Narcissus ref 1
naval power ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6
Nectaridus ref 1
Nennius ref 1 box
Neptune ref 1
Neratius Marcellus ref 1
Nero ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Netherby (Castra Exploratorum) ref 1, ref 2
Newbrough ref 1
Newcastle ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5
Newstead ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8
Nicholas, James ref 1 box
Niger Pescennius ref 1
North Africa ref 1 box, ref 2 box, ref 3 box, ref 4 box, ref 5, ref 6
North British Chronicle ref 1 box
North Tyne ref 1, ref 2
Notitia Dignitatum ref 1 box
Novantes ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
Numerus Hnaudufridi ref 1
Numidia ref 1
nuts ref 1
Oakwood ref 1
Oceanus ref 1
Odyssey ref 1
Offa’s Dyke ref 1 box
Old Carlisle ref 1, ref 2
Old Kilpatrick ref 1, ref 2
Old King Cole ref 1
olive oil ref 1 box
oral history ref 1
Ordovices ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
Orkney ref 1
Osrhoene ref 1
Ostorius Scapula ref 1, ref 2
Otho ref 1
Outerwards ref 1
ovens ref 1
Ovid ref 1
oxcarts ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
oxen ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
pack animals ref 1
Palatine ref 1 box, ref 2
Palmyra ref 1 box
parish system ref 1
Parisii ref 1, ref 2
Parsees ref 1 box
Parthian Empire ref 1, ref 2, ref 3 box
passwords ref 1
Patern Pesrut ref 1
Patrick, Saint ref 1
Pausanius ref 1
P-Celtic see Celtic tongues
Pedianus Fuscus ref 1
penis guards ref 1 box
Perennis ref 1
periplus ref 1 box
Persian Wars ref 1, ref 2
Perth ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Petilius Cerialis ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6
Petronius Turpilianus ref 1
Pevensey ref 1 box
phallus symbolism ref 1
Pictish language ref 1
Picts ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6
pigs ref 1
piracy ref 1
Pitigliano ref 1 box
place-names ref 1, ref 2 box
planet names ref 1 box
plastering ref 1 box
Plataea ref 1
Platorius Nepos ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6
Pliny the Elder ref 1
Plotina, Empress ref 1, ref 2
ploughmen and herders ref 1
Poenius Postumus ref 1
political – military distinctions ref 1
political executions ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Poltross ref 1
Polyaenus ref 1
Pompeii ref 1 box
Pompey (Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus) ref 1
Pons Aelius ref 1 box, ref 2
Pontifex Maximus ref 1 box
pork ref 1
porridge ref 1
posca ref 1
Postumus ref 1
pottery ref 1, ref 2 box
Praetorian Guard ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6 box
Prasutagus ref 1, ref 2
prefects ref 1
price controls ref 1 box
Priscinus ref 1
Procopius ref 1
Project Iris ref 1 box
prostitutes ref 1 box, ref 2
Ptolemy ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Publilius Celsus ref 1
punishments ref 1
Pytheas ref 1, ref 2
Q-Celtic see Celtic tongues
quarrying ref 1, ref 2
Queen’s Crag ref 1
Quintus Arius ref 1
Raedykes ref 1
Ramshawfield ref 1
record keeping ref 1
Reivers ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
religious shrines ref 1
Rerigonium ref 1
Rheged ref 1
Rhine ref 1, ref 2
Rhine – Danube barrier ref 1
Ribchester ref 1
Richborough ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Risingham (Habitancum) ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5
river courses ref 1, ref 2
road building ref 1
Robinson, Lorna ref 1 box
Roman armies
career structure ref 1 box, ref 2, ref 3
centurions ref 1
command chain (Notitia Dignitatum) ref 1 box
food ref 1
forts ref 1
make-up ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4 box, ref 5
marriage ref 1 box, ref 2, ref 3
medical care ref 1 box
overview and weaponry ref 1
record keeping ref 1
re-enactments ref 1 box
retirement benefits ref 1, ref 2
tenting ref 1, ref 2
training ref 1 box, ref 2, ref 3
troop transports ref 1, ref 2
women camp followers ref 1 box, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
see also Roman legions
Roman citizenship ref 1
Roman constitution ref 1 box, ref 2
Roman dress ref 1 box
Roman emperors ref 1 box, ref 2, ref 3
Roman hegemony ref 1
Roman legions
I Parthicae ref 1
II Adiutrix ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
II Augusta ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11
II Parthicae ref 1
III Parthicae ref 1
VI Victrix ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6
VII ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6
IX Hispana ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8
X ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
XIV Gemina ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
XX Valeria ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12, ref 13, ref 14
Ala Petriana ref 1
legionary standards ref 1 box
mascots ref 1
regimental names ref 1
