99
Reaction in favour of Senate
98
Lex Caecilia Didia. Marius leaves Rome for Asia. Revolt in Lusitania
97
Sulla praetor (rather than in 93?) and ordered to install Ariobarzanes as king of Cappodocia in 96
96
Ptolemy Apion dies; bequeaths Cyrene to Rome
95
Lex Licinia Mucia: expulsion order. Rome orders Mithridates out of Paphlagonia and Cappadocia. Tigranes becomes king of Armenia
94
Death of Nicomedes III (Euegetes) of Bithynia
92
Condemnation of Rutilius Rufus de repetundis. Suppression of Latin rhetors by censors
91
Tribunate of M. Livius Drusus, whose plans for the allies fail; his assassination. Outbreak of Social War; massacre of Romans at Asculum
90
Roman reverses in Social War. Lex Iulia
89
Victories of Strabo and Sulla. Lex Plautia Papiria. Lex Pompeia
88
Sulpicius Rufus tribune. Proposal to transfer the Mithridatic command from Sulla to Marius. Sulla marches on Rome with his army, captures the city, repeals Sulpicius’ legislation and passes some laws to strengthen the Senate. Marius escapes. Social War limited to Samnites who gradually yield. Mithridates overruns Asia Minor; massacres many Romans and Italians; joined by Athens
87
Cinna and Marius occupy Rome; massacre of Sulla’s supporters. Sulla lands in Greece and besieges Athens. Carbo consul 87–84
86
Marius, consul VII, dies. Flaccus and Fimbria sent to Asia. Sulla takes Athens and defeats Mithridates’ armies at Chaeronea and Orchomenus
85
Sulla negotiates Treaty of Dardanus with Mithridates. Settlement of Asia
84
New citizens distributed through all the tribes. Cinna killed by mutineers. Carbo remains sole consul
83
Sulla lands in Italy and is supported by Pompey. Murena begins a Second Mithridatic War
82
Civil War in Italy; Sulla victorious at the battle of the Colline Gate. Proscriptions. Sertorius leaves for Spain. Pompey defeats Sulla’s opponents in Sicily. Sulla orders Murena to stop fighting against Mithridates
81
Sulla dictator; constitutional settlement and reform of criminal law. Pompey defeats Marians in Africa. Sertorius driven out of Spain
80
Sulla consul. Sertorius returns to Spain. Ptolemy Auletes installed as king of Egypt
79
Sulla, no longer consul, resigns dictatorship in 79 (if not already in 80). Sertorius defeats Metellus Pius in Spain
78
Death of Sulla. Aemilius Lepidus challenges Sulla’s constitution. P. Servilius campaigns against the pirates for three years in Lycia, Pamphylia and Isauria
77
Lepidus defeated by Catulus and Pompey; dies in Sardinia. Pompey appointed against Sertorius
76
Attempts to restore powers to tribunes. Sertorius successful against Metellus and Pompey
75
Lex Aurelia allows tribunes to hold other offices later. Cicero quaestor in Sicily.
