normalized, 107, 123; excluded, 222ff; exploring through diversity, 89–90; and handing-off-the baton dynamic, 111ff; Hong-Page conception inappropriate to ideal theory, 130; ideals in as a source of defection from public moral constitution, 233; identified by an ideal theory, 102; inherently incomplete, 85; and innovators, 196; internally diverse, 94; integrated nature of, 131; gains from others in Open Society, 187; generating a similarity ordering, 251ff; learning from others, 135–6; maximally precise judgments in, 70; normalization, 105, 150–4 173; Ownite, 91; problems of communication among, 130; of reform and order, 237ff; revisionary, 230; similarity element, 52; underlying structure of, 69; what constitutes learning is internal to it, 243
Pettit, P., 20, 56
Physiocrats, 124
Plato/Platonic, xviii, 3, 29, 87–88, 102, 140, 248–49
pluralism, 154–5, 162, 249
point of view. See perspective(s)
Pol Pot, 88
political liberalism, 152–53, 161, 173
political philosophy, theory choice in, 35
polycentrism, 184ff, 218–21
polygamy, 232–33
Popper, K., vi, xviii, 72, 84–85, 87–88, 106, 134, 136, 141, 170, 187, 248
possibility, 3, 30, 35
possible worlds, 2, 30–31, 45, 76, 85; built by models, xvii; in ideal theory, 6; and parameters, 30; tales of in models, xvi
precautionary principle, 197
predictive diversity, 94–97, 119, 139, 262ff
predictive models, 80–81, 93–99, 117–19, 130–33, 138ff, 141, 262–63
principle-defined ideal, 18
principles of closure, 187ff
principles of justice, 18–20, 24–28, 31, 40, 49, 50, 76, 95, 99, 245; agreement on is a mirage, 246; disagreement about not the sole root of moral diversity, 161; diversity of in Rawls’s partially normalized theory, 173; instability of in Muldoon’s social contract, 172; multiple in Sen’s theory, 155; political liberalism generates competition among, 154; as selected by normalized choosers, 150; sharing of as public knowledge in a well-ordered society, 153
probability distribution of social realizations, 34, 50
Proceed with Justification Principle, 196–97
progress, 32, 85–86, 148, 239
prohibition(s), 64, 92, 187ff, 193, 196–98, 209
property, 72, 99, 125–26, 135, 138, 160, 171, 178, 201, 209. See also jurisdictions
property-owning democracy, 72, 99, 125
proximity of social worlds, 9–11, 40, 51, 54, 105, 140. See also distance of social worlds
Ptolemy, 35
public moral constitution, 177–84, 213, 217, 243, 247; based on socially eligible rules, 215; as basis of practice of responsibility, 229; changing, 218, 226ff; claim that a liberal one might only give permissions, 192; of the closed society, 195; denies the claim of any perspective to implement its ideal, 218; determines fairness of market rules, 204; how it can be endorsed by various perspectives on justice, 208ff; ideal, 183; incentives to defect from, 234ff; imperfect coordination on, 223ff; job of coordinating our normative and empirical expectations, 183; jurisdictional rights in, 200; many levels of, 187; moral improvement of, 186, 229; not a mere social fact, 184; not equated with a specific perspective, 179; provides basis for reactive attitudes, 182; provides basis for sound legislation, 207; provides framework of coordination, 183; as public social world, 178; reducing complexity of, 199; relation to constitutional political economy, 179; relation to the political constitution, 206; requires both stability and flexibility, 231, 235; as the result of coordination, 225; should be decisive, 190; sustained by a practic
e of mutual responsibility, 181; as a system of expectations, 181; that all can live with, 220
public reason, xx, 88, 169, 207; dominant view based on normalization, 168; implications of existence requirement, 224; indeterminacy of in political liberalism, 154; a Kantian version rejecting natural liberty, 196; point of in political liberalism, 152; Sen’s theory as instance of, 154; as source of public social world, 179; as theory of public social world, 244
public social world, 177–78, 183, 210, 220, 243–44; alienation from, 222; as artificial, 178; indeterminacy of justifications of, 245; many do not feel at home in, 248; must be relatively stable for open society, 179; not simply a matter of what can be justified, but what has been created, 184; small, 185. See also public moral constitution
punishment, 206, 213, 217, 222, 229, 233–4
Quong, J., 168, 191
Räikkä, J., 31, 61
Rand, A., 51
Rawls, J., xix, xxi, 3–5, 9, 20–26, 29–30, 35, 40–44, 50, 59, 63, 72–76, 83, 88, 124–25, 140–44, 149, 151–57, 161–62, 165, 168–69, 171–79, 187–88, 208, 210, 220–22, 230–31, 244–45, 249; on aims of political philosophy, 35; belief that comprehensive views interpret the world in fundamentally different ways, 162; claim that ideal theory helps with difficult cases, 4; claim that normalization is feature of social contract 42ff; claim that we should suppose the parties are bound through an unpredictable future, 169; on closed systems, 176; on constructing public social world, 243; conviction that ideal justice provides guidance for thinking about justice in our nonideal societies, 83; on depth of diversity, 157, 161; disarray of political liberalism project, 153; disintegration of concept of well-ordered society, 153; does not hold that the two principles are just in all social worlds, 24; on economic systems, 124; on ethics of creation, 30; on the family as part of basic structure, 20; falsely said to originate ideal theory, 2; on fashioning social worlds, 177; ideal as a long-term goal, 4, 40, 59, 73, 140, 245; idea of a neighborhood, 74ff; on the idea of social worlds, 177ff; the insight of that exercise of free reason leads to disagreement, 149; insistence that contract cannot be renegotiated, 171; interpretation of Kant, 22–23; on limited social space of liberalism, 220ff; on movement away from the ideal, 5; naturalistic theodicy of, 248; and natural liberty, 191; normalization as fundamental to the social contract, 144; O’Neill’s criticism of, 37; original position as mapping function, 48; on principles of closure, 187; on stability, 230–31; suggests idea of a perspective, 43; trajectory of work regarding normalization, 150; two principles, 20, 24; utopia as institutional, 63