The Tyranny of the Ideal
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reactive attitudes, 181–82, 216
realistic utopia, xix, 4, 35, 40, 63, 103, 140
recombination, 337ff
recommending, vii, 9, 15–17, 41, 56, 69, 74–76, 81, 89, 94, 142, 218
reconciliation, 35, 83
Reform and Order perspectives 237ff
Reid, J., xxi
religious perspectives, xix, 30, 122, 161–64, 172–74, 185, 200, 204, 244, 249
Reno, R., 212
republican communities of moral inquiry, 97, 143–47, 174, 217, 243
resentment, 181
Residual Prohibition Principle, 190–98
responsibility. See accountability
reversibility, 170
Ricardo, D., 219
Richerson, P., xvii, 186, 235
rights, 108–10, 113–15, 123, 138, 144, 147, 157, 166–68, 171–72, 199ff, 209, 217, 223. See also jurisdictions
Riker, William, xv
Risse, M., 225
Robespierre, M., 88
Robeyns, I., xvi, 4, 7
Robson, L., xxi
Rousseau, J., 42
Rubinstein, A., xvi
rugged landscapes, 61, 65–73, 76–79, 80–84, 101, 112, 242; explored by liberal and republican approaches, 98; and Hong-Page theorem, 112; moderate, 102; multiperspectivaal searching on, 104; optimization on, 66, 70, 78; need not assume NK analysis, 65ff; searching via diversity, 111. See also high dimensional landscapes
rule(s). See injunctive rules; norms; public moral constitution
rules of regulation, 20, 248–49
Saari, D., 225
sanctity, 161
Santos-Lang, C., 132
Satz, D., 73, 203
Savant Existence Theorem, 120
Sayers, D., 248
Scanlon, T., 68
Schmidtz, D., xvi, xxi, 7
Schneider, G., 97, 137, 261
Schotter, A., 226
Schwab, D., 222
Schwartz, P., 33
secular, 149, 161–4
Sen, A., xv, xvii, xix–xx, 3, 5–11, 21, 29, 39, 41, 47, 51–52, 55–56, 60, 62, 67, 73, 78–80, 83–84, 101, 113, 140, 144, 155–58, 162, 173, 178, 188, 190, 208–9, 211, 214, 257; and advanced multiple impartial spectators, 155; advances a secular normalized ontology, 162; analysis of maximal sets, 210; on Buridan’s ass, 210; can accommodate directional information, 9; charge that Rawls is institutional fundamentalist, 21; claim that knowledge of the ideal is not necessary 5ff, 142; climbing model, 62, 73; and commensurates via aggregation system, 199; committed to secular normalized perspective, 163; comparative approach analyzed, 6ff; conditions under which his rejection of ideal theory is sound, 8; fully normalizes social worlds, 158ff; fundamental insight, 144; has a constant improvement model, 242; comparative of is not incrementalist, 10; contrasted to Muldoon’s diversity analysis, 166; how his theory accommodates partial normalization, 154ff; integrates diverse evaluative standards, 173; on interperspectival justice, 175; on models, xvii; proposes a unidimensional analysis makes the ideal otiose, 11; on rationality of choice from maximal set, 225; social choice approach of, 7; on the straightjacket of social contract theory, 208; two interpretations of his pairwise approach, 8; unidimensional climbing model, 39; use of Pareto rule, 157–60
Shikher, S., 94
Sidgwick, H., 20, 86
similarity, 52–56, 61–65, 73, 79, 92, 99–108, 122–23, 126, 141, 145, 173, 242, 251ff, 256, 259; based on pairwise judgments, 53, 251; cut loose from evaluative core in Hong-Page model, 126; determines neighborhood, 115; disagreement about between evaluation normalized perspectives, 107; and distance metrics, 100; as distinct element of justice, 10; in Hong-Page Theorem, 114; in N-dimensional space, 258ff; and neighborhoods, 100; judgments internal to a perspective, 53; Keynes’s problems with basing on pairwise comparisons, 253ff; metric, 60, 120–21; ordering, 54–55, 61, 73, 123; orders of, 254; overall, 53; perspectives rearranging, 123; related to other elements of a perspective, 131
Simmons, A., 6–10, 41, 56, 62–63, 67, 83, 87, 143
sin, 161, 249
Skyrms, B., xv
small-world networks, 146–47. See also networks
Smith, A., 137, 155, 198
Smith, N., 205
Smith, P., 69
social choice theory/approach, xvii, 7, 9–10, 47; cannot accommodate significant differences about the justice-relevant features of the social worlds, 174; importance of information that goes into aggregation, 257; must normalize social worlds, 158, 161–62; social choice/welfare functionals, 257; supposes common feasible set, 159