75–74
Death of Nicomedes who bequeaths Bithynia to Rome
74
Cyrene made a Rome province. Reinforcements sent to Spain. M. Antonius given command against the pirates. Mithridates invades Bithynia; Lucullus sent against him
73
Tribune Licinius Macer agitates for reform. Lex Terentia Cassia deals with distribution of corn. Rising of Spartacus at Capua. Lucullus relieves Cyzicus and defeats Mithridates on the Rhyndacus
72
Spartacus continues successfully. Sertorius assassinated by Perperna;Pompey defeats Perperna and settles Spain. L. Lucullus campaigns against Mithridates in Pontus. M. Lucullus defeats Thracian tribes. M. Antonius defeated by pirates of Crete
71
Spartacus defeated by Crassus. Pompey returns from Spain. Lucullus defeats Mithridates who flees to Tigranes
70
First consulship of Pompey and Crassus. Restoration of tribunician powers. Iudicia publica reorganized. Trial of Verres, governor of Sicily. Birth of Virgil
69
Lucullus invades Armenia and captures the capital, Tigranocerta
68
Mithridates returns to Pontus. Unrest in Lucullus’ army but he captures Nisibis
67
Lex Gabinia invests Pompey with extraordinary command against the pirates whom he clears from the whole Mediterranean
66
Lex Manilia gives Pompey command against Mithridates, who is finally defeated. First Catilinarian ‘conspiracy’. Cicero, praetor, delivers speech de imperio Pompei
65
Crassus censor; his intrigues for influence in Spain and Egypt fail. Pompey campaigns in the Caucasus. Birth of Horace
64
Pompey in Syria; end of Seleucid monarchy
63
Cicero consul. Lex agraria of Rullus. Caesar elected Pontifex Maximus. Birth of Octavian (Augustus). Conspiracy of Catiline; execution of conspirators. Pompey in Damascus and Jerusalem; end of Hasmonean power. Mithridates dies in Crimea
62
Defeat and death of Catiline at Pistoia. Clodius profanes Bona Dea festiv al. Pompey settles the East (including making Syria a province), returns to Italy and dismisses his army (Dec.)
61
The Senate opposes Pompey’s acta; his triumph. Trial of Clodius. Caesar governor of Further Spain. Revolt of the Allobroges. Aedui appeal to Rome
60
Caesar returns from Spain; his agreement with Pompey and Crassus, the ‘first triumvirate’
59
Caesar consul; carries legislation. Pompey marries Julia, Caesar’s daughter. Caesar receives Cisalpine Gaul and Illyricum under lex
Vatinia; Senate adds Transalpine Gaul. Senate recognizes Ptolemy Auletes as king of Egypt
58
Tribunate of Clodius: corn-law. Cicero exiled; Cato sent to Cyprus which is annexed. Caesar defeats Helvetii and Ariovistus. Ptolemydriven out of Alexandria
57
Rioting in Rome between Clodius and Milo. Return of Cicero (Sept.). Pompey concerned with food-supply. Caesar defeats Belgae and Nervii
56
Disagreement among the triumvirs. Cicero attacks Caesar’s land-law. Conference at Luca (April). Cato returns from Cyprus. Caesar camp aigns against Veneti and Morini
55
Second consulship of Pompey and Crassus. The three triumvirs receive fresh commands. Caesar massacres Usipetes and Tencteri; bridges the Rhine; invades Britain
54
Pompey remains near Rome and governs Spain through legates. Death of Julia (Sept.). Rioting in Rome. Caesar’s second British expedition; revolt in north-east Gaul. Crassus, in Syria, prepares for Parthian campaign. Gabinius, governor of Syria, restores Ptolemy to his throne
53
Continued rioting in Rome; no consuls elected until July. Crassus defeated and killed by Parthians at Carrhae. Unrest in Gaul partly pacified by Caesar
52
Milo kills Clodius (Jan.). Pompey sole consul until August. Law of the Ten Tribunes. Revolt of central Gaul under Vercingetorix. Caesar repelled from Gergovia. Besieges Alesia; Vercingetorix surrenders
51
Optimate attacks on Caesar, who gains support of Curio. Revolt of Bellovaci; siege of Uxellodunum. Parthian invasion of Syria; Cicero sent as governor to Cilicia. Death of Ptolemy Auletes. Ptolemy XIII marries Cleopatra; joint rulers
50
Curio vetoes discussion of a successor to Caesar. Pompey ill during summer. Curio proposes that both Caesar and Pompey disarm: vetoed. Pompey asked by consul Marcellus to save the State (Nov.). Tribunes leave Rome. Caesar organizes Gaul and crosses the Rubicon into Italy
49
Civil War. Pompey crosses to Greece. Caesar, dictator I for eleven days, carries emergency leg
islation and goes to Spain where he defeats Pompeian forces at Ilerda. Surrender of Massilia. Curio defeated and killed in Africa
48
Caesar consul II. Disturbances in Italy; Milo killed. Caesar crosses to Greece: campaign of Dyrrachium; defeats Pompey at Pharsalus. Pompey murdered in Egypt. Caesar arrives in Egypt; Alexandrine War; Cleopatra queen. Pharnaces of Bosporus defeats Domitius Calvinus in Pontus
47
Caesar dictator II (in absentia); Antony, his Master of Horse, tries to maintain order in Italy. Caesar defeats Pharnaces at Zela, settles the East and returns to Italy; quells a mutiny in Campania. He passes legislation on debt and sails against the Pompeian forces in Africa
46
Caesar defeats Pompeians at Thapsus; organizes Africa Nova. Suicide of Cato. Caesar, dictator II and consul III, returns to Rome and holds triumph. Legislation. Reform of calendar. Caesar leaves for Spain (Nov.)