and Septimius Severus ref 1
see also Roman armies
Roman naming system ref 1 box
Roman numerals ref 1 box
Roman Senate ref 1 box
Roman Stone Ltd ref 1
Romanisation ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Rome foundation myth ref 1 box
Rome, reaction to Caesar’s invasion ref 1
Romney Marshes ref 1 box
rostrum ref 1 box
Rough Castle ref 1
roundhouses ref 1
Roxburgh Castle ref 1 box, ref 2 box
Roy, William ref 1
Rudchester ref 1
Rufrius Pollio ref 1
Rumbles, Dave ref 1 box
Rutelli, Francesco ref 1 box
Rutherford, Alison ref 1
Sabina, Empress ref 1, ref 2
sacrifice ref 1
Saitada ref 1
Samhuinn ref 1
sandals ref 1 box
Sandwich Bay ref 1
Sarmatians ref 1, ref 2 box
Sarrius ref 1
Sassanids ref 1 box
Saxon Shore ref 1
Saxons ref 1, ref 2
scaffolding ref 1
Schiehallion ref 1
Scotland
Roman invasions of ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
withdrawal ref 1, ref 2
Scots ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5
scouts (areani) ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
seafaring ref 1 box
sea-level ref 1 box
sea-power ref 1, ref 2
, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6
sea-wall ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
security ref 1
Segedunum ref 1
Selgovae ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6
Seneca ref 1, ref 2
Senhouse Roman Museum ref 1
Septicius Clarus ref 1, ref 2
Septimius Severus ref 1, ref 2 box, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6
Servianus’ curse ref 1, ref 2
Severus Alexander ref 1
Sewingshields ref 1
Shapur I ref 1
Shawhead Drift ref 1
Silchester ref 1
Silures ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
Silvanus (god) ref 1
slavery ref 1 box, ref 2 box
smells ref 1 box
Smertae ref 1
Snowdonia ref 1
Society of Antiquaries ref 1
socks ref 1
South Shields ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
sponges ref 1
St Albans ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
St Omer ref 1 box
Stanegate (Stone Road) ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9
Stanwick ref 1, ref 2
Stanwix Fort ref 1 box, ref 2
Stilicho ref 1
stirrups ref 1
stone recycling/robbing ref 1, ref 2 box, ref 3, ref 4
Stone Road see Stanegate
Stonehaven ref 1
Strabo ref 1
Strageath ref 1, ref 2
Stranraer ref 1
Strathclyde (ancient kingdom) ref 1
Stukely, William ref 1, ref 2, ref 3 box
Suebi ref 1
Suetonius (Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus, historian) ref 1, ref 2, ref 3 box, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6
Suetonius Paullinus (Gaius Suetonius Paullinus, general and governor) ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5
Sulpicia Lepidina ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
swords ref 1, ref 2, ref 3 box
Sycamore Gap ref 1
tableware ref 1
Tacit ref 1
Tacitus ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12, ref 13, ref 14 box, ref 15, ref 16
Taexali ref 1
tagines ref 1 box
Tain Bo ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
tanning ref 1 box
Tasciovanus ref 1
tattooing ref 1, ref 2, ref 3 box, ref 4
tax collection ref 1
Tectoverdi ref 1
testudo ref 1 box
Textoverdi ref 1, ref 2
Thames river ref 1 box, ref 2
Thanet ref 1 box, ref 2
The Persians (Aeschylus) ref 1
The Roman Centurion’s Song ref 1
The Twelve Caesars ref 1 box
theft ref 1, ref 2
Themistocles ref 1
Theodosius I (emperor) ref 1
Theodosius the Elder (commander) ref 1, ref 2
Thermopylae ref 1
Thomas, Charles ref 1
Thomas, David ref 1, ref 2
Throckley ref 1, ref 2
Tigris Bargemen ref 1
tin trade ref 1, ref 2
Titus (emperor) ref 1, ref 2
Titus Annius ref 1
Tivoli ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
togas ref 1 box, ref 2 box
Togidumnus ref 1, ref 2
tomatoes ref 1 box
torture ref 1 box
tourist souvenirs ref 1 box
trade and economy ref 1, ref 2
tradesmen ref 1
Trajan ref 1 box, ref 2 box, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6 box, ref 7, ref 8
Trajan’s Column ref 1 box, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
transhumance ref 1, ref 2
Traprain Law ref 1, ref 2
treasure hoards ref 1
Trimontium ref 1, ref 2
Trinovantes ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
triremes ref 1
triumphs ref 1 box, ref 2, ref 3
trousers ref 1 box
Tullie House Museum ref 1
Tungrians ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10
turf as building material ref 1
Tweedmouth ref 1, ref 2
Twice Brewed Inn ref 1
Tyne river ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6 box, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9
Ulpius Marcellus ref 1, ref 2
Ulster ref 1
Ulucium ref 1
underwear ref 1
Urien ref 1
Usk river ref 1
Uxellodunum ref 1
Vacomagi ref 1
Valens ref 1
Valentia ref 1
Valerian ref 1 box, ref 2
Valerius Eudaemon ref 1
vallum ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
Vandals ref 1