social contract, xv, 42, 144, 151, 168–69, 172, 175, 208–9, 223; continual revision of, 172; and deadlock under disagreement, 208ff; as dynamic, 169–70; Muldoon’s non-normalized version of, 165–66; Rawls’s search for determinate contract through normalization, 150ff; and reversibility, 170
social experimentation, 72, 89–94, 103, 186, 207
social networks. See networks
social realizations, 21–41, 44, 50, 64, 66, 77–78, 92–95, 101, 116, 122, 141–42, 170
Social Realizations Condition, 18ff, 40–51, 55–56, 62, 67–71, 76, 83–84, 95, 101, 105, 107, 139, 140–41, 241, 248
social worlds, xvi, 4, 24, 35, 40–56, 63–80, 83, 89–92, 101, 106, 120, 122, 138, 161–64, 173, 220, 255; cannot be described by rigid designators, 128ff; comprehensive v. public, 177; defined by its justice-relevant features, 124, 128ff; description of, 43; difficulty communicating insights about, 129, 133; disagreement about an important root of moral diversity, 161–2; disputes about central to abortion debate, 163; discovered in social experiments, 90; diversity of in Muldoon’s contract, 165–68; employed in CI procedure, 23; and ethics of creation, 30; feasibility of, 29ff; fully normalized in social choice approaches, 158; impossible, 38; individuation of, 45; intermediate, 40; modeling feasibility of, 34; neighborhoods of, 76; nonideal, 40; nonexistent, 50; of the Open Society, 176–78; pairwise comparisons of, 8, 29; partitioning of, 159; perturbed, 22; political philosophy leading us to affirm, 35; presupposed by ideal of justice, 29; probability distribution of, 34; Rawls on 177ff; of religious citizens, 162; rough continuum of, 81; Sen cannot allow differing descriptions of, 158; small, 160, 201; in small-scale experiments, 89; social theorist as inventor of, 93; social-world proximity, 41; when all our knowledge is supplied by models of, 95; that we know best 76ff; where Rawlsian justice is not satisfied by the two principles, 24
socialism, xvi, 19, 77, 85–88, 90, 100, 124, 135, 138, 143, 146, 201. See also market socialism; utopian socialism
Sopher, B., 226
Southwood, N., 60
Special Conception of Justice, 25, 49
Saint-Just, L., 88
Stability/robustness, 230ff
Stag Hunt, 213
Stalinism, 143
Stemplowska, Z., 1, 4–5, 7, 12, 37, 48–49
Stephen, J., xxi, 137
Stich, S., xxi
Strawson, P., 181–82
Strogatz, S., 146
Sugden, R., xv, 213
Sunstein, C., 97, 263
Surowiecki, J., 95
Swift, A., 4, 12, 15
taboo trades, 203
Tanner, E., 78
Taylor, K., 2, 4, 45, 60, 82, 85
Temkin, L., 47
Tetlock, P., 203, 252–53
theorem of the second best, 14–15, 68
Thompson, J., 111
Thrasher, xxi, 151, 168, 180
Tiananmen Square Massacre, 133
Tietz, R., 205
Tito, J., 135
Tomasi, J., 63, 138, 164
transitivity, 8, 47, 60, 156
truth, 7, 14, 34, 57, 84, 248
Tullock, G., 171, 180
Ultimatum Game, 204–5, 227–8.
utopia/utopian, 1–5, 13–16, 32–36, 39–40, 45, 51–52, 60, 63, 73, 77–75, 85, 88–89, 94, 134, 225; always incompletely known, 141; assertion that we have comprehensive knowledge of, 106; aspiration frustrated in Open Society, 247; brought in
to neighborhood, 123; and The Choice, 144; conditions guaranteeing its location, 112; implausibility of claim that justice is a fixed point not subject to revision, 170; in principle can be brought into our neighborhood, 121; progress from one to the next, 86; wandering, 84ff. See also global optimum; ideal justice; ideal theory; paradise
Utopia Is at Hand Theorem, 120ff, 128
Utopian Socialism, 2, 19, 78. See also socialism
utopophobe, 16
Valentini, L., 1, 5, 7, 23, 26, 36, 38
Vallier, K., xxi, 72
van Damme, E., 205
Van Schoelandt, C., xxi, 169, 178, 202, 207, 222
Vanderschraaf, P., xv, 223
veil of ignorance, xv, 37, 151–53, 171
von Mises, L., 137
Wagner, C., 97, 261
Waldron, J., 174
Waldrop, M., 69, 199
Wall, S., 188, 217
Ward, B., 135, 145
Wattenmaker, W., 252
Watts, D., 146
Webb, S., 136
Weber, R., 131
Weingast, B., 207
WEIRD morality, 164
Weisberg, M., 235
Weithman, P., 23, 35, 144, 231, 249
Weitzman, M., 53–5, 255–6
welfare state (capitalism), 124–25
well-ordered society, xi, 152–54; 245ff
Wiens, D., xv, 5, 14, 17, 23–5, 31, 45, 49–50, 58–59
Wilde, O., 1, 3, 85–86, 134
Wiles, P., 125, 135, 201
Williamson, T., 72
Wittgenstein, L., 193
Wolff, R., 151, 163
world features (relevant to justice), 43–56, 63, 66, 70, 79, 86, 90–92, 99, 107, 114, 116, 122, 126–27, 130, 145, 159–60, 174, 201. See also categorizations
Young, I., 206
Zhao, S., 97, 261
Zhou, X., 79