45
Caesar, dictator III and consul IV, defeats Pompeians at Munda (March). Returns to Rome and receives exceptional honours
44
Caesar dictator IV (for life) and consul V. Refuses crown at Lupercalia. Conspiracy and murder of Caesar (15 March). Octavian returns from Greece. Antony receives command in Cisalpine and Transalpine Gaul. Cicero’s first Philippic against Antony
43
Antony’s siege of Mutina raised. Deaths of consuls Hirtius and Pansa. D. Brutus killed in Gaul. Octavian declared consul (Aug.). Triumvirate of Octavian, Antony and Lepidus (Nov.). Proscriptions: death of Cicero. M. Brutus in Macedonia, Cassius in Syria
42
Julius Caesar deified as Divus. Sextus Pompeius controls Sicily. Brutus and Cassius, defeated at Philippi, commit suicide (Oct.). Birth of emperor Tiberius
41
Perusine War in Italy. Antony in Asia Minor; meets Cleopatra and visits Alexandria
40
L. Antonius surrenders Perusia to Octavian. Agreement at Brundisium partitions the Roman world (Oct.). Antony marries Octavia. Parthians invade Syria. Herod recognized as king of Judaea by Senate. Virgil’s Fourth Eclogue
39
Agreement at Misenum between Antony, Octavian and Sextus Pompeius. Ventidius defeats Parthians at Mt. Amanus
38
Octavian marries Livia (Jan.). Naval successes of Sextus Pompeius. Victory of Ventidius at Gindarus; Antony captures Samosata
37
Pact of Tarentum; triumvirate probably renewed. Herod and Sosius capture Jerusalem. Antony marries Cleopatra at Antioch. Amyntas made king of Galatia, and Polemo of Pontus; Archelaus succeeds in Cappadocia
36
Tribunician sacrosanctity granted to Octavian. Offensive against Sextus Pompeius who is defeated off Naulochus in Sicily. Lepidus ceases to be a triumvir. Antony fails to capture Phraaspa and retires through Armenia
35
Octavian campaigns in Illyria. Death of Sextus Pompeius
34
Octavian in Illyria. Antony invades Armenia; celebrates a triumph at Alexandria. The ‘Donations of Alexandria’
33
Octavian consul II. Antony in Armenia; winters (33–32) with Cleopatra at Ephesus
32
Octavian justifies his acts to the Senate. Antony divorces Octavia. Octavian publishes Antony’s will in Rome. Antony and Cleopatra winter (32–31) in Greece
31
Octavian consul III (and each year until 23); defeats Antony at Actium (Sept.) and winters in Asia
30
Tribunician power offered to Octavian but probably declined. Suicide of Antony. Octavian enters Alexandria. Suicide of Cleopatra
30–28
M. Crassus campaigns in Balkans. Cornelius Gallus in Egypt
29
Octavian’s triple triumph. Dedication of temple of Divus Iulius
28
Octavian and Agrippa hold census: lectio Senatus. Temple of Apollo on Palatine dedicated. Mausoleum of Augustus begun. Messalla campaigns in Spain
27
Constitutional settlement. Octavian receives name of Augustus and imperium for ten years (Jan.). Triumph of Crassus. Augustus in Gaul and Spain until 25. The first Pantheon built by Agrippa
26
Disgrace and suicide of Cornelius Gallus. Arabian expedition of Aelius Gallus launched
25
Marriage of Julia and Marcellus. Varro defeats the Salassi. Tarraconensis organized as a province. Annexation of Galatia on death of Amyntas. Gallus in Arabia Felix. Success of C. Petronius in Ethiopian War (25–23)
23
Augustus ill. Conspiracy of Caepio and Murena. Constitutional resettlement. Augustus resigns consulship and receives proconsulare imperium maius and full tribunician powers. Death of Marcellus. Agrippa sent to East. Publication of first three books of Horace’s Odes