Vegetius ref 1
Veldeius ref 1, ref 2
Vellocatus ref 1
Venerable Bede see Bede
Venicones ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5
venison ref 1
Venta Icenorum ref 1
Venutius ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Vercingetorix ref 1, ref 2
Vercovicium see Housesteads
Verica ref 1
Verturiones ref 1
Vespasian (Titus Flavius Vespasianus) ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6 box
Vettius Bolanus ref 1
Veturius Micianus ref 1
vici (civilian settlements) ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7
Vigiles ref 1
Vikings ref 1
villages see vici
Vindo- place-name element ref 1
Vindolanda ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10 box, ref 11, ref 12, ref 13, ref 14, ref 15, ref 16, ref 17, ref 18
Vindolanda Trust ref 1, ref 2 box
Virgil ref 1
Virius Lupus ref 1
Votadini ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9
voussoirs ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Wade, General George ref 1
Wake, J ref 1
Wales ref 1
Wallhouses ref 1
Wallsend ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
Walltown ref 1, ref 2
Walltown Crafs ref 1
war booty ref 1, ref 2
war machinery ref 1
Wat’s Dyke ref 1 box
watchtowers ref 1, ref 2
Water Newton ref 1
water supply ref 1, ref 2
Watling Lodge ref 1
Wehrmacht ref 1 box
well offerings ref 1
Welsh dragon ref 1 box
Whin Sill ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
whiteness ref 1 box
Wilfrid, St ref 1 box
William of Malmesbury ref 1
Williams, Edward ref 1 box
Willowford ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
wine ref 1 box, ref 2
Winshields ref 1
women camp followers ref 1 box, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
World Heritage Site ref 1
Wright, Richard ref 1
written history ref 1 box, ref 2
Wroxeter ref 1, ref 2, ref 3 box
Yeavering Bell ref 1
York ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9, ref 10, ref 11, ref 12
Zenobia ref 1 box
Zoroastrianism ref 1 box
Zosimus ref 1
1. Chesters Fort (copyright © Liz Hanson)
2. The remains of the vicus at Vindolanda (copyright © Liz Hanson)
3. How the Wall might have looked – the reconstruction at Vindolanda (copyright © Liz Hanson)
4. Barcombe Hill behind Vindolanda (copyright © Liz Hanson)
5. Housesteads Fort (copyright © Liz Hanson)
6. The south-west corner of Housesteads Fort, rebuilt in part by John Clayton’s masons (copyright © Liz Hanson)
7. Buildings beyond Housesteads Fort (copyright © Liz Hanson)
8. The only section of the Wall where walking i
s permitted, west of Housesteads Fort (copyright © Liz Hanson)
9. Sycamore Gap (copyright © Liz Hanson)
10. Part of the central section looking towards Crag Lough and Hotbank Farm (copyright © Liz Hanson)
11. Stones for the arch at milecastle 37 (copyright © Liz Hanson)
12. The Whin Sill and the central section (copyright © Liz Hanson)
13. Wall foundations with a dyke built from Roman stone in the central section (copyright © Liz Hanson)
14. A detail of the Wall (copyright © Liz Hanson)
15. The steep gradient on the Whin Sill (copyright © Liz Hanson)
16. Detail of the Wall near Housesteads (copyright © Liz Hanson)
17. The quarry at Walltown, which took a bite out of the Wall (copyright © Liz Hanson)
18. The rubble core of the Wall at Walltown (copyright © Liz Hanson)
19. The early turret at Walltown Crags (copyright © Liz Hanson)
20. Milecastle, near Birdoswald (copyright © Liz Hanson)
21. An impressive run of Wall east of Birdoswald (copyright © Liz Hanson)
22. Birdoswald Fort. The timber posts mark the location of the post-Roman hall (copyright © Liz Hanson)
23. Turret at Birdoswald (copyright © Liz Hanson)
24. Poltross Burn milecastle, near Birdoswald. The railway runs very close (on the left-hand side). (copyright © Liz Hanson)
Massive defences were a common feature throughout the Roman Empire. Linear barriers such as Hadrian’s Wall, however, were not typical, although remains in Roman Syria, at Rasafa and Halabiya for example, give a good impression of how the Wall might have appeared in its heyday. The following pictures illustrate a number of features which would have formed part of Hadrian’s Wall but which are better preserved elsewhere, including the inevitable back-up systems such as roads and garrison towns that were integral to the maintenance of frontier defences.
25. Dura Europos was a garrison city, originally settled by veterans of Alexander the Great’s army, and shares many characteristics with the Northumberland garrisons: barracks, a praetorium, a Mithraeum and – like Vindolanda – preserved documents (Copyright © Warwick Ball)
26. Gonio, on the Black Sea coast in Georgia, boasts probably the most intact legionary fort in the entire Empire, where it is still possible to walk the entire circuit of the parapet (Copyright © Warwick Ball)
The Wall Page 33