22
Augustus refuses dictatorship, and consulship for life, but accepts the cura annonae. Augustus in Greece and Asia for three years
21
Agrippa marries Julia
20
Parthia returns Roman standards. Tiberius enters Armenia and crowns Tigranes
19
Augustus returns to Rome. Arch of Augustus in Rome. Agrippa pacifies Spain. Cornelius Balbus campaigns against the Garamantes. Deaths of Virgil and Tibullus
18
Augustus’ imperium renewed for five years. Agrippa co-regent with imperium maius and tribunicia potestas. Leges Iuliae. Lectio Senatus
17
Augustus adopts Gaius and Lucius, his grandsons. Ludi Saeculares celebrated; Horace’s Carmen Saeculare
16–13
Augustus in Gaul
16
Agrippa in East. Noricum incorporated
15
Tiberius and Drusus defeat Raeti and Vindelici and reach Danube
14
Agrippa assigns Bosporan kingdom to Polemo
13
Return of Augustus; renewal of his imperium for five years. Tiberius consul. Return of Agrippa. Death of Lepidus. Dedication of theatre of Marcellus. Vinicius campaigns in Pannonia
12
Augustus becomes Pontifex Maximus. Death of Agrippa. Tiberius in Pannonia. Drusus dedicates altar near Lugdunum and campaigns in Germany until 9
11
Tiberius divorces Agrippina and marries Agrippa’s widow, Julia
9
Death of Drusus near the Elbe. Dedication of Ara Pacis in Rome
8
Augustus’ imperium extended for ten years. Census. Deaths of Horace and Maecenas. Tiberius in Germany
7
Rome divided into fourteen regiones
6
Tiberius given tribunicia potestas for five years. He retires to Rhodes. Paphlagonia added to Galatia
5
Augustus’ twelfth consulship. C. Caesar introduced to public life
4
Death of Herod the Great
2
Augustus consul for thirteenth time; becomes Pater Patriae. Exile of Julia. Dedication of temple of Mars Ultor
A.B.
1
C. Caesar in Syria
2
Tiberius returns to Rome from Rhodes. Death of L. Caesar. C. Caesar settles Armenia
3
Augustus’ imperium renewed for ten years
4
Death of C. Caesar in Lycia. Augustus adopts Tiberius who receives tribunicia potestas for ten years. Tiberius adopts Germanicus and goes to the German front. Lex Aelia Sentia
5
Tiberius advances to the Elbe
6
Aerarium militare and office of Praefectus Vigilum created. Revolt in Pannonia and Illyricum. Maroboduus recognized as king of the Marcomanni. Judaea made a province; assessment made by Sulpicius Quirinius, legate of Syria
8
Claudius becomes an augur. Ovid banished. Pannonians surrender
9
Lex Papia Poppaea. Revolt in Dalmatia crushed. Defeat of Varus by Arminius in Germany with loss of three legions
12
Triumph of Tiberius
13
Augustus’ imperium renewed for ten years. Tiberius receives tribunicia potestas for ten years and proconsular imperium co-ordinate with that of Augustus
14
Lustrum held. Death of Augustus (19 Aug.). Accession of Tiberius. Sejanus made a Praetorian Prefect. Legions in Pannonia and Germany
revolt. Drusus sent to crush mutiny in Pannonia. Germanicus crosses the Rhine against the Marsi
15
Germanicus attacks the Chatti. Achaea and Macedonia transferred from the Senate to the princeps and attached to Moesia
16
Libo Drusus accused; suicide. Germanicus again invades Germany; he is recalled
From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome from 133 B.C. to A.D. 68 Page